Methods of Analyzing Behavior Patterns

Molecular order in concurrent response sequences

We studied the order of emission of concurrently reinforced free-operant two-response sequences such as left-left (LL) and left-right (LR). The end of each sequence was demarcated by stimulus change. The use of demarcated sequences of responses, as opposed to individual responses, provides an expanded set of distinct, temporally ordered behaviour pairings to investigate (e.g., LL followed by LL, LL followed by LR, etc.); it is as well a real-life analogue. A sequential analysis of new and existing rat and pigeon data revealed patterns in both overall and post-reinforcer-only sequence emission order. These patterns were consistent across species and individuals, and they followed higher-order organising principles. We describe sequence non-repetition, last-response repetition, and the proportion and post-reinforcer effects, and relate them to existing molar and molecular behaviour principles. Beyond their immediate implications, our results illustrate the value of sequential analysis as a tool for the investigation of molar-molecular behavioural relations.

Demarcated response sequences and generalised matching

The generalised matching law was applied for the first time to sequences of responses. Pigeons responded on dependently arranged two-operandum concurrent schedules in which all four possible two-response sequences on these operanda were demarcated and reinforced. Reinforcer rates for the sequences were varied over a wide range, including extinction. Sequences of responses, rather than individual responses, followed the generalised matching law. We compared single-sensitivity and multiple-sensitivity versions of the generalised matching law. The multiple sensitivities were not significantly different from each other, so the single-sensitivity model provided the more efficient fit. As in previous research, responding was biased against the emission of sequences that required changeovers.

Molecular and molar analyses of fixed-interval performance

Fixed-interval performances of rats were described either in terms of the individual intervals of the session or in terms of a single average interval constructed for the entire session. Responding in the individual intervals usually followed break-and-run and single response patterns rather than the scalloped pattern that emerged when the results were averaged. There was, however, a reasonable correspondence between the quarter-life values calculated from individual intervals and those calculated from the averages. According to the pattern exhibited by the average interval, the probability of a response increased as the interval elapsed. The same conclusion was indicated by more molecular analyses of the conditional probabilities of pause terminations. The results showed that descriptions of fixed-interval data in terms of overall averages reveal aspects of performance that are not immediately apparent within individual intervals.