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Hatami M, Conrad S, Naghsh P, Alvarez-Bolado G, Skutella T. Cell-Biological Requirements for the Generation of Dentate Gyrus Granule Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:402. [PMID: 30483057 PMCID: PMC6240695 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) receives highly processed information from the associative cortices functionally integrated in the trisynaptic hippocampal circuit, which contributes to the formation of new episodic memories and the spontaneous exploration of novel environments. Remarkably, the DG is the only brain region currently known to have high rates of neurogenesis in adults (Andersen et al., 1966, 1971). The DG is involved in several neurodegenerative disorders, including clinical dementia, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder and temporal lobe epilepsy. The principal neurons of the DG are the granule cells. DG granule cells generated in culture would be an ideal model to investigate their normal development and the causes of the pathologies in which they are involved and as well as possible therapies. Essential to establish such in vitro models is the precise definition of the most important cell-biological requirements for the differentiation of DG granule cells. This requires a deeper understanding of the precise molecular and functional attributes of the DG granule cells in vivo as well as the DG cells derived in vitro. In this review we outline the neuroanatomical, molecular and cell-biological components of the granule cell differentiation pathway, including some growth- and transcription factors essential for their development. We summarize the functional characteristics of DG granule neurons, including the electrophysiological features of immature and mature granule cells and the axonal pathfinding characteristics of DG neurons. Additionally, we discuss landmark studies on the generation of dorsal telencephalic precursors from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as well as DG neuron differentiation in culture. Finally, we provide an outlook and comment critical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hatami
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Pooyan Naghsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Thomas Skutella
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Michelsen KA, Acosta-Verdugo S, Benoit-Marand M, Espuny-Camacho I, Gaspard N, Saha B, Gaillard A, Vanderhaeghen P. Area-specific reestablishment of damaged circuits in the adult cerebral cortex by cortical neurons derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. Neuron 2015; 85:982-97. [PMID: 25741724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem-cell-derived neurons constitute an attractive source for replacement therapies, but their utility remains unclear for cortical diseases. Here, we show that neurons of visual cortex identity, differentiated in vitro from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), can be transplanted successfully following a lesion of the adult mouse visual cortex. Reestablishment of the damaged pathways included long-range and reciprocal axonal projections and synaptic connections with targets of the damaged cortex. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that some grafted neurons were functional and responsive to visual stimuli. No significant integration was observed following grafting of the same neurons in motor cortex, or transplantation of embryonic motor cortex in visual cortex, indicating that successful transplantation required a match in the areal identity of grafted and lesioned neurons. These findings demonstrate that transplantation of mouse ESC-derived neurons of appropriate cortical areal identity can contribute to the reconstruction of an adult damaged cortical circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo A Michelsen
- Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandra Acosta-Verdugo
- Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marianne Benoit-Marand
- INSERM U1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Cellular Therapies in Brain Diseases Group, University of Poitiers, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, BP 633, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Ira Espuny-Camacho
- Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Gaspard
- Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- INSERM U1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Cellular Therapies in Brain Diseases Group, University of Poitiers, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, BP 633, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Afsaneh Gaillard
- INSERM U1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Cellular Therapies in Brain Diseases Group, University of Poitiers, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, BP 633, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France.
| | - Pierre Vanderhaeghen
- Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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Abstract
Granule neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) receive their primary inputs from the cortex and are known to be continuously generated throughout adult life. Ongoing integration of newborn neurons into the existing hippocampal neural circuitry provides enhanced neuroplasticity, which plays a crucial role in learning and memory; deficits in this process have been associated with cognitive decline under neuropathological conditions. In this Primer, we summarize the developmental principles that regulate the process of DG neurogenesis and discuss recent advances in harnessing these developmental cues to generate DG granule neurons from human pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana X Yu
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maria C Marchetto
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Yu DX, Di Giorgio FP, Yao J, Marchetto MC, Brennand K, Wright R, Mei A, McHenry L, Lisuk D, Grasmick JM, Silberman P, Silberman G, Jappelli R, Gage FH. Modeling hippocampal neurogenesis using human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:295-310. [PMID: 24672753 PMCID: PMC3964286 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offers the opportunity to generate lineage-specific cells to investigate mechanisms of human diseases specific to brain regions. Here, we report a differentiation paradigm for hPSCs that enriches for hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) granule neurons. This differentiation paradigm recapitulates the expression patterns of key developmental genes during hippocampal neurogenesis, exhibits characteristics of neuronal network maturation, and produces PROX1+ neurons that functionally integrate into the DG. Because hippocampal neurogenesis has been implicated in schizophrenia (SCZD), we applied our protocol to SCZD patient-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). We found deficits in the generation of DG granule neurons from SCZD hiPSC-derived hippocampal NPCs with lowered levels of NEUROD1, PROX1, and TBR1, reduced neuronal activity, and reduced levels of spontaneous neurotransmitter release. Our approach offers important insights into the neurodevelopmental aspects of SCZD and may be a promising tool for drug screening and personalized medicine. Hippocampal neurogenesis is modeled using human pluripotent stem cells Differentiated DG neurons are detected using lentiviral PROX1-GFP reporter construct Differentiated granule neurons functionally integrate into the dentate gyrus in vivo SCZD hiPSC-derived hippocampal NPCs present deficits in hippocampal neurogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Xuan Yu
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Francesco Paolo Di Giorgio
- Neuroscience Discovery, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Postfach, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Jun Yao
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maria Carolina Marchetto
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristen Brennand
- Department of Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10059, USA
| | - Rebecca Wright
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Arianna Mei
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lauren McHenry
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Lisuk
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jaeson Michael Grasmick
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pedro Silberman
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Giovanna Silberman
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Roberto Jappelli
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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