1
|
Vosough M, Salemi A, Rockel S, Schmidt TC. Enhanced efficiency of MS/MS all-ion fragmentation for non-targeted analysis of trace contaminants in surface water using multivariate curve resolution and data fusion. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1165-1177. [PMID: 38206346 PMCID: PMC10850027 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Data-independent acquisition-all-ion fragmentation (DIA-AIF) mode of mass spectrometry can facilitate wide-scope non-target analysis of contaminants in surface water due to comprehensive spectral identification. However, because of the complexity of the resulting MS2 AIF spectra, identifying unknown pollutants remains a significant challenge, with a significant bottleneck in translating non-targeted chemical signatures into environmental impacts. The present study proposes to process fused MS1 and MS2 data sets obtained from LC-HRMS/MS measurements in non-targeted AIF workflows on surface water samples using multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS). This enables straightforward assignment between precursor ions obtained from resolved MS1 spectra and their corresponding MS2 spectra. The method was evaluated for two sets of tap water and surface water contaminated with 14 target chemicals as a proof of concept. The data set of surface water samples consisting of 3506 MS1 and 2170 MS2 AIF mass spectral features was reduced to 81 components via a fused MS1-MS2 MCR model that describes at least 98.8% of the data. Each component summarizes the distinct chromatographic elution of components together with their corresponding MS1 and MS2 spectra. MS2 spectral similarity of more than 82% was obtained for most target chemicals. This highlights the potential of this method for unraveling the composition of MS/MS complex data in a water environment. Ultimately, the developed approach was applied to the retrospective non-target analysis of an independent set of surface water samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Vosough
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, 45141, Germany.
- Department of Clean Technologies, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, P.O. Box 14335-186, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Salemi
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Sarah Rockel
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, 45141, Germany
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstr. 26, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45476, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Olivieri AC. Evaluation of the ambiguity in second-order analytical calibration based on multivariate curve resolution. A tutorial. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
3
|
Müller C, Schwab A, Randell NM, Kupfer S, Dietzek-Ivanšić B, Chavarot-Kerlidou M. A Combined Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study on a Ruthenium Complex Featuring a π-Extended dppz Ligand for Light-Driven Accumulation of Multiple Reducing Equivalents. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103882. [PMID: 35261087 PMCID: PMC9311760 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The design of photoactive systems capable of storing and relaying multiple electrons is highly demanded in the field of artificial photosynthesis, where transformations of interest rely on multielectronic redox processes. The photophysical properties of the ruthenium photosensitizer [(bpy)2 Ru(oxim-dppqp)]2+ (Ru), storing two electrons coupled to two protons on the π-extended oxim-dppqp ligand under light-driven conditions, are investigated by means of excitation wavelength-dependent resonance Raman and transient absorption spectroscopies, in combination with time-dependent density functional theory; the results are discussed in comparison to the parent [(bpy)2 Ru(dppz)]2+ and [(bpy)2 Ru(oxo-dppqp)]2+ complexes. In addition, this study provides in-depth insights on the impact of protonation or of accumulation of multiple reducing equivalents on the reactive excited states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Müller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Schwab
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicholas M Randell
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Murielle Chavarot-Kerlidou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chiappini FA, Alcaraz MR, Escandar GM, Goicoechea HC, Olivieri AC. Chromatographic Applications in the Multi-Way Calibration Field. Molecules 2021; 26:6357. [PMID: 34770766 PMCID: PMC8588563 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, recent advances and applications using multi-way calibration protocols based on the processing of multi-dimensional chromatographic data are discussed. We first describe the various modes in which multi-way chromatographic data sets can be generated, including some important characteristics that should be taken into account for the selection of an adequate data processing model. We then discuss the different manners in which the collected instrumental data can be arranged, and the most usually applied models and algorithms for the decomposition of the data arrays. The latter activity leads to the estimation of surrogate variables (scores), useful for analyte quantitation in the presence of uncalibrated interferences, achieving the second-order advantage. Recent experimental reports based on multi-way liquid and gas chromatographic data are then reviewed. Finally, analytical figures of merit that should always accompany quantitative calibration reports are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio A. Chiappini
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina; (F.A.C.); (M.R.A.); (H.C.G.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz C1425FQB, Argentina;
| | - Mirta R. Alcaraz
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina; (F.A.C.); (M.R.A.); (H.C.G.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz C1425FQB, Argentina;
| | - Graciela M. Escandar
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz C1425FQB, Argentina;
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Instituto de Química de Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Héctor C. Goicoechea
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina; (F.A.C.); (M.R.A.); (H.C.G.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz C1425FQB, Argentina;
