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Si GF, Ge YX, Lv XP, Li YQ, Chen XM, Yuan XM. Case report: Near-fatal hypermagnesemia resulting from the use of Epsom salts in a patient with normal renal function. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1416956. [PMID: 39021819 PMCID: PMC11251994 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1416956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypermagnesemia commonly occurs in patients with renal dysfunction. Diagnosing hypermagnesemia represents a challenge due to its rarity and the absence of routine monitoring of magnesium levels. Furthermore, the lack of awareness among clinicians regarding this uncommon condition frequently leads to delayed diagnoses. Few patients survive with a serum magnesium level exceeding 7 mmol/L. This article presents a case study of near-fatal hypermagnesemia resulting from the oral administration of Epsom salts in a patient with normal renal function. A 60-year-old female presented to the gastroenterology department on Oct. 6, 2023, with a 3-day history of black stools. She underwent subtotal gastrectomy in 2005 and has a stable history of nephrotic syndrome. To investigate the cause of her bleeding, electronic gastroscopy and colonoscopy were scheduled for Oct. 11, 2023. She experienced a sudden loss of consciousness 30 min after the ingestion of Epsom salts. The attending physician suspected a severe magnesium poisoning. She was promptly administered calcium gluconate, underwent tracheal intubation with ambu bag ventilation, and received early continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Swift diagnosis and CRRT contributed to a reduction in her serum magnesium levels from an initial 8.71 mmol/L to 1.35 mmol/L, leading to a remarkable improvement in the toxic symptoms associated with hypermagnesemia. Subsequently, she was managed in the gastroenterology department, with gastroscopy revealing bleeding from the gastrointestinal anastomotic ulcer. Following conservative treatments including acid suppression, stomach protection, and hemostasis, her symptoms improved, and she was successfully discharged. This study aims to alert clinicians to the possibility of hypermagnesemia in individuals with normal renal function. Physicians should exercise caution when prescribing Epsom salts to patients with underlying gastrointestinal conditions. If necessary, alternative drug therapies may be considered to mitigate the risk of hypermagnesemia. Timely intervention is pivotal in averting life-threatening complications linked to hypermagnesemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Fei Si
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Xin Ge
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Pan Lv
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Quan Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xue-Mei Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xue-Min Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People’s Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shandong, China
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Alirezapour F, Mohammadi M, Khanmohammadi A. Zigzag boron nitride nanotube functionalization as a sensor for the recognition of group IIA (Mg 2+, Ca 2+) metal ions, quasi-metal (Si 2+, Ge 2+) ions, and transition metal (Cu 2+, Zn 2+) ions: a computational study. J Mol Model 2024; 30:174. [PMID: 38771381 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05961-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) provide an exceptional and sophisticated platform for detecting metal ions with high surface area and remarkable chemical stability. Metal cations tend to bind to the surface of BNNTs, which leads to significant changes in the electrical properties of nanotubes. BNNT-based metal ion sensors have shown promising results in various applications, including water quality monitoring, biomedical research, industrial quality control, and environmental monitoring. In the present study, we have explored the electronic sensitivity of the BNNT to metal ions (Si2+, Ge2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+). The interaction between the ions with the pristine BNNT is performed in the solution phase. The results show that ion adsorption on the nanotube surface is exothermic and favorable. The density of states calculation is presented to investigate the electronic properties of the nanotube during the adsorption process. The results display that an increase in the electrical conductivity of the complexes accompanies the reduction in the energy gap. Based on the obtained data, the Si2+ and Ge2+ cations adsorbed on the BNNT with satisfactory Eg changes (%ΔE) can be promising candidates for better sensing ability. METHOD All calculations are conducted within the density functional theory (DFT) using the ωB97XD functional and 6-31G(d,p) basis set. The present approach incorporates the utilization of empirical atom-atom dispersion in conjunction with long-range correction. The calculations are performed using the quantum chemistry package GAMESS, and the obtained results are visualized by employing the GaussView 6.0.16 program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Alirezapour
