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Darvazi M, Ghorbani M, Ramazi S, Allahverdi A, Abdolmaleki P. A computational study of the R120G mutation in human αB-crystallin: implications for structural stability and functionality. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:5788-5798. [PMID: 37354135 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2229434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The eye is a vital organ in the visual system, which is composed of transparent vascular tissue. αB-crystallin, a significant protein found in the lens, plays a crucial role in our understanding of lens diseases. Mutations in the αB-crystallin protein can cause lens diseases, such as cataracts and myopathy. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the R120G mutation is not fully understood. In this study, we utilized molecular dynamics simulations to illustrate, in atomic detail, how the R120G mutation leads to the aggregation of αB-crystallin and scattering of light in the lens. Our findings show that the R120G mutation alters the dynamic and structural properties of the αB-crystallin protein. Specifically, this mutation causes the angle of the hairpin at the C-terminal to increase from 80° to 150°, while reducing the distance between the hydrophobic patches around residues 10 and 44-55 from 1.5 nm to 1 nm. In addition, our results showed that the mutation could disrupt the IPI motif - β4/β8 interaction. The disruption of this interaction could affect the αB-crystallin oligomerization and the chaperone activity of αB-crystallin protein. The exposed hydrophobic area at the IPI motif - β4/β8 could become the primary site for interprotein interactions, which are responsible for large-scale aggregation. We have demonstrated that, in wild-type αB-crystallin protein, salt bridges R120 and D109, R107 and D80 are formed. However, in the case of the R120G mutation, the salt bridges R120 and R109 are disrupted, and a new salt bridge with a different pattern is formed. In our study, it has been found that all of the changes associated with the R120G mutation are located at the interface of chains A and B, which could impact the multimerization of the αB-crystallin. Previous research on the K92-E99 residue has shown that a salt bridge in the dimer I can reduce the chaperone activity of the protein. Furthermore, the salt bridges R120 and D109, as well as R107 and D80 in dimer II, induce changes in the hydrophobic envelope of β-sheets in the α-crystallin domain (ACD). These changes could have an impact on the multimerization of the αB-crystallin, leading to disruption of the oligomer structure and aggregation. Moreover, the changes in the αB-crystallin resulting from the R120G mutation can lead to faulty interactions with other proteins, which can cause the aggregation of αB-crystallin with other proteins, such as desmin. These findings may provide new insights into the development of treatments for lens diseases.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Darvazi
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahin Ramazi
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdollah Allahverdi
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Abdolmaleki
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang R, Sun J, Xie Y, Zhu W, Tao M, Chen Y, Xie W, Bade R, Jiang S, Liu X, Shao G, Pan W, Zhou C, Jia X. Mutant kri1l causes abnormal retinal development via cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:251. [PMID: 38789412 PMCID: PMC11126728 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Damage to the ribosome or an imbalance in protein biosynthesis can lead to some human diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and other eye diseases. Here, we reported that the kri1l gene was responsible for retinal development. The kri1l gene encodes an essential component of the rRNA small subunit processome. The retinal structure was disrupted in kri1l mutants, which resulted in small eyes. The boundaries of each layer of cells in the retina were blurred, and each layer of cells was narrowed and decreased. The photoreceptor cells and Müller glia cells almost disappeared in kri1l mutants. The lack of photoreceptor cells caused a fear of light response. The development of the retina started without abnormalities, and the abnormalities began two days after fertilization. In the kri1l mutant, retinal cell differentiation was defective, resulting in the disappearance of cone cells and Müller cells. The proliferation of retinal cells was increased, while apoptosis was also enhanced in kri1l mutants. γ-H2AX upregulation indicated the accumulation of DNA damage, which resulted in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The kri1l mutation reduced the expression of some opsin genes and key retinal genes, which are also essential for retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Fourth Hospital of Baotou, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
| | - Jiajun Sun
- Department of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
| | - Yabin Xie
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
| | - Meitong Tao
- Department of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rengui Bade
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyuan Jiang
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
| | - Guo Shao
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weijun Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengjiang Zhou
- Department of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China.
| | - Xiaoe Jia
- Department of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China.
