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Li J, Persson KM. Quick detection method for paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) monitoring in freshwater - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:128591. [PMID: 33189391 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this critical review was to provide a comprehensive summary of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) producing species and knowledge gaps in detecting PSTs in drinking water resources, with a focus on recent development of PSTs monitoring methods and tools for drinking water monitoring. PSTs, which are also called Saxitoxins (STXs), are a group of neurotoxins not only produced by marine dinoflagellates but also freshwater cyanobacteria. The presence of PSTs in freshwater has been reported from all continents except Antarctica. PSTs in poisoned sea food such as shellfish, molluscs and crustaceans may attack the nerve system after consumption. The high incidences of PSTs occurring in drinking water sources showed another route of potential human exposure. A development of simple and fast screening tools for drinking water surveillance of PSTs is needed. Neurotoxins produced by freshwater cyanobacteria are understudied relative to microcystin and little study is done around PSTs in drinking water monitoring. Some fast screening methods exist. The critical issues for using them in water surveillance, particularly matrix effect and cross-reactivity are summarized, and future research directions are high-lighted. We conclude that monitoring routines at drinking water resources should start from species level, followed by a profound screening of toxin profile. For practical monitoring routine, fast screening methods should be combined with highly sensitive and accurate analytical methods such as liquid chromatography/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/LC-MS). A thorough understanding of toxin profile in source water is necessary for screening tool selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Division of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering LTH, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kenneth M Persson
- Division of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering LTH, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
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Roué M, Smith KF, Sibat M, Viallon J, Henry K, Ung A, Biessy L, Hess P, Darius HT, Chinain M. Assessment of Ciguatera and Other Phycotoxin-Related Risks in Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva Island, French Polynesia): Molecular, Toxicological, and Chemical Analyses of Passive Samplers. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050321. [PMID: 32413988 PMCID: PMC7291316 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning is a foodborne illness caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates from the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. The suitability of Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) technology for the monitoring of dissolved CTXs in the marine environment has recently been demonstrated. To refine the use of this passive monitoring tool in ciguateric areas, the effects of deployment time and sampler format on the adsorption of CTXs by HP20 resin were assessed in Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva Island, French Polynesia), a well-known ciguatera hotspot. Toxicity data assessed by means of the mouse neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) showed that a 24 h deployment of 2.5 g of resin allowed concentrating quantifiable amounts of CTXs on SPATT samplers. The CTX levels varied with increasing deployment time, resin load, and surface area. In addition to CTXs, okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) were also detected in SPATT extracts using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), consistent with the presence of Gambierdiscus and Prorocentrum species in the environment, as assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) metabarcoding analyses conducted on passive window screen (WS) artificial substrate samples. Although these preliminary findings await further confirmation in follow-up studies, they highlight the usefulness of SPATT samplers in the routine surveillance of CP risk on a temporal scale, and the monitoring of other phycotoxin-related risks in ciguatera-prone areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 241 EIO, 98702 Faa’a, Tahiti, French Polynesia
- Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (K.H.); (A.U.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +689-40-416-413
| | - Kirsty F. Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (K.F.S.); (L.B.)
| | | | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (K.H.); (A.U.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Kévin Henry
- Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (K.H.); (A.U.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (K.H.); (A.U.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Laura Biessy
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (K.F.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, 44000 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (K.H.); (A.U.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (K.H.); (A.U.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
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Role of Biomarkers in Monitoring Brevetoxins in Karenia brevis Exposed Shellfish. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2018; 6:33-43. [PMID: 32231945 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2017021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring and management programs for marine toxins in seafood depend on efficient detection tools for their success in protecting public health. Here we review current methods of detection for neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) toxins, and current knowledge in brevetoxin metabolism in shellfish. In addition, we discuss a novel approach to developing monitoring tools for NSP toxins in molluscan shellfish. NSP is a seafood-borne disease caused by the consumption of brevetoxin-contaminated shellfish. Brevetoxins are a suite of cyclic polyether compounds found in blooms of the marine dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (K. brevis) and are potent neurotoxins. Preventive controls for NSP in the U.S. currently rely upon environmental monitoring of K. brevis blooms and assessment of their shellfish toxicity by mouse bioassay. The mouse bioassay for NSP approved by National Shellfish Sanitation Program was developed in the 1960s when very little information on the structural and toxicological properties of brevetoxins in algae and shellfish was available. Alternative methods to mouse bioassay based on current scientific knowledge in the area are needed for monitoring NSP toxins. It is now established that brevetoxins are metabolized extensively in shellfish. Algal brevetoxins undergo oxidation and reduction, as well as conjugation with fatty acids and amino acids in shellfish. Recently, three metabolites have been identified as biomarkers of brevetoxin exposure and toxicity in Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) and hard clam (Mercenaria sp.). The role of these biomarkers in monitoring NSP toxins in K. brevis exposed molluscan shellfish is reviewed. Comparisons of biomarker levels by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with composite toxin as measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and shellfish toxicity by mouse bioassay, support the application of these biomarkers as a dynamic and powerful approach for monitoring brevetoxins in shellfish and prevention of NSP.
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