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), P. O. Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Marziyeh Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vali-E-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Azadeh Khanmohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), P. O. Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
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Al Harasi S, Al-Maqbali JS, Falhammar H, Al-Mamari A, Al Futisi A, Al-Farqani A, Kumar S, Osman A, Al Riyami S, Al Riyami N, Al Farai Q, Al Alawi H, Al Alawi AM. Prevalence of Dysmagnesemia among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and the Associated Health Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1068. [PMID: 38791030 PMCID: PMC11117732 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Magnesium is a vital intracellular cation crucial for over 320 enzymatic reactions related to energy metabolism, musculoskeletal function, and nucleic acid synthesis and plays a pivotal role in human physiology. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of dysmagnesemia in patients with diabetes mellitus and evaluate its correlations with glycemic control, medication use, and diabetic complications. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, including 316 patients aged 18 years or older with diabetes mellitus. Data included demographics, medical history, medications, and biochemical parameters. Serum total magnesium concentrations were measured, and dysmagnesemia was defined as magnesium ≤ 0.69 mmol/L for hypomagnesemia and ≥1.01 mmol/L for hypermagnesemia. Results: The prevalence of hypomagnesemia in patients with diabetes was 17.1% (95% CI: 13.3-21.7%), and hypermagnesemia was 4.1% (95% CI: 2.4-7.0%). Females were significantly overrepresented in the hypomagnesemia group, while the hypermagnesemia group showed a higher prevalence of hypertension, retinopathy, an increased albumin/creatinine ratio, chronic kidney disease (CKD), elevated creatinine levels, and a lower adjusted calcium concentration. The multinominal logistic regression exhibited that the female sex and higher serum-adjusted calcium were independent risk factors of hypomagnesemia. In contrast, the presence of hypertension, higher levels of albumin/creatinine ratio, and stage 5 CKD were independent risk factors of hypermagnesemia. Conclusions: Hypomagnesemia was common among patients with diabetes mellitus; however, hypermagnesemia was associated with microvascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Al Harasi
- Internal Medicine Residency Training Program, Oman Medical Specialty Board, Muscat 130, Oman;
| | - Juhaina Salim Al-Maqbali
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman;
- Department of Pharmacy, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Henrik Falhammar
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ali Al-Mamari
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.A.-M.); (A.A.F.); (A.A.-F.); (S.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Abdullah Al Futisi
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.A.-M.); (A.A.F.); (A.A.-F.); (S.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Ahmed Al-Farqani
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.A.-M.); (A.A.F.); (A.A.-F.); (S.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Suneel Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.A.-M.); (A.A.F.); (A.A.-F.); (S.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Alaa Osman
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.A.-M.); (A.A.F.); (A.A.-F.); (S.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Sulaiman Al Riyami
- Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman; (S.A.R.); (N.A.R.); (Q.A.F.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Nafila Al Riyami
- Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman; (S.A.R.); (N.A.R.); (Q.A.F.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Qatiba Al Farai
- Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman; (S.A.R.); (N.A.R.); (Q.A.F.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Hiba Al Alawi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman; (S.A.R.); (N.A.R.); (Q.A.F.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Abdullah M. Al Alawi
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman; (A.A.-M.); (A.A.F.); (A.A.-F.); (S.K.); (A.O.)
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Al Shukri Z, Al-Maqbali JS, Al Alawi AM, Al Riyami N, Al Riyami S, Al Alawi H, Al Farai Q, Falhammar H. Incidence of Dysmagnesemia among Medically Hospitalized Patients and Associated Clinical Characteristics: A Prospective Cohort Study. Int J Endocrinol 2023; 2023:6650620. [PMID: 37829115 PMCID: PMC10567362 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6650620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Magnesium (Mg) disorders are common among hospitalized patients and are linked to poor health outcomes. We aimed to determine the incidence of dysmagnesemia among medically hospitalized patients and to identify factors that are associated with dysmagnesemia. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH) from April 1st, 2022, to October 31st, 2022, and involved hospitalized adult patients (≥18 years) under the care of the general internal medicine unit. The patients' serum total magnesium (Mg) concentrations were categorized as hypomagnesemia (≤0.69 mmol/L), hypermagnesemia (≥1.01 mmol/L), or dysmagnesemia, which encompassed either hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia. Results Of the 304 patients evaluated, dysmagnesemia was observed in 22.0%, which comprised of 17.4% with hypomagnesemia and 4.6% with hypermagnesemia. Statistically significant associations were identified between hypermagnesemia and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (p = 0.05) and elevated creatinine levels (p < 0.01) and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (p < 0.01). Hypomagnesemia was linked to lower ionized calcium (p = 0.03) and admission due to infectious diseases (p = 0.02). However, ordered regression analysis did not find any significant associations with the different magnesium groups. Conclusion Dysmagnesemia was prevalent among hospitalized patients and was associated with different factors; however, ordered regression analysis did not find any association with the different magnesium group, probably due to the limited number of included individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Al Shukri
- Internal Medicine Residency Training Program, Oman Medical Specialty Board, Muscat, Oman
| | - Juhaina Salim Al-Maqbali
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Department of Pharmacy, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Abdullah M. Al Alawi
- Internal Medicine Residency Training Program, Oman Medical Specialty Board, Muscat, Oman
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Nafila Al Riyami
- Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sulaiman Al Riyami
- Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Hiba Al Alawi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Qatiba Al Farai
- Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Henrik Falhammar
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Al-Maqbali JS, Al Alawi AM, Al-Falahi Z, Falhammar H, Al-Zakwani I, Al Za’abi M. The Stability of Analytes of Ionized Magnesium Concentration and Its Reference Range in Healthy Volunteers. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2539. [PMID: 37760980 PMCID: PMC10526151 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the stability of refrigerated analytes of iMg concentration at different time intervals and to establish iMg reference range in a cohort of healthy Omani volunteers (≥18 years). The concentrations of iMg were measured using the direct ion-selective electrode technique. Pearson's and Lin's concordance correlation coefficients along with the Bland-Altman plot were used to assess the levels of agreement between iMg concentrations of fresh and refrigerated blood samples at different time intervals. The study included 167 volunteers (51% females) with a median age of 21 (range: 20-25) years. The median, 2.5th, and 97.5th percentiles for fresh iMg reference ranges were 0.55, 0.47, and 0.68 mmol/L, respectively. The overall agreement between the fresh and refrigerated iMg concentrations was poor (rho-c = 0.51; p < 0.001). However, according to Altman's definition, iMg concentrations of the refrigerated samples for a period of ≤1 h had an excellent correlation with the fresh iMg concentrations (Lin's rho-c = 0.80), with a small average bias difference of 0.009 (95%CI; -0.025-0.043). A cut-off refrigeration period within ≤1 h at 2-8 °C can be considered an alternate time frame for the gold standard measurement (fresh or within 0.5 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhaina Salim Al-Maqbali
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (J.S.A.-M.); (I.A.-Z.); (M.A.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Abdullah M. Al Alawi
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman;
- Internal Medicine Residency Training Program, Oman Medical Specialty Board, Muscat 130, Oman
| | - Zubaida Al-Falahi
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman;
- Internal Medicine Residency Training Program, Oman Medical Specialty Board, Muscat 130, Oman
| | - Henrik Falhammar
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ibrahim Al-Zakwani
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (J.S.A.-M.); (I.A.-Z.); (M.A.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Mohammed Al Za’abi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (J.S.A.-M.); (I.A.-Z.); (M.A.Z.)
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Aal-Hamad AH, Al-Alawi AM, Kashoub MS, Falhammar H. Hypermagnesemia in Clinical Practice. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1190. [PMID: 37512002 PMCID: PMC10384947 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Hypermagnesemia is a relatively uncommon but potentially life-threatening electrolyte disturbance characterized by elevated magnesium concentrations in the blood. Magnesium is a crucial mineral involved in various physiological functions, such as neuromuscular conduction, cardiac excitability, vasomotor tone, insulin metabolism, and muscular contraction. Hypomagnesemia is a prevalent electrolyte disturbance that can lead to several neuromuscular, cardiac, or nervous system disorders. Hypermagnesemia has been associated with adverse clinical outcomes, particularly in hospitalized patients. Prompt identification and management of hypermagnesemia are crucial to prevent complications, such as respiratory and cardiovascular negative outcomes, neuromuscular dysfunction, and coma. Preventing hypermagnesemia is crucial, particularly in high-risk populations, such as patients with impaired renal function or those receiving magnesium-containing medications or supplements. Clinical management of hypermagnesemia involves discontinuing magnesium-containing therapies, intravenous fluid therapy, or dialysis in severe cases. Furthermore, healthcare providers should monitor serum magnesium concentration in patients at risk of hypermagnesemia and promptly intervene if the concentration exceeds the normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Hasan Aal-Hamad