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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3
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Karakosta C, Samiotaki M, Panayotou G, Papaconstantinou DS, Moschos MM. Lens Cytoskeleton: An Update on the Etiopathogenesis of Human Cataracts. Cureus 2024; 16:e56793. [PMID: 38650819 PMCID: PMC11035009 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A cataract is a loss of the transparency of a normal crystalline lens. Multiple factors, including age as the major risk factor for cataracts, can disturb the transparency of the crystalline lens due to cumulative damage from environmental insults to proteins, particularly crystallins. Lens proteins do not turnover, and crystallins undergo extensive post-translational modifications (PTMs) with age in order to interact with each other and maintain their soluble basis for lens transparency. These PTMs include truncation, oxidation, deamidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and glycosylation. Cataract formation, apart from protein PTMs, involves protein crosslinking, protein insolubilization, and aggregation. Oxidation is a key feature in age-related cataract formation. Due to the role of genetic and environmental factors, as well as its variable clinical presentation, we consider cataracts to be a multifactorial disease. The preliminary results of our study indicate that proteins implicated in the pathway of a structural constituent of the eye lens (BFSP1, BFSP2, CRYAA, CRYAB, CRYBA, CRYBB, CRYGC, CRYGD, CRYGS, KRTs, and VIM), together with AQP1 and AQP5, may also be involved in lens aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Karakosta
- Ophthalmology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, GRC
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Proteomics, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, GRC
| | - George Panayotou
- Proteomics, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, GRC
| | - Dimitrios S Papaconstantinou
- Ophthalmology, Gennimatas Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, GRC
| | - Marilita M Moschos
- 1st Department of Ophthalmology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
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Dammak A, Pastrana C, Martin-Gil A, Carpena-Torres C, Peral Cerda A, Simovart M, Alarma P, Huete-Toral F, Carracedo G. Oxidative Stress in the Anterior Ocular Diseases: Diagnostic and Treatment. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020292. [PMID: 36830827 PMCID: PMC9952931 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The eye is a metabolically active structure, constantly exposed to solar radiations making its structure vulnerable to the high burden of reactive oxygen species (ROS), presenting many molecular interactions. The biomolecular cascade modification is caused especially in diseases of the ocular surface, cornea, conjunctiva, uvea, and lens. In fact, the injury in the anterior segment of the eye takes its origin from the perturbation of the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance and leads to increased oxidative damage, especially when the first line of antioxidant defence weakens with age. Furthermore, oxidative stress is related to mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein modification, apoptosis, and inflammation, which are involved in anterior ocular disease progression such as dry eye, keratoconus, uveitis, and cataract. The different pathologies are interconnected through various mechanisms such as inflammation, oxidative stress making the diagnostics more relevant in early stages. The end point of the molecular pathway is the release of different antioxidant biomarkers offering the potential of predictive diagnostics of the pathology. In this review, we have analysed the oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in the front of the eye to provide a better understanding of the pathomechanism, the importance of biomarkers for the diagnosis of eye diseases, and the recent treatment of anterior ocular diseases.
