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Gao R, Wang J, Huang J, Wang T, Guo L, Liu W, Guan J, Liang D, Meng Q, Pan H. FSP1-mediated ferroptosis in cancer: from mechanisms to therapeutic applications. Apoptosis 2024; 29:1019-1037. [PMID: 38615304 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-024-01966-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a new discovered regulated cell death triggered by the ferrous ion (Fe2+)-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxides associated with cancer and many other diseases. The mechanism of ferroptosis includes oxidation systems (such as enzymatic oxidation and free radical oxidation) and antioxidant systems (such as GSH/GPX4, CoQ10/FSP1, BH4/GCH1 and VKORC1L1/VK). Among them, ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1), as a crucial regulatory factor in the antioxidant system, has shown a crucial role in ferroptosis. FSP1 has been well validated to ferroptosis in three ways, and a variety of intracellular factors and drug molecules can alleviate ferroptosis via FSP1, which has been demonstrated to alter the sensitivity and effectiveness of cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. This review aims to provide important frameworks that, bring the regulation of FSP1 mediated ferroptosis into cancer therapies on the basis of existing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Gao
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinge Wang
- School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lingfeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenlu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jialu Guan
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Desen Liang
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qinghui Meng
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huayang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Pedrera L, Ros U, García-Sáez AJ. Calcium as a master regulator of ferroptosis and other types of regulated necrosis. Cell Calcium 2023; 114:102778. [PMID: 37356350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of proliferation and cell death is fundamental for organismal development and for restoring tissue homeostasis after biological stress. During the last years, several forms of regulated cell death have been discovered that share the loss of plasma membrane integrity as a common hallmark and that are collectively known as regulated necrosis (RN) pathways. During RN, plasma membrane damage is sensed by the cell by increases in the levels of intracellular calcium. Interestingly, cytosolic calcium influx can either lead to cell death or survival, given the versatile role of this ion in regulating multiple signaling processes. Among them, membrane repair enables the cells to tolerate the injury and, even in some conditions, survive. Here, we review calcium signaling in the context of RN pathways, with a focus on ferroptosis, a type of RN in which plasma membrane damage is elicited by the accumulation of oxidized lipids. In contrast, other forms of RN such as necroptosis and pyroptosis require dedicated pore-forming proteins for plasma membrane damage and cell death. We first focus on the current knowledge regarding the contribution of calcium to ferroptosis, and then illustrate the similarities and differences in calcium signaling with necroptosis and pyroptosis. Calcium signaling emerges as a key event in the cellular responses to membrane damage and in the regulation of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohans Pedrera
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany
| | - Uris Ros
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ana J García-Sáez
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany.
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MLKL promotes cellular differentiation in myeloid leukemia by facilitating the release of G-CSF. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:3235-3250. [PMID: 34079078 PMCID: PMC8630008 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The blockade of cellular differentiation represents a hallmark of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which is largely attributed to the dysfunction of lineage-specific transcription factors controlling cellular differentiation. However, alternative mechanisms of cellular differentiation programs in AML remain largely unexplored. Here we report that mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) contributes to the cellular differentiation of transformed hematopoietic progenitor cells in AML. Using gene-targeted mice, we show that MLKL facilitates the release of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) by controlling membrane permeabilization in leukemic cells. Mlkl−/− hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells released reduced amounts of G-CSF while retaining their capacity for CSF3 (G-CSF) mRNA expression, G-CSF protein translation, and G-CSF receptor signaling. MLKL associates with early endosomes and controls G-CSF release from intracellular storage by plasma membrane pore formation, whereas cell death remained unaffected by loss of MLKL. Of note, MLKL expression was significantly reduced in AML patients, specifically in those with a poor-risk AML subtype. Our data provide evidence that MLKL controls myeloid differentiation in AML by controlling the release of G-CSF from leukemic progenitor cells.
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Ferroptotic pores induce Ca 2+ fluxes and ESCRT-III activation to modulate cell death kinetics. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:1644-1657. [PMID: 33335287 PMCID: PMC8167089 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00691-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of regulated necrosis associated with lipid peroxidation. Despite its key role in the inflammatory outcome of ferroptosis, little is known about the molecular events leading to the disruption of the plasma membrane during this type of cell death. Here we show that a sustained increase in cytosolic Ca2+ is a hallmark of ferroptosis that precedes complete bursting of the cell. We report that plasma membrane damage leading to ferroptosis is associated with membrane nanopores of a few nanometers in radius and that ferroptosis, but not lipid peroxidation, can be delayed by osmoprotectants. Importantly, Ca2+ fluxes during ferroptosis induce the activation of the ESCRT-III-dependent membrane repair machinery, which counterbalances the kinetics of cell death and modulates the immunological signature of ferroptosis. Our findings with ferroptosis provide a unifying concept that sustained increase of cytosolic Ca2+ prior to plasma membrane rupture is a common feature of regulated types of necrosis and position ESCRT-III activation as a general protective mechanism in these lytic cell death pathways.
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Pore-forming proteins: From defense factors to endogenous executors of cell death. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 234:105026. [PMID: 33309552 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.105026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pore-forming proteins (PFPs) and small antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a large family of molecules with the common ability to punch holes in cell membranes to alter their permeability. They play a fundamental role as infectious bacteria's defensive tools against host's immune system and as executors of endogenous machineries of regulated cell death in eukaryotic cells. Despite being highly divergent in primary sequence and 3D structure, specific folds of pore-forming domains have been conserved. In fact, pore formation is considered an ancient mechanism that takes place through a general multistep process involving: membrane partitioning and insertion, oligomerization and pore formation. However, different PFPs and AMPs assemble and form pores following different mechanisms that could end up either in the formation of protein-lined or protein-lipid pores. In this review, we analyze the current findings in the mechanism of action of different PFPs and AMPs that support a wide role of membrane pore formation in nature. We also provide the newest insights into the development of state-of-art techniques that have facilitated the characterization of membrane pores. To understand the physiological role of these peptides/proteins or develop clinical applications, it is essential to uncover the molecular mechanism of how they perforate membranes.
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Ros U, Pedrera L, Garcia-Saez AJ. Partners in Crime: The Interplay of Proteins and Membranes in Regulated Necrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2412. [PMID: 32244433 PMCID: PMC7177786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis are well-characterized forms of regulated necrosis that have been associated with human diseases. During regulated necrosis, plasma membrane damage facilitates the movement of ions and molecules across the bilayer, which finally leads to cell lysis and release of intracellular content. Therefore, these types of cell death have an inflammatory phenotype. Each type of regulated necrosis is mediated by a defined machinery comprising protein and lipid molecules. Here, we discuss how the interaction and reshaping of these cellular components are essential and distinctive processes during pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis. We point out that although the plasma membrane is the common target in regulated necrosis, different mechanisms of permeabilization have emerged depending on the cell death form. Pore formation by gasdermins (GSDMs) is a hallmark of pyroptosis, while mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein facilitates membrane permeabilization in necroptosis, and phospholipid peroxidation leads to membrane damage in ferroptosis. This diverse repertoire of mechanisms leading to membrane permeabilization contributes to define the specific inflammatory and immunological outcome of each type of regulated necrosis. Current efforts are focused on new therapies that target critical protein and lipid molecules on these pathways to fight human pathologies associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana J. Garcia-Saez
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (U.R.); (L.P.)
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