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Mateus ARS, Teixeira JD, Barros SC, Almeida C, Silva S, Sanches-Silva A. Unlocking the Potential of Citrus medica L.: Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Profile across Peel, Pulp, and Seeds. Molecules 2024; 29:3533. [PMID: 39124938 PMCID: PMC11313705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrus medica L. is a traditional citrus fruit that is rich in bioactive compounds and has the potential to be used as a natural source of food additives. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and characterize the phenolic compounds present in the peels (including flavedo and albedo), pulp, and seeds of citron. The results showed that, compared to the other parts, the pulp had a substantially higher Antioxidant Activity Coefficient (AAC) of 168.2. The albedo and the seeds had significantly lower AAC values, while the green and yellow flavedo showed noteworthy results. O-coumaric acid was the predominant phenolic acid in all of the citron fractions; it was found in the highest concentration in albedo (37.54 µg/g FW). Flavanones and flavanols were the primary flavonoids in the pulp, peel, and seeds, with total flavonoid concentration ranging from ~9 µg/g FW in seeds to 508 µg/g FW in the pulp. This research offers significant insights into the antioxidant properties of this ancient fruit, emphasizing its potential applications as a natural source of antioxidants to be used in different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Soares Mateus
- INIAV—National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research, I.P., Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.M.); (J.D.T.); (S.C.B.); (C.A.); (S.S.)
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Polo III, Azinhaga de Stª Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Stª Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CECA—Centre for Animal Science Studies, ICETA, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - João David Teixeira
- INIAV—National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research, I.P., Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.M.); (J.D.T.); (S.C.B.); (C.A.); (S.S.)
- CECA—Centre for Animal Science Studies, ICETA, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- University of Minho, Department of Chemistry, Largo do Paço, 4704-553 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Cruz Barros
- INIAV—National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research, I.P., Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.M.); (J.D.T.); (S.C.B.); (C.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Carina Almeida
- INIAV—National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research, I.P., Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.M.); (J.D.T.); (S.C.B.); (C.A.); (S.S.)
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- AliCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- INIAV—National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research, I.P., Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.M.); (J.D.T.); (S.C.B.); (C.A.); (S.S.)
- Centre of Biological Engineering, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Sanches-Silva
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Polo III, Azinhaga de Stª Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CECA—Centre for Animal Science Studies, ICETA, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- Al4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Aiello F, Caputo P, Oliviero Rossi C, Restuccia D, Spizzirri UG. Formulation of Antioxidant Gummies Based on Gelatin Enriched with Citrus Fruit Peels Extract. Foods 2024; 13:320. [PMID: 38275689 PMCID: PMC10815181 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, the peels of red and blonde oranges as well as lemons were efficiently (5.75-9.65% yield) extracted by hydroalcoholic solution with ultrasound assistance and employed as active molecule sources in the preparation of functional gummies. Antioxidant performances of the hydroalcoholic extracts were characterized by colorimetric assays, whereas LC-HRMS analyses identified the main bioactive compounds (phenolic acids and flavonoids). The highest scavenging activity was recorded for lemon extract in an aqueous environment (IC50 = 0.081 mg mL-1). An ecofriendly grafting procedure was performed to anchor polyphenols to gelatin chains, providing macromolecular systems characterized by thermal analysis and antioxidant properties. Scavenger abilities (IC50 = 0.201-0.454 mg mL-1) allowed the employment of the conjugates as functional ingredients in the preparation of gummies with remarkable antioxidant and rheological properties over time (14 days). These findings confirmed the possible employment of highly polluting wastes as valuable sources of bioactive compounds for functional gummies preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Paolino Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies & UdR INSTM, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.C.); (C.O.R.)
| | - Cesare Oliviero Rossi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies & UdR INSTM, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.C.); (C.O.R.)
| | - Donatella Restuccia
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.A.); (D.R.)
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