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Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Qi X, Lian Y, Che H, Jia J, Yang C, Xu Y, Chi X, Jiang W, Li Y, Mi J, Yang Y, Li X, Tian G. GAD1 alleviates injury-induced optic neurodegeneration by inhibiting retinal ganglion cell apoptosis. Exp Eye Res 2022; 223:109201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fernandes AG, Ferraz AN, Lemos RDS, Watanabe SES, Berezovsky A, Salomão SR. Trends in cataract surgical treatment within the Brazilian national public health system over a 20-year period: Implications for Universal Eye Health as a global public health goal. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000328. [PMID: 36962381 PMCID: PMC10021674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cataract is a highly prevalent, treatable, and sight threatening condition considered one of the main focuses of public health policies addressing visual impairment and blindness towards Universal Eye Health. We aimed to investigate the trends on number of cataract surgical procedures performed through the Brazilian national health system (SUS) from 2000 to 2019 while also evaluating costs associated with it. The Brazilian Public Health System Information Database (DATASUS) was used as the primary data source for procedures including extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) and phacoemulsification. Trends along the years were evaluated through generalized linear models. A total of 8,424,521 cataract procedures were performed from 2000 to 2019, with a significant increase along the years from 228,145 in 2000 to 663,186 in 2019 (p<0.001), a cataract surgical procedure rate change from 13.15 to 32.28 procedures per 10,000 people. It was observed a significant increase on the number of phacoemulsification (p<0.001) and a significant decrease on the number of ECCE (p<0.001). A shift on the predominant technique has occurred between 2007 and 2008 with phacoemulsification increasing its percentual representativity from 34.3% to 69.7% of all procedures, reaching 96.1% in 2019. Phacoemulsification costs per procedure increased 30.5% from from USD$119.00 to USD$155.33 (p = 0.007) and the ECCE costs per procedure increased 29.1% from USD$78.57 to USD$101.43 (p = 0.001). There is an increasing trend of procedures related to cataract treatment performed through SUS along the 20-years period and a switch on the technique predominance from ECCE to phacoemulsification was observed after 2007. The costs associated with both techniques have increased but have not followed the country's overall inflation. Data derived from DATASUS is important to understand the overall panorama of ocular health offered by the national health system and to provide information to guide healthcare leaders on management and planning of public health policies within the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Gustavo Fernandes
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aline Nunes Ferraz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael da Silva Lemos
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sung Eun Song Watanabe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Berezovsky
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Solange Rios Salomão
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Prevalence of ocular findings regardless of visual acuity status in older adults from the Brazilian Amazon Region. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23710. [PMID: 34887482 PMCID: PMC8660780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been recommended that population-based studies report not only frequencies of vision impairment and blindness but also any ocular abnormalities that might lead an individual to seek for eyecare services. The current study aimed to determine prevalence of ocular findings regardless of visual acuity (VA) status in older adults from the Brazilian Amazon Region. Disturbances were grouped into: Eyelids; Anterior Segment; Posterior Segment; Increased intraocular pressure; and Overall Globe. The presence of an ocular finding was considered positive when any abnormality was noted, regardless of VA. Refractive errors were not considered. A total 2384 eligible persons were enumerated and 2041 (85.6%) examined. The prevalence of ocular disturbances in either eye was 87.0% and was associated with male gender, older age, lower education, and rural residence. Overall, main findings were pterygium, cataract, and pinguecula, occurring in 58.8%, 45.4% and 17.4%, respectively. Among individuals with 20/20 VA in both eyes, the most frequent findings were pterygium, pinguecula, and glaucoma cupping, occurring in 47.4%, 31.2% and 6.5%, respectively. The high prevalence of ocular findings observed in this population reinforces that different conditions might not immediately decrease VA but can indicate risk and/or discomfort symptoms and should be considered when planning public health ophthalmic services.
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Yun S, Lee D, Kang S, Kim DW, Kim Y, Cho JY, Seo K. Proteomic analysis of aqueous humor in canine primary angle-closure glaucoma in American Cocker Spaniel dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:520-532. [PMID: 34558166 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze proteomic profiles of the aqueous humor (AH) of canines with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and identify associated protein alterations. ANIMALS STUDIED Six American Cocker Spaniels with PACG and six American Cocker Spaniels without ocular diseases. METHODS Aqueous humor samples were collected from six American Cocker Spaniels with PACG at Seoul National University, VMTH, and six healthy Cocker Spaniels without ocular disease at Irion Animal Hospital. For the PACG group, AH samples were obtained by anterior chamber paracentesis prior to glaucoma treatment. For the AH control group, AH samples were collected from patients anesthetized for other reasons. Total AH protein concentration was determined by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. AH protein samples were quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Raw MS spectra were processed using MaxQuant software 30, and the Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was performed using ClueGO. RESULTS The AH protein concentration in the PACG group (10.49 ± 17.98 µg/µl) was significantly higher than that of the control group (0.45 ± 0.11 µg/µl; p < .05). A total of 758 proteins were identified in the AH. Several proteins both significantly increased (n = 69) and decreased (n = 252) in the PACG group compared to those in the control group. GO enrichment analysis showed that the "response to wounding," "negative regulation of endopeptidase activity," and "cell growth" pathways were the most enriched terms in the PACG group compared to the control group. The top 5 proteins that were significantly increased in the AH of the PACG group were secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), peptidoglycan recognition proteins 2 (PGLYRP2), tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (YWHAE), maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM), and vimentin (VIM). CONCLUSIONS Gene Ontology enrichment analysis using the proteomic data showed that proteins and pathways related to inflammation were significantly upregulated in the various stage of PACG. Proteomic analysis of the AH from the PACG may provide valuable insights into PACG pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjin Yun
