Genetic and degenerative disorders primarily causing dementia

3D Quantitative and Ultrastructural Analysis of Mitochondria in a Model of Doxorubicin Sensitive and Resistant Human Colon Carcinoma Cells

Drug resistance remains a major obstacle in cancer treatment. Because mitochondria mediate metabolic reprogramming in cancer drug resistance, we focused on these organelles in doxorubicin sensitive and resistant colon carcinoma cells. We employed soft X-ray cryo nano-tomography to map three-dimensionally these cells at nanometer-resolution and investigate the correlation between mitochondrial morphology and drug resistance phenotype. We have identified significant structural differences in the morphology of mitochondria in the two strains of cancer cells, as well as lower amounts of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in resistant than in sensitive cells. We speculate that these features could elicit an impaired mitochondrial communication in resistant cells, thus preventing the formation of the interconnected mitochondrial network as clearly detected in the sensitive cells. In fact, the qualitative and quantitative three-dimensional assessment of the mitochondrial morphology highlights a different structural organization in resistant cells, which reflects a metabolic cellular adaptation functional to survive to the offense exerted by the antineoplastic treatment.

[Characteristics of structural and functional organization of the brain]

Current conceptions on the fundamental mechanisms underlying brain functioning in normal conditions and pathological states are considered. The author emphasizes that a great progress in the field has been achieved after the implementation of neuroimaging methods in clinical practice. During the last time, attention is drawn to the connections between separate neurons as well as between different brain regions. Functional specialization and functional integration of different brain regions are key concepts of the higher brain function organization. The significance of the resting state of the brain, which is in fact the active process, is analyzed. The state of cerebral functions determines internal processes in the neuronal tissue. Different aspects of energy metabolism determining the normal functioning of cerebral structures are considered. The expediency of using the drugs influencing the energy metabolism, one of which is 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate (mexidol), is highlighted.

Recognition of preclinical signs of dementia: A qualitative study exploring the experiences of family carers and professional care assistants

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To identify preclinical signs of dementia by exploring the experiences of family caregivers and professional care assistants.

BACKGROUND

Dementia results in disability, emotional strain and financial loss for people with dementia, family members and nations. Informal identification of social and behavioural risk signifiers could facilitate timely interventions with potential to delay onset of serious disability.

DESIGN

A retrospective qualitative approach using a naturalistic interpretive design was used. Focus groups enabled in-depth understanding of the participants' experiences of life or work with people who subsequently developed dementia.

METHODS

Purposive sampling was used to recruit family carers and professional carers who had cared for people who later developed dementia. The data from focus groups were fully transcribed and anonymised, and transcripts were analysed by two researchers. These researchers coded and analysed the transcripts independently; subsequently, overlapping and similar themes were identified and consensus reached on final themes. A third researcher was invited to review the analysis and ensure trustworthiness of the study findings.

RESULTS

Findings revealed that preclinical signs of dementia were identifiable in retrospect Participants' accounts resulted in four themes, "Lowered Threshold of Frustration", "Insight and Coping Strategies," "Early signs of poor memory" and "Alarming Events."

CONCLUSIONS

Earlier recognition of preclinical signs of dementia would allow affected individuals to follow health promotion advice and plan for the future. Identification of social exclusion prior to diagnosis has implications for antistigma campaigns and development of "dementia-friendly communities."

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

Healthcare professionals could work with those at risk, facilitating lifestyle changes to postpone symptoms and advance planning for improved autonomy. Predementia should be viewed as a disability for which reasonable adjustments can be made at a community level, to enhance and extend emotional well-being and social inclusion.