- Department of Emergency, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, P.O. Box 141, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Abdullah M Al-Alawi
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, P.O. Box 141, Muscat 123, Oman
- Internal Medicine Residency Training Program, Oman Medical Specialty Board, P.O. Box 1422, Al-Khoudh 132, Oman
| | - Masoud Salim Kashoub
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, P.O. Box 141, Muscat 123, Oman
- Internal Medicine Residency Training Program, Oman Medical Specialty Board, P.O. Box 1422, Al-Khoudh 132, Oman
| | - Henrik Falhammar
- Department of Endocrinology, QB85, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Grzeszczak K, Kapczuk P, Kupnicka P, Cecerska-Heryć E, Kwiatkowski S, Chlubek D, Kosik-Bogacka D. Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, and Magnesium Concentrations in the Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Fetal Membrane from Women with Multiple Pregnancies. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010153. [PMID: 36676102 PMCID: PMC9861628 DOI: 10.3390/life13010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and magnesium (Mg) are the elements responsible for the fundamental metabolic and biochemical processes in the cells of the body. The demand for these elements increases significantly during pregnancy, where an adequate supply protects women from the hypertension common in pre-eclampsia and preterm labor. This study aimed to evaluate the association between macro-elements (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) in the placenta, fetal membrane, and umbilical cord and the morphometric parameters of newborns from multiple pregnancies. The study involved 57 pregnant European women with healthy uncomplicated twin pregnancies (n = 52) and triple pregnancies (n = 5); 40 pairs of dichorionic diamniotic twins, 11 pairs of monochorionic diamniotic twins, 1 pair of monochorionic monoamniotic twins, 3 trichorionic triamniotic triplets, and 2 dichorionic triamniotic triplets. Placentas (n = 107), umbilical cords (n = 114), and fetal membranes (n = 112) were collected immediately following delivery, and then weighed and measured. The levels of Ca, K, Na, and Mg were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) in a Thermo Scientific ICAP 7400 Duo (Waltham, MA, USA). The respective mean concentrations of Ca, K, Na, and Mg (mg/kg-1 dry mass) were: 2466, 8873, 9323, and 436 in the placenta; 957, 6173, 26,757, and 326 in the umbilical cord, and 1252, 7460, 13,562, and 370 in the fetal membrane. In the studied materials from northwestern Poland, we found strong positive correlations between Ca and Mg concentrations in both the umbilical cord (r = 0.81, p = 0.00) and the fetal membrane (r = 0.73, p = 0.00); between K and Mg concentrations in the umbilical cord (r = 0.73, p = 0.00); between Ca and K concentrations in the fetal membrane (r = 0.73, p = 0.00), and we found moderately positive correlations between placental Ca concentration and placental weight (ρ = 0.42, p = 0.00) and between umbilical cord Mg concentrations and the length of the pregnancy (ρ = 0.42, p = 0.00). Negative correlations were found between Na and Ca concentrations in the fetal membrane (r = -0.40, p = 0.00) and Na concentrations in the fetal membrane and Mg concentrations in the placenta (r = -0.16, p = 0.02). Negative correlations were confirmed between the length of pregnancy and head circumference (ρ = -0.42; p = 0.00), infant weight (ρ = -0.42; p = 0.00), infant length (ρ = -0.49; p = 0.00), shoulder width (ρ = -0.49; p = 0.00); and between the infant weight and head circumference (ρ = -0.62; p = 0.00), weight before delivery (ρ = -0.36; p = 0.00), infant length (ρ = -0.45; p = 0.00), shoulder width (ρ = -0.63; p = 0.00), and weight gain during pregnancy (ρ = -0.31; p = 0.01). We found statistically significant correlations between cigarette smoking before pregnancy and the women's weight before delivery (ρ = 0.32, p = 0.00), and a negative correlation between the women's ages and infant head circumference (ρ = -0.20, p = 0.02). This is probably the first study to evaluate Ca, Na, K, and Mg concentrations in the afterbirth tissues of multiple pregnancies. It adds to the knowledge of elemental concentrations in multiple pregnancies and their possible effects on fetal morphometric parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Grzeszczak
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kapczuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Cecerska-Heryć
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Kwiatkowski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91-466-1672
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Dent A, Selvaratnam R. Measuring Magnesium – Physiological, Clinical and Analytical Perspectives. Clin Biochem 2022; 105-106:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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