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Irion animal hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dabin Lee
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seonmi Kang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngsam Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kangmoon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Zhu H, Zhang Z. Emerging Trends and Research Foci in Cataract Genes: A Bibliometric and Visualized Study. Front Genet 2021; 12:610728. [PMID: 34434212 PMCID: PMC8381374 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.610728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Approximately 50% of cataracts are associated with genetic factors. Genetic etiology and molecular mechanisms based on gene research increase the understanding of cataracts and provide direction for diagnosis and intervention. In the present study, SCIE papers related to the modeling of cataract gene research from 2010-2019 were evaluated and qualitative and quantitative analyses with modeling performed. Methods: The SCIE database was searched on July 6, 2021 for cataract gene publications and relevant papers published since 2010 were considered for review. Subsequently, 1,904 SCIE papers associated with cataract genes from 2010-2019 were analyzed using a bibliometric method. The publication, country, institution, journal, references, knowledgebase, keywords, and research hotspots of the papers were analyzed using an online analysis platform of literature metrology, bibliographic item co-occurrence matrix builder (BICOMB), CiteSpace V, and VOS viewer analysis tool. Results: 78 countries published the related articles, and the United States ranks of America had the most publications. Two thousand seven hundred and eighty three institutions contributed to the related publications. Fudan University had the most publications. The reference clusters of SCI papers were clustered into six categories, namely, causing congenital cataract-microcornea syndrome, functional snp, cataractous lenses, a1 mutation, foxe3 mutation, cell adhesion gene pvrl3, nid1 gene. The key words representing the research frontiers were cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (2017-2019), oxidative stress (2017-2019). Conclusion: This study provided a systematic, objective and comprehensive analysis of the literature related to gene research of cataract. Moreover, this study demonstrated the current hotspots and the future trends in the field of gene research of cataract. This review will help ophthalmologist to discern the dynamic evolution of cataract gene research, as well as highlight areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 4th People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhichang Zhang
- Department of Computer, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Liu A, Wang L, Feng Q, Zhang D, Chen K, Yiming GH, Wang Q, Hong Y, Whelchel A, Zhang X, Li X, Dong L. Low expression of GSTP1 in the aqueous humour of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:3063-3079. [PMID: 33599104 PMCID: PMC7957170 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) is characterized by irreversible neurodegeneration accompanied by visual field defects and high intraocular pressure. Currently, an effective treatment is not available to prevent the progression of POAG, other than treatments to decrease the high intraocular pressure. We performed proteomic analysis of aqueous humour (AH) samples from patients with POAG combined with cataract and patients with cataract to obtain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of POAG and explore potential treatment targets for this condition. Samples were collected from 10 patients with POAG combined with cataract and 10 patients with cataract. Samples from each group were pooled. A high‐resolution, label‐free, liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry‐based quantitative proteomic analysis was performed. In total, 610 proteins were identified in human AH samples from the two groups. A total of 48 up‐regulated proteins and 49 down‐regulated proteins were identified in the POAG combined with cataract group compared with the control group. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed key roles for these proteins in inflammation, immune responses, growth and development, cellular movement and vesicle‐mediated transport in the biological process category. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated the down‐regulated expression of glutathione S‐transferase P (GSTP1) in the glutathione metabolism signalling pathway in the POAG combined with cataract group. Additionally, certain significantly differentially expressed proteins in the proteomic profile were verified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). GSTP1 levels were reduced in the human AH samples from the POAG combined with cataract group, based on the results of ELISA and proteomic profiling. Therefore, GSTP1, a redox‐related marker, may be involved in the pathological process of POAG and may become a treatment target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Ophthalmology Department of People's Hospital of Hotan District, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Ophthalmology Department of People's Hospital of Hotan District, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kexi Chen
- Ophthalmology Department of People's Hospital of Hotan District, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guli Humaer Yiming
- Ophthalmology Department of People's Hospital of Hotan District, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaru Hong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Amy Whelchel
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lijie Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Serum Aβ Levels are Associated with Age-related Cataract. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:369-377. [PMID: 33400179 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the levels and clinical relevance of serum β-amyloid (Aβ) in age-related cataract (ARC) patients. In the present study, an overall of 402 ARC patients and 450 normal controls were recruited between June 2018 and December 2019. Serum Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 concentrations were assessed by Elisa. The ARC patients were further grouped into several subgroups according to gender, age, types of ARC, and degree of lens opacity. The association of Aβ levels with ARC was determined using logistic regression models. ARC patients had significantly higher serum Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 levels than normal control. A similar finding was observed in subjects aged over 60 years. Serum Aβ concentrations were significant correlated with the degrees of lens opacity in C-ARC and N-ARC subjects. Logistic regression analyses revealed that serum Aβ1-40 (ORs = 1.202, 95% CI 1.077 to 1.341) and Aβ1-42 (ORs = 1.686, 95% CI 1.351 to 2.103) levels were potential risk factors for ARC. ARC patients have higher serum Aβ1-40, as well as Aβ1-42 levels, which may reflect an association between Aβ and ARC pathogenesis. Serum Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 levels are potential risk factors for ARC.
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Vetter CJ, Thorn DC, Wheeler SG, Mundorff CC, Halverson KA, Wales TE, Shinde UP, Engen JR, David LL, Carver JA, Lampi KJ. Cumulative deamidations of the major lens protein γS-crystallin increase its aggregation during unfolding and oxidation. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1945-1963. [PMID: 32697405 PMCID: PMC7454558 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Age-related lens cataract is the major cause of blindness worldwide. The mechanisms whereby crystallins, the predominant lens proteins, assemble into large aggregates that scatter light within the lens, and cause cataract, are poorly understood. Due to the lack of protein turnover in the lens, crystallins are long-lived. A major crystallin, γS, is heavily modified by deamidation, in particular at surface-exposed N14, N76, and N143 to introduce negative charges. In this present study, deamidated γS was mimicked by mutation with aspartate at these sites and the effect on biophysical properties of γS was assessed via dynamic light scattering, chemical and thermal denaturation, hydrogen-deuterium exchange, and susceptibility to disulfide cross-linking. Compared with wild type γS, a small population of each deamidated mutant aggregated rapidly into large, light-scattering species that contributed significantly to the total scattering. Under partially denaturing conditions in guanidine hydrochloride or elevated temperature, deamidation led to more rapid unfolding and aggregation and increased susceptibility to oxidation. The triple mutant was further destabilized, suggesting that the effects of deamidation were cumulative. Molecular dynamics simulations predicted that deamidation augments the conformational dynamics of γS. We suggest that these perturbations disrupt the native disulfide arrangement of γS and promote the formation of disulfide-linked aggregates. The lens-specific chaperone αA-crystallin was poor at preventing the aggregation of the triple mutant. It is concluded that surface deamidations cause minimal structural disruption individually, but cumulatively they progressively destabilize γS-crystallin leading to unfolding and aggregation, as occurs in aged and cataractous lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin J. Vetter
- Integrative BiosciencesOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - David C. Thorn
- Research School of Chemistry, College of ScienceThe Australian National UniversityActonAustralia
| | - Samuel G. Wheeler
- Integrative BiosciencesOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Charlie C. Mundorff
- Chemical Physiology & BiochemistryOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical BiologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Kate A. Halverson
- Chemical Physiology & BiochemistryOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Thomas E. Wales
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical BiologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ujwal P. Shinde
- Chemical Physiology & BiochemistryOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - John R. Engen
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical BiologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Larry L. David
- Chemical Physiology & BiochemistryOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - John A. Carver
- Research School of Chemistry, College of ScienceThe Australian National UniversityActonAustralia
| | - Kirsten J. Lampi
- Integrative BiosciencesOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
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13
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Berthoud VM, Gao J, Minogue PJ, Jara O, Mathias RT, Beyer EC. Connexin Mutants Compromise the Lens Circulation and Cause Cataracts through Biomineralization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5822. [PMID: 32823750 PMCID: PMC7461132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junction-mediated intercellular communication facilitates the circulation of ions, small molecules, and metabolites in the avascular eye lens. Mutants of the lens fiber cell gap junction proteins, connexin46 (Cx46) and connexin50 (Cx50), cause cataracts in people and in mice. Studies in mouse models have begun to elucidate the mechanisms by which these mutants lead to cataracts. The expression of the dominant mutants causes severe decreases in connexin levels, reducing the gap junctional communication between lens fiber cells and compromising the lens circulation. The impairment of the lens circulation results in several changes, including the accumulation of Ca2+ in central lens regions, leading to the formation of precipitates that stain with Alizarin red. The cataract morphology and the distribution of Alizarin red-stained material are similar, suggesting that the cataracts result from biomineralization within the organ. In this review, we suggest that this may be a general process for the formation of cataracts of different etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana M. Berthoud
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (P.J.M.); (O.J.); (E.C.B.)