| | - Alejandro C. Olivieri
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz C1425FQB, Argentina;
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Instituto de Química de Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Achieving the analytical second-order advantage with non-bilinear second-order data. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1181:338911. [PMID: 34556235 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Multi-way calibration based on second-order data constitutes a revolutionary milestone for analytical applications. However, most classical chemometric models assume that these data fulfil the property of low rank bilinearity, which cannot be accomplished by all instrumental methods. Indeed, various techniques are able to generate non-bilinear data, which are all potentially useful for the development of novel second-order calibration methodologies. However, the achievement of the second-order advantage in these cases may be severely limited, since methods for comprehensive modelling of non-bilinear second-order data remain only partially explored. In this research, the analytical performance of three well-known second-order models, namely non-bilinear rank annihilation (NBRA), unfolded partial least-squares with residual bilinearization (U-PLS-RBL) and multivariate curve resolution - alternating least-squares (MCR-ALS) is systematically assessed through sets of simulated and experimental non-bilinear second-order data, involving one analyte and one interferent. Although it is not possible to establish a single strategy to model any type of non-bilinear second-order data with the studied methods, each approach may lead to successful predictions under certain circumstances. It is shown that the prediction capacity is severely affected by data properties such as the level of instrumental noise, the rank of the response matrices and the signal selectivity pattern of the analyte.
Collapse
|
6
|
Chiappini FA, Gutierrez F, Goicoechea HC, Olivieri AC. Interference-free calibration with first-order instrumental data and multivariate curve resolution. When and why? Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1161:338465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
7
|
Olivieri AC. A down-to-earth analyst view of rotational ambiguity in second-order calibration with multivariate curve resolution - a tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1156:338206. [PMID: 33781464 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rotational ambiguity is a phenomenon with the potential of generating an uncertainty in the estimation of analyte concentrations in protocols based on matrix instrumental data processed by multivariate curve resolution - alternating least-squares (MCR-ALS). This is particularly relevant when the second-order advantage is to be achieved, i.e., when selected analytes are determined in unknown samples having unexpected constituents, not considered in the calibration set of samples. It is therefore imperative that analytical chemists developing second-order multivariate calibration methods using MCR-ALS acknowledge the relevance of this issue, and more importantly, have access to the required tools to size the relative impact of this potential source of uncertainty on the estimated analyte concentrations. The purpose of this tutorial is to provide a down-to-earth view of rotational ambiguity, by studying in detail a synthetic example mimicking a typical chromatographic-spectral experiment, where a set of calibration samples is joined with an unknown sample having an uncalibrated interference. After explaining the background information needed to understand the origin of the phenomenon, the available tools for the estimation of the feasible MCR-ALS solutions and the derived uncertainty on analyte predictions will be discussed. A multi-component experimental system will also be discussed, stressing the fact that rotational ambiguity uncertainties, however small, should always be estimated and reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro C Olivieri
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531 (2000), Rosario, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Olivieri AC, Omidikia N. Initialization effects in two-component second-order multivariate calibration with the extended bilinear model. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1125:169-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
9
|
|
10
|
Pellegrino Vidal RB, Olivieri AC. A New Parameter for Measuring the Prediction Uncertainty Produced by Rotational Ambiguity in Second-Order Calibration with Multivariate Curve Resolution. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9118-9123. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío B. Pellegrino Vidal
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Instituto de Química de Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Alejandro C. Olivieri
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Instituto de Química de Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bayat M, Marín-García M, Ghasemi JB, Tauler R. Application of the area correlation constraint in the MCR-ALS quantitative analysis of complex mixture samples. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1113:52-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
12
|
