Intestinal Barrier and Behavior

Ameliorated Effects of Fucoidan on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis and Accompanying Anxiety and Depressive Behaviors in Aged C57BL/6 Mice

Fucoidan has shown better effects on the improvement of acute ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the specific mechanisms by which fucoidan improves UC-related behavioral disorders in aged mice, especially its effect on the gut-brain axis, remain to be further explored. C57BL/6 male mice aged 8 months were gavaged with 400 or 100 mg/kg bw day fucoidan for five consecutive weeks, with UC being induced by ad libitum to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) solution in the fifth week. The results showed that fucoidan ameliorated UC and accompanying anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors with downregulated expressions of (NOD)-like receptor family and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), cysteine aspartate-specific protease-1 (Caspase-1) and interlekin-1β (IL-1β), and elevated mRNA levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) and postsynaptic-density protein 95 (Psd-95) in cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, fucoidan improved the permeability of intestinal barrier and blood-brain barrier and restored the abnormal structure of the gut microbiota with a significantly decreased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidota (F/B) and obviously increased abundance of Akkermansia. As a diet-derived bioactive ingredient, fucoidan might be a better alternative for the prevention of UC and accompanying anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors.

Atherosclerosis, gut microbiome, and exercise in a meta-omics perspective: a literature review

Background

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, significantly impacting public health. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases account for the majority of these deaths, with atherosclerosis marking the initial and most critical phase of their pathophysiological progression. There is a complex relationship between atherosclerosis, the gut microbiome's composition and function, and the potential mediating role of exercise. The adaptability of the gut microbiome and the feasibility of exercise interventions present novel opportunities for therapeutic and preventative approaches.

Methodology

We conducted a comprehensive literature review using professional databases such as PubMed and Web of Science. This review focuses on the application of meta-omics techniques, particularly metagenomics and metabolomics, in studying the effects of exercise interventions on the gut microbiome and atherosclerosis.

Results

Meta-omics technologies offer unparalleled capabilities to explore the intricate connections between exercise, the microbiome, the metabolome, and cardiometabolic health. This review highlights the advancements in metagenomics and metabolomics, their applications in research, and examines how exercise influences the gut microbiome. We delve into the mechanisms connecting these elements from a metabolic perspective. Metagenomics provides insight into changes in microbial strains post-exercise, while metabolomics sheds light on the shifts in metabolites. Together, these approaches offer a comprehensive understanding of how exercise impacts atherosclerosis through specific mechanisms.

Conclusions

Exercise significantly influences atherosclerosis, with the gut microbiome serving as a critical intermediary. Meta-omics technology holds substantial promise for investigating the gut microbiome; however, its methodologies require further refinement. Additionally, there is a pressing need for more extensive cohort studies to enhance our comprehension of the connection among these element.

Nonylphenol induces depressive behavior in rats and affects gut microbiota: A dose-dependent effect

Nonylphenol (NