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Mahrooz A. Pleiotropic functions and clinical importance of circulating HDL-PON1 complex. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 121:132-171. [PMID: 38797541 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL) functions are mostly mediated through a complex proteome, particularly its enzymes. HDL can provide a scaffold for the assembly of several proteins that affect each other's function. HDL particles, particularly small, dense HDL3, are rich in paraoxonase 1 (PON1), which is an important enzyme in the functionality of HDL, so the antioxidant and antiatherogenic properties of HDL are largely attributed to this enzyme. There is an increasing need to represent a valid, reproducible, and reliable method to assay HDL function in routine clinical laboratories. In this context, HDL-associated proteins may be key players; notably PON1 activity (its arylesterase activity) may be a proper candidate because its decreased activity can be considered an important risk factor for HDL dysfunctionality. Of note, automated methods have been developed for the measurement of serum PON1 activity that facilitates its assay in large sample numbers. Arylesterase activity is proposed as a preferred activity among the different activities of PON1 for its assay in epidemiological studies. The binding of PON1 to HDL is critical for the maintenance of its activity and it appears apolipoprotein A-I plays an important role in HDL-PON1 interaction as well as in the biochemical and enzymatic properties of PON1. The interrelationships between HDL, PON1, and HDL's other components are complex and incompletely understood. The purpose of this review is to discuss biochemical and clinical evidence considering the interactions of PON1 with HDL and the role of this enzyme as an appropriate biomarker for HDL function as well as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolkarim Mahrooz
- Immunogenetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Di Bonito P, Morandi A, Licenziati MR, Di Sessa A, Miraglia Del Giudice E, Faienza MF, Corica D, Wasniewska M, Mozzillo E, Maltoni G, Franco F, Calcaterra V, Moio N, Maffeis C, Valerio G. Association of HDL-Cholesterol, hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy in youths with overweight or obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 34:299-306. [PMID: 37788959 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM To evaluate the relationship between HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C), hypertension, and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in a large sample of Caucasian youths with overweight/obesity (OW/OB). METHODS AND RESULTS A cross-sectional multicenter study was performed in 1469 youths (age 6-16 years) with OW/OB observed in the period 2016-2020. An additional independent sample of 244 youths with an echocardiographic evaluation, observed in a single center was analyzed. The sample was divided in six quantiles (Q) of HDL-C: Q1: >56, Q2: ≤56 > 51, Q3: ≤51 > 45, Q4: ≤45 > 41, Q5: ≤41 > 39, Q6: <39 mg/dL. The nadir of the relationship was identified in youths in the first quantile. Among HDL-Cholesterol quantiles the distribution of hypertension was non-linear with a percentage of 25.0%, 40.1%, 33.6%, 31.3%, 35.2% and 39.7% in the six quantiles, respectively. The percentage of LVH was 21.8%, 43.6%, 48.8%, 35.5%, 38.5% and 52.0% in the six quantiles, respectively. The highest odds [95%Cl] of hypertension were 2.05 (1.33-3.16) (P < 0.01) in Q2, 1.67 (1.10-2.55) (P < 0.05) in Q3 and 1.59 (1.05-2.41) (P < 0.05) in Q6 vs Q1. The odds of LVH were 3.86 (1.15-10.24) (P < 0.05) in Q2, 4.16 (1.58-10.91) (P < 0.05) in Q3 and 3.60 (1.44-9.02) (P < 0.05) in Q6 vs Q1, independently by centers, age, sex, prepubertal stage, and body mass index. CONCLUSION Contrary to the common belief, the present study shows that high levels of HDL-C may be not considered a negative predictor of hypertension and LVH, two risk factors for future CV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita Morandi
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Licenziati
- Neuro-Endocrine Diseases and Obesity Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Di Sessa
- Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Emanuele Miraglia Del Giudice
- Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Felicia Faienza
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Corica
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Wasniewska
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Enza Mozzillo
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Translational Medical Science, Regional Center of Pediatric Diabetes, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Giulio Maltoni
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Franco
- Pediatric Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Hospital of Udine, Italy
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Pediatric Department, "V. Buzzi" Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicola Moio
- Department of Cardiology, Pozzuoli Hospital, (Naples), Italy
| | - Claudio Maffeis
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuliana Valerio
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Napoli "Parthenope", Napoli, Italy.
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Da Silva Sanchez AJ, Dobrowolski C, Cristian A, Echeverri ES, Zhao K, Hatit MZC, Loughrey D, Paunovska K, Dahlman JE. Universal Barcoding Predicts In Vivo ApoE-Independent Lipid Nanoparticle Delivery. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4822-4830. [PMID: 35671473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To predict whether preclinical lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery will translate in humans, it is necessary to understand whether the mechanism used by LNPs to enter cells is conserved across species. In mice, non-human primates, and humans, LNPs deliver RNA to hepatocytes by adsorbing apolipoprotein E (ApoE), which binds low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). A growing number of LNPs can deliver RNA to nonhepatocytes, suggesting that ApoE- and LDLR-independent interactions could affect LNP tropism. To evaluate this hypothesis, we developed a universal DNA barcoding system that quantifies how chemically distinct LNPs deliver small interfering RNA in any mouse model, including genetic knockouts. We quantified how 98 different LNPs targeted 11 cell types in wildtype, LDLR-/-, very low-density lipoprotein receptor, and ApoE-/- mice, studying how these genes, which traffic endogenous lipids, affected LNP delivery. These data identified a novel, stereopure LNP that targets Kupffer cells, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes in an ApoE-independent manner. These results suggest that non-ApoE interactions can affect the tropism of LNP-RNA drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J Da Silva Sanchez
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Curtis Dobrowolski
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ana Cristian
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Elisa Schrader Echeverri
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kun Zhao
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Marine Z C Hatit
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - David Loughrey
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kalina Paunovska
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - James E Dahlman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Deciphering the role of cartilage protein 1 in human dermal fibroblasts: a transcriptomic approach. Funct Integr Genomics 2021; 21:503-511. [PMID: 34269961 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-021-00792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage acidic protein 1A (hCRTAC1-A) is an extracellular matrix protein (ECM) of human hard and soft tissue that is associated with matrix disorders. The central role of fibroblasts in tissue integrity and ECM health made primary human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) the model for the present study, which aimed to provide new insight into the molecular function of hCRTAC1-A. Specifically, we explored the differential expression patterns of specific genes associated with the presence of hCRTAC1-A by RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analysis. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated, for the very first time, that hCRTAC1-A is involved in extracellular matrix organization and development, through its regulatory effect on asporin, decorin, and complement activity, in cell proliferation, regeneration, wound healing, and collagen degradation. This work provides a better understanding of putative hCRTAC1-A actions in human fibroblasts and a fundamental insight into its function in tissue biology.
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Cunningham AL, Stephens JW, Harris DA. A review on gut microbiota: a central factor in the pathophysiology of obesity. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:65. [PMID: 34233682 PMCID: PMC8262044 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its complications constitute a substantial burden. Considerable published research describes the novel relationships between obesity and gut microbiota communities. It is becoming evident that microbiota behave in a pivotal role in their ability to influence homeostatic mechanisms either to the benefit or detriment of host health, the extent of which is not fully understood. A greater understanding of the contribution of gut microbiota towards host pathophysiology is revealing new therapeutic avenues to tackle the global obesity epidemic. This review focuses on causal relationships and associations with obesity, proposed central mechanisms encouraging the development of obesity and promising prospective methods for microbiota manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Cunningham
- Department of Surgery, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK. .,Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK.
| | - J W Stephens
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
| | - D A Harris
- Department of Surgery, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK.,Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
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Association between Serum Concentrations of Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) and Alzheimer's Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11060984. [PMID: 34071695 PMCID: PMC8229134 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A wealth of experimental and epidemiological evidence suggest that Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), the main protein constituent of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), may protect against Alzheimer disease (AD). To investigate this potential role, we conducted a meta-analysis of the published studies on the relationship between serum ApoA-I and AD occurrence. Methods: We screened MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus, for cross-sectional studies published from inception to 1 March 2021, comparing the ApoA-I serum levels between patients with AD and cognitively normal controls. Results: From an initial screening of 245 articles, 5 studies, including 397 AD patients (mean age 75.0 years, 234 females) and 367 controls (mean age 69.2 years, 182 females), met the inclusion criteria. Compared to healthy controls, AD subjects had a lower ApoA-I serum level. The pooled weighted mean difference from a random-effects model was −0.31 g/L (p < 0.0001) (95% Confidence Interval: [−0.62–0.01], with high heterogeneity (I2 = 100%). The Egger’s test confirmed an absence of publication bias (t = 0.62, p = 0.576). Conclusions: Our study showed that AD patients present lower serum levels of ApoA-I compared to cognitively normal individuals. Further studies on large population samples are required to support this finding.
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Barreto J, Karathanasis SK, Remaley A, Sposito AC. Role of LOX-1 (Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1) as a Cardiovascular Risk Predictor: Mechanistic Insight and Potential Clinical Use. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:153-166. [PMID: 33176449 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), is a worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality. Reducing ApoB-containing lipoproteins-chiefly, LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-has been the main strategy for reducing CVD risk. Although supported by large randomized clinical trials, the persistence of residual cardiovascular risk after effective LDL reduction has sparked an intense search for other novel CVD biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Recently, Lox-1 (lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1), an innate immune scavenger receptor, has emerged as a promising target for early diagnosis and cardiovascular risk prediction and is also being considered as a treatment target. Lox-1 was first described as a 50 kDa transmembrane protein in endothelial cells responsible for oxLDL (oxidized LDL) recognition, triggering downstream pathways that intensify atherosclerosis via endothelial dysfunction, oxLDL uptake, and apoptosis. Lox-1 is also expressed in platelets, where it enhances platelet activation, adhesion to endothelial cells, and ADP-mediated aggregation, thereby favoring thrombus formation. Lox-1 was also identified in cardiomyocytes, where it was implicated in the development of cardiac fibrosis and myocyte apoptosis, the main determinants of cardiac recovery following an ischemic insult. Together, these findings have revealed that Lox-1 is implicated in all the main steps of atherosclerosis and has encouraged the development of immunoassays for measurement of sLox-1 (serum levels of soluble Lox-1) to be used as a potential CVD biomarker. Finally, the recent development of synthetic Lox-1 inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies with promising results in animal models has made Lox-1 a target for drug development. In this review, we discuss the main findings regarding the role of Lox-1 in the development, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies for CVD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Barreto
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Lab (Atherolab), Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil (J.B., A.C.S.)
| | - Sotirios K Karathanasis
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.K.K., A.R.)
- NeoProgen, Baltimore, MD (S.K.K.)
| | - Alan Remaley
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.K.K., A.R.)
| | - Andrei C Sposito
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Lab (Atherolab), Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil (J.B., A.C.S.)
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Wang G, Zou J, Yu X, Yin S, Tang C. The antiatherogenic function of kallistatin and its potential mechanism. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:583-589. [PMID: 32393963 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the pathological basis of most cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Kallistatin, originally discovered in human serum, is a tissue-kallikrein-binding protein and a unique serine proteinase inhibitor. Upon binding to its receptor integrin β3, lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6, nucleolin, or Krüppel-like factor 4, kallistatin can modulate various signaling pathways and affect multiple biological processes, including angiogenesis, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and tumor growth. Circulating kallistatin levels are significantly decreased in patients with coronary artery disease and show an inverse correlation with its severity. Importantly, both in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that kallistatin reduces atherosclerosis by inhibiting vascular inflammation, antagonizing endothelial dysfunction, and improving lipid metabolism. Thus, kallistatin may be a novel biomarker and a promising therapeutic target for atherosclerosis-related diseases. In this review, we focus on the antiatherogenic function of kallistatin and its potential mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang
| | - Jin Zou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang
| | - Xiaohua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Shanhui Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang
| | - Chaoke Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang
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