| | - Junyuan Gao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (J.G.); (R.T.M.)
| | - Peter J. Minogue
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (P.J.M.); (O.J.); (E.C.B.)
| | - Oscar Jara
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (P.J.M.); (O.J.); (E.C.B.)
| | - Richard T. Mathias
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (J.G.); (R.T.M.)
| | - Eric C. Beyer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (P.J.M.); (O.J.); (E.C.B.)
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Mischiati C, Feriotto G, Tabolacci C, Domenici F, Melino S, Borromeo I, Forni C, De Martino A, Beninati S. Polyamine Oxidase Is Involved in Spermidine Reduction of Transglutaminase Type 2-Catalyzed βH-Crystallins Polymerization in Calcium-Induced Experimental Cataract. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5427. [PMID: 32751462 PMCID: PMC7432200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In an in vitro Ca2+-induced cataract model, the progression of opacification is paralleled by a rapid decrease of the endogenous levels of spermidine (SPD) and an increase of transglutaminase type 2 (TG2, EC 2.3.2.13)-catalyzed lens crystallins cross-linking by protein-bound N1-N8-bis(γ-glutamyl) SPD. This pattern was reversed adding exogenous SPD to the incubation resulting in a delayed loss of transparency of the rabbit lens. The present report shows evidence on the main incorporation of SPD by the catalytic activity of TG2, toward βH-crystallins and in particular to the βB2- and mostly in βB3-crystallins. The increase of endogenous SPD in the cultured rabbit lens showed the activation of a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent polyamine oxidases (PAO EC 1.5.3.11). As it is known that FAD-PAO degrades the N8-terminal reactive portion of N1-mono(γ-glutamyl) SPD, the protein-bound N8-mono(γ-glutamyl) SPD was found the mainly available derivative for the potential formation of βB3-crystallins cross-links by protein-bound N1-N8-bis(γ-glutamyl)SPD. In conclusion, FAD-PAO degradation of the N8-terminal reactive residue of the crystallins bound N1-mono(γ-glutamyl)SPD together with the increased concentration of exogenous SPD, leading to saturation of glutamine residues on the substrate proteins, drastically reduces N1-N8-bis(γ-glutamyl)SPD crosslinks formation, preventing crystallins polymerization and avoiding rabbit lens opacification. The ability of SPD and MDL 72527 to modulate the activities of TG2 and FAD-PAO involved in the mechanism of lens opacification suggests a potential strategy for the prevention of senile cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Mischiati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Surgical Specialties, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Giordana Feriotto
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Claudio Tabolacci
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabio Domenici
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Sonia Melino
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Ilaria Borromeo
- Department of Physics, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Forni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Angelo De Martino
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Simone Beninati
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (A.D.M.)
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15
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Gao W, Zhou X, Lin R. miR-378a-5p and miR-630 induce lens epithelial cell apoptosis in cataract via suppression of E2F3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e9608. [PMID: 32348429 PMCID: PMC7197652 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20209608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cataract, an eye disease that threatens the health of millions of people, brings about severe economic burden for patients and society. MicroRNA (miR)-378a-5p and miR-630 were recognized as essential regulators in multiple cancers. However, the exact functions of miR-378a-5p and miR-630 in cataract are still unclear. The expression of miR-378a-5p, miR-630, and E2F transcription factor 3 (E2F3) in tissues and cells was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide assay was used to evaluate cell viability. Flow cytometry was conducted to analyze cell apoptosis. The interaction between E2F3 and miR-378a-5p or miR-630 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The expression of proteins E2F3, B cell lymphoma (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated X (Bax), and cleaved caspase 3 was detected by western blot assay. The expression of miR-378a-5p and miR-630 was up-regulated whereas E2F3 was down-regulated in human cataract lens tissues compared with normal lens tissues. Depletion of miR-378a-5p or miR-630 enhanced proliferation and reduced apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells. Interestingly, up-regulation of E2F3 exhibited the same trend. Next, dual-luciferase reporter assay validated the interaction between E2F3 and miR-378a-5p or miR-630. The rescue experiments further revealed that E2F3 knockdown could recover miR-378a-5p, and miR-630 inhibitor induced promotion of cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis in cataract. miR-378a-5p and miR-630 repressed proliferation and induced apoptosis of lens epithelial cells by targeting E2F3 in cataract, representing a prospective alternative therapy for cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Zhaoyuan City, Zhaoyuan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, China Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruihua Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Zhaoyuan City, Zhaoyuan, Shandong, China
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16
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Anand T, Anbukkarasi M, Teresa PA, Thomas PA, Geraldine P. Evaluation of the Putative Efficacy of a Methanolic Extract of Ocimum Basilicum in Preventing Disruption of Structural Proteins in an in Vitro System of Selenite-induced Cataractogenesis. Curr Eye Res 2019; 45:696-704. [PMID: 31770036 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1698054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate whether a methanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum (OB) leaves prevented lenticular protein alterations in an in-vitro model of selenite-induced cataractogenesis.Materials and Methods: Transparent lenses extirpated from Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control; selenite only; treated. Control lenses were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) alone, selenite only lenses were cultured in DMEM containing sodium selenite only (100 µM selenite/ml DMEM) and treated lenses were cultured in DMEM containing sodium selenite and the methanolic extract of OB leaves (200 µg of extract/ml DMEM); all lenses were cultured for 24 h and then processed. The parameters assessed in lenticular homogenates were lenticular protein sulfhydryl and carbonyl content, calcium level, insoluble to soluble protein ratio, sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (SDS-PAGE) patterns of lenticular proteins, and mRNA transcript and protein levels of αA-crystallin and βB1-crystallins.Results: Selenite only lenses exhibited alterations in all parameters assessed. Treated lenses exhibited values for these parameters that were comparable to those noted in normal control lenses.Conclusions: The methanolic extract of OB leaves prevented alterations in lenticular protein sulfhydryl and carbonyl content, calcium level, insoluble to soluble protein ratio, SDS-PAGE patterns of lenticular proteins, and expression of αA-crystallin and βB1-crystallin gene and proteins in cultured selenite-challenged lenses. OB may be further evaluated as a promising agent for the prevention of cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiraviyam Anand
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Muniyandi Anbukkarasi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - P Archana Teresa
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | | | - Pitchairaj Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
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17
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Peng H, Hulleman JD. Prospective Application of Activity-Based Proteomic Profiling in Vision Research-Potential Unique Insights into Ocular Protease Biology and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163855. [PMID: 31398819 PMCID: PMC6720450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-based proteomic profiling (ABPP) is a powerful tool to specifically target and measure the activity of a family of enzymes with the same function and reactivity, which provides a significant advantage over conventional proteomic strategies that simply provide abundance information. A number of inherited and age-related eye diseases are caused by polymorphisms/mutations or abnormal expression of proteases including serine proteases, cysteine proteases, and matrix metalloproteinases, amongst others. However, neither conventional genomic, transcriptomic, nor traditional proteomic profiling directly interrogate protease activities. Thus, leveraging ABPP to probe the activity of these enzyme classes as they relate to normal function and pathophysiology of the eye represents a unique potential opportunity for disease interrogation and possibly intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA
| | - John D Hulleman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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