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Zhang Y, Zhu M, Zhu J, Xu F, Chen Y. Nanoproteomics deciphers the prognostic value of EGFR family proteins-based liquid biopsy. Anal Biochem 2023; 671:115133. [PMID: 37011758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring tumor-associated protein status in serum can effectively track tumors and avoid time-consuming, costly, and invasive tissue biopsy. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family proteins are often recommended in the clinical management of multiple solid tumors. However, the low-abundance of serum EGFR (sEGFR) family proteins hinders the depth-understanding of their function and tumor management. Herein, a nanoproteomics approach coupling with aptamer-modified MOFs (NMOFs-Apt) with mass spectrometry was developed for the enrichment and quantitative analysis of sEGFR family proteins. This nanoproteomics approach exhibited high sensitivity and specificity for sEGFR family protein quantification, with the limit of quantification as low as 1.00 nM. After detecting 626 patients' sEGFR family proteins with various malignant tumors, we concluded that the levels of serum proteins had a moderate concordance with tissue counterparts. Metastatic breast cancer patients with a high level of serum human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (sHER2) and a low level of sEGFR had a poor prognosis, and patients with a sHER2 decrease of more than 20% had longer disease-free time after receiving chemotherapy. This nanoproteomics method provided a simple and effective approach for low-abundant serum protein detection and our results clarified the potential of sHER2 and sEGFR as cancer markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Mingchen Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Feifei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yun Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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2
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Jia D, Liu H, Zheng S, Yuan D, Sun R, Wang F, Li Y, Li H, Yuan F, Fan Q, Zhao Z. ICG-Dimeric Her2-Specific Affibody Conjugates for Tumor Imaging and Photothermal Therapy for Her2-Positive Tumors. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:427-437. [PMID: 36315025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) is abundantly expressed in various solid tumors. The Her2-specific Affibody (ZHer2:2891) has been clinically tested in patients with Her2-positive breast cancer and is regarded as an ideal drug carrier for tumor diagnosis and targeted treatment. Indocyanine green (ICG) can be used as a photosensitizer for photothermal therapy (PTT), in addition to fluorescent dyes for tumor imaging. In this study, a dimeric Her2-specific Affibody (ZHer2) based on ZHer2:2891 was prepared using the E. coli expression system and then coupled to ICG through an N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester reactive group to construct a novel bifunctional protein drug (named ICG-ZHer2) for tumor diagnosis and PTT. In vitro, ICG-ZHer2-mediated PTT selectively and efficiently killed Her2-positive BT-474 and SKOV-3 tumor cells rather than Her2-negative HeLa tumor cells. In vivo, ICG-ZHer2 specifically accumulated in Her2-positive SKOV-3 tumor grafts rather than Her2-negative HeLa tumor grafts; high-contrast tumor optical images were obtained. However, Her2-negative HeLa tumor grafts were not detected. More importantly, ICG-ZHer2-mediated PTT exhibited a significantly enhanced antitumor effect in mice bearing SKOV-3 tumor grafts owing to the good photothermal properties of ICG-ZHer2. Of note, ICG-ZHer2 did not exhibit acute toxicity in mice during short-term treatment. Overall, our findings indicate that ICG-ZHer2 is a promising bifunctional drug for Her2-positive tumor diagnosis and PTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianlong Jia
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Design, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Shuhui Zheng
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Design, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Dandan Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Ruohan Sun
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Design, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Fengjiao Yuan
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Medicine Research, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Zhenxiong Zhao
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang 317700, China
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Wei Y, An X, Cao Q, Che N, Xue Y, Deng H, Wang Q, Zhou R. Lentiviral vector–based xenograft tumors as candidate reference materials for detection of HER2-low breast cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:955943. [PMID: 36052254 PMCID: PMC9425432 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.955943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is an important biomarker that plays a pivotal role in therapeutic decision-making for patients with breast cancer (BC). Patients with HER2-low BC can benefit from new HER2 targeted therapy. For ensuring the accurate and reproducible detection of HER2-low cancer, reliable reference materials are required for monitoring the sensitivity and specificity of detection assays. Herein, a lentiviral vector was used to transduce the HER2 gene into MDA-MB-231 cells that exhibited low HER2 density, and the cells were characterized by droplet digital PCR to accurately determine the copy number variation. Then, the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from xenografts were prepared and evaluated for suitability as candidate reference materials by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The FFPE reference materials were selected on the basis of IHC score of 2+ and negative FISH result to meet the requirement for HER2-low BC detection. Furthermore, the FFPE reference materials exhibited typical histological structures that resembled the clinical BC specimens. These novel FFPE reference materials displayed the high stability and homogeneity, and they were produced in high quantity. In summary, we generated high-quality reference materials for internal quality control and proficiency testing in HER2-low detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, The Third Clinical Medical College of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu An
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Qinmei Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nanying Che
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xue
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingtao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, The Third Clinical Medical College of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qingtao Wang, ; Rui Zhou,
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, The Third Clinical Medical College of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qingtao Wang, ; Rui Zhou,
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Clinical and molecular immune characterization of ERBB2 in glioma. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107499. [PMID: 33640859 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ERBB2 is a well-studied oncogene that promotes progression of multiple cancers, especially in breast cancer. However, the expression status of ERBB2, the values of ERBB2 on prognosis, and its molecular characterization in glioma have not been well examined. We explored the expression of ERBB2 and its clinical and molecular immune characterization in human glioma samples using the extracted genetic and clinical data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) databases. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) performed on the tissue microarray slide was used to validate the expression and clinical and prognostic values of ERBB2 in glioma. Higher ERBB2 expression was found in patients with higher grades gliomas than in patients with lower grades gliomas. Besides, patients with higher ERBB2 expression showed poor prognosis. The IHC and clinical data next validated the expression pattern and prognostic value of ERBB2 in glioma. Further analysis showed that there was a strong positive correlation between ERBB2 and common immune checkpoints as well as immune markers of various immune cells in both TCGA and CGGA databases, and the IHC data further validated the positive correlation between ERBB2 and PD-L1 expression. Besides, analysis of ERBB2-related immune genes and signatures showed the significant role of ERBB2 in mediating tumor immune response in glioma. To sum up, our findings summarize the expression pattern and clinical characteristics of ERBB2 in glioma, which may be useful for expanding our understanding of the critical role of ERBB2 in antitumor therapy in glioma.
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Liu L, Kuang Y, Wang Z, Chen Y. A photocleavable peptide-tagged mass probe for chemical mapping of epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in human cancer cells. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11298-11306. [PMID: 34094372 PMCID: PMC8162480 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04481d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) testing has great value for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment selection. However, the clinical utility of HER2 is frequently tempered by the uncertainty regarding the accuracy of the methods currently available to assess HER2. The development of novel methods for accurate HER2 testing is in great demand. Considering the visualization features of in situ imaging and the quantitative capability of mass spectrometry, integration of the two components into a molecular mapping approach has attracted increasing interest. In this work, we reported an integrated chemical mapping approach using a photocleavable peptide-tagged mass probe for HER2 detection. The probe consists of four functional domains, including the recognition unit of an aptamer to catch HER2, a fluorescent dye moiety (FITC) for fluorescence imaging, a reporter peptide for mass spectrometric quantification, and a photocleavable linker for peptide release. After characterization of this novel probe (e.g., conjugation efficiency, binding affinity and specificity, and photolysis release efficiency), the probe binding and photolysis release conditions were optimized. Then, fluorescence images were collected, and the released reporter peptide after photolysis was quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A limit of quantification (LOQ) of 25 pM was obtained, which very well meets the requirements for clinical laboratory testing. Finally, the developed assay was applied for HER2 testing in four breast cancer cell lines and 42 pairs of human breast primary tumors and adjacent normal tissue samples. Overall, this integrated approach based on a photocleavable peptide-tagged mass probe can provide chemical mapping including both quantitative and visual information of HER2 reliably and consistently, and may pave the way for clinical applications in a more accurate manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Yuqiong Kuang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University 210029 China
| | - Zhongcheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Yun Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine Nanjing 210029 China
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Coskun S, Gamsizkan M, Yilmaz I, Yalcinkaya U, Sungur MA, Buyucek S, Onal B. BRAF mutation, TERT promoter mutation, and HER2 amplification in sporadic or neurofibromatosis-related neurofibromas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: do these molecules have a signature in malignant transformation? APMIS 2020; 128:515-522. [PMID: 32580246 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve sheath tumors may occur sporadically or related to neurofibromatosis (NF). Unless the mechanisms of tumorigenesis in NF related malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are better understood, it remained unclear in sporadic cases. We aimed to investigate the genetic route for malignancy in both individuals with NF-1 and sporadic ones to open a way for targeted therapies in the future. We investigated the role of HER2 with Dual ISH DNA Probe Cocktail test, BRAF mutation (exon 15) and TERT promoter mutation frequency with Sanger sequencing method in respectively 25 sporadic neurofibromas, 25 NF-1 related neurofibromas and 25 MPNST cases from two institutes. Categorical data were analyzed and summarized as frequency and percentage. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS v.22 statistical package, and the statistical significance level was considered as 0.05. We identified TERT promoter mutation only in one sporadic MPNST (4%) and no BRAF mutation in any case. HER2 amplification is found in 10/25 (40%) MPNST cases. No mutations or gene amplification detected in neurofibromas (p < 0.001). MPNSTs are sarcomas with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. TERT promoter mutations and HER2 amplification may play a putative role in therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Coskun
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, School of Medicine, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gamsizkan
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, School of Medicine, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Ismail Yilmaz
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Sultan Abdulhamid Khan Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ulviye Yalcinkaya
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Sungur
- Department of Statistics, School of Medicine, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Seyma Buyucek
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, School of Medicine, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Binnur Onal
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, School of Medicine, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
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Xu Y, Wang L, Pan D, Yan J, Wang X, Yang R, Li M, Liu Y, Yang M. Synthesis of a novel 89Zr-labeled HER2 affibody and its application study in tumor PET imaging. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:58. [PMID: 32495181 PMCID: PMC7271293 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00649-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) is an essential biomarker for tumor treatment. Affibody is an ideal vector for preparing HER2 specific probes because of high affinity and rapid clearance from normal tissues, etc. Zirconium-89 is a PET imaging isotope with a long half-life and suitable for monitoring biological processes for more extended periods. In this study, a novel 89Zr-labeled HER2 affibody, [89Zr]Zr-DFO-MAL-Cys-MZHER2, was synthesized, and its imaging characters were also assessed. RESULTS The precursor, DFO-MAL-Cys-MZHER2, was obtained with a yield of nearly 50%. The radiochemical yield of [89Zr]Zr -DFO-MAL-Cys-MZHER2 was 90.2 ± 1.9%, and the radiochemical purity was higher than 95%. The total synthesis time was only 30 min. The probe was stable in PBS and serum. The tracer accumulated in HER2 overexpressing human ovarian cancer SKOV-3 cells. In vivo studies in mice bearing tumors showed that the probe was highly retained in SKOV-3 xenografts even for 48 h. The tumors were visualized with good contrast to normal tissues. ROI analysis revealed that the average uptake values in the tumor were greater than 5% IA/g during 48 h postinjection. On the contrary, the counterparts of MCF-7 tumors kept low levels ( ~ 1% IA/g). The outcome was consistent with the immunohistochemical analysis and ex vivo autoradiography. The probe quickly cleared from the normal organs except kidneys and mainly excreted through the urinary system. CONCLUSION The novel HER2 affibody for PET imaging was easily prepared with satisfactory labeling yield and radiochemical purity. [89Zr]Zr-DFO-MAL-Cys-MZHER2 is a potential candidate for detecting HER2 expression. It may play specific roles in clinical cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, Jiangsu, China.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, Jiangsu, China
| | - Donghui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, Jiangsu, China
| | - Runlin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, Jiangsu, China. .,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Sorokin M, Ignatev K, Poddubskaya E, Vladimirova U, Gaifullin N, Lantsov D, Garazha A, Allina D, Suntsova M, Barbara V, Buzdin A. RNA Sequencing in Comparison to Immunohistochemistry for Measuring Cancer Biomarkers in Breast Cancer and Lung Cancer Specimens. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E114. [PMID: 32397474 PMCID: PMC7277916 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8050114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA sequencing is considered the gold standard for high-throughput profiling of gene expression at the transcriptional level. Its increasing importance in cancer research and molecular diagnostics is reflected in the growing number of its mentions in scientific literature and clinical trial reports. However, the use of different reagents and protocols for RNA sequencing often produces incompatible results. Recently, we published the Oncobox Atlas of RNA sequencing profiles for normal human tissues obtained from healthy donors killed in road accidents. This is a database of molecular profiles obtained using uniform protocol and reagents settings that can be broadly used in biomedicine for data normalization in pathology, including cancer. Here, we publish new original 39 breast cancer (BC) and 19 lung cancer (LC) RNA sequencing profiles obtained for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples, fully compatible with the Oncobox Atlas. We performed the first correlation study of RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry-measured expression profiles for the clinically actionable biomarker genes in FFPE cancer tissue samples. We demonstrated high (Spearman's rho 0.65-0.798) and statistically significant (p < 0.00004) correlations between the RNA sequencing (Oncobox protocol) and immunohistochemical measurements for HER2/ERBB2, ER/ESR1 and PGR genes in BC, and for PDL1 gene in LC; AUC: 0.963 for HER2, 0.921 for ESR1, 0.912 for PGR, and 0.922 for PDL1. To our knowledge, this is the first validation that total RNA sequencing of archived FFPE materials provides a reliable estimation of marker protein levels. These results show that in the future, RNA sequencing can complement immunohistochemistry for reliable measurements of the expression biomarkers in FFPE cancer samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Sorokin
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119048 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (E.P.); (D.A.); (M.S.)
- Omicsway Corp., Walnut, CA 91789, USA;
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Kirill Ignatev
- Karelia Republic Oncological Hospital, 185000 Petrozavodsk, Russia;
| | - Elena Poddubskaya
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119048 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (E.P.); (D.A.); (M.S.)
- Vitamed Oncological Clinical Center, 121309 Moscow, Russia
| | - Uliana Vladimirova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nurshat Gaifullin
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitriy Lantsov
- Kaluga Regional Oncological Hospital, 248007 Kaluga, Russia;
| | | | - Daria Allina
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119048 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (E.P.); (D.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Suntsova
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119048 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (E.P.); (D.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Victoria Barbara
- Oncological Dispensary of the Republic of Karelia, 185002 Petrozavodsk, Russia;
| | - Anton Buzdin
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119048 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (E.P.); (D.A.); (M.S.)
- Omicsway Corp., Walnut, CA 91789, USA;
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Moscow, Russia
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