Alcaraz MR, Culzoni MJ, Ibañez GA, Lozano VA, Olivieri AC. On second-order calibration based on multivariate curve resolution in the presence of highly overlapped profiles. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1096:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Campos-Delgado DU, Gutierrez-Navarro O, Rico-Jimenez JJ, Duran E, Fabelo H, Ortega S, Callicó GM, Jo JA. Extended Blind End-member and Abundance Extraction for Biomedical Imaging Applications. IEEE ACCESS : PRACTICAL INNOVATIONS, OPEN SOLUTIONS 2019; 7:178539-178552. [PMID: 31942279 PMCID: PMC6961960 DOI: 10.1109/access.2019.2958985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In some applications of biomedical imaging, a linear mixture model can represent the constitutive elements (end-members) and their contributions (abundances) per pixel of the image. In this work, the extended blind end-member and abundance extraction (EBEAE) methodology is mathematically formulated to address the blind linear unmixing (BLU) problem subject to positivity constraints in optical measurements. The EBEAE algorithm is based on a constrained quadratic optimization and an alternated least-squares strategy to jointly estimate end-members and their abundances. In our proposal, a local approach is used to estimate the abundances of each end-member by maximizing their entropy, and a global technique is adopted to iteratively identify the end-members by reducing the similarity among them. All the cost functions are normalized, and four initialization approaches are suggested for the end-members matrix. Synthetic datasets are used first for the EBEAE validation at different noise types and levels, and its performance is compared to state-of-the-art algorithms in BLU. In a second stage, three experimental biomedical imaging applications are addressed with EBEAE: m-FLIM for chemometric analysis in oral cavity samples, OCT for macrophages identification in post-mortem artery samples, and hyper-spectral images for in-vivo brain tissue classification and tumor identification. In our evaluations, EBEAE was able to provide a quantitative analysis of the samples with none or minimal a priori information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D U Campos-Delgado
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, SLP, México
| | - O Gutierrez-Navarro
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes, AGS, México
| | - J J Rico-Jimenez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A& M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - E Duran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A& M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - H Fabelo
- Institute for Applied Microelectronics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - S Ortega
- Institute for Applied Microelectronics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - G M Callicó
- Institute for Applied Microelectronics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - J A Jo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A& M University, College Station, TX, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hohrenk LL, Vosough M, Schmidt TC. Implementation of Chemometric Tools To Improve Data Mining and Prioritization in LC-HRMS for Nontarget Screening of Organic Micropollutants in Complex Water Matrixes. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9213-9220. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lotta L. Hohrenk
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Maryam Vosough
- Department of Clean Technologies, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran,
P.O. Box 14335-186, Tehran 1496813151, Iran
| | - Torsten C. Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, Essen 45141, Germany
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstr. 26, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45476, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Martín Tornero E, Espinosa-Mansilla A, Muñoz de la Peña A, Durán Merás I. Phenanthrene metabolites determination in human breast and cow milk by combining elution time-emission fluorescence data with multiway calibration. Talanta 2018; 188:299-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
16
|
Handling of highly coeluted chromatographic peaks by multivariate curve resolution for a complex bioanalytical problem: Quantitation of selected corticosteroids and mycophenolic acid in human plasma. Talanta 2018; 187:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
17
|
Shekari N, Vosough M, Tabar Heidar K. Chromatographic fingerprinting through chemometric techniques for herbal slimming pills: A way of adulterant identification. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 286:213-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
18
|
Montemurro M, Siano GG, Alcaráz MR, Goicoechea HC. Third order chromatographic-excitation–emission fluorescence data: Advances, challenges and prospects in analytical applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
19
|
Monago-Maraña O, Pérez RL, Escandar GM, Muñoz de la Peña A, Galeano-Díaz T. Combination of Liquid Chromatography with Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least-Squares (MCR-ALS) in the Quantitation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Present in Paprika Samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8254-8262. [PMID: 27717286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a strategy for quantitating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked paprika samples. For this, a liquid chromatographic method with fluorimetric detection (HPLC-FLD) was optimized. To resolve some interference co-eluting with the target analytes, the second-order multivariate curve resolution-alternating least-squares (MCR-ALS) algorithm has been employed combined with this liquid chromatographic method. Among the eight PAHs quantified (fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene) by HPLC-FLD, only in the case of fluorene, pyrene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene was it necessary to apply the second-order algorithm for their resolution. Limits of detection and quantitation were between 0.015 and 0.45 mg/kg and between 0.15 and 1.5 mg/kg, respectively. Good recovery results (>80%) for paprika were obtained via the complete extraction procedure, consisting of an extraction from the matrix and the cleanup of the extract by means of silica cartridges. Higher concentrations of chrysene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene were found in the paprika samples, with respect to the maximal amounts allowed for other spices that are under European Regulation (EU) N° 2015/1933.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Monago-Maraña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and IACYS, University of Extremadura , Badajoz 06006, Spain
| | - Rocío L Pérez
- Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario , Suipacha, 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Graciela M Escandar
- Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario , Suipacha, 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | | | - Teresa Galeano-Díaz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and IACYS, University of Extremadura , Badajoz 06006, Spain
| |
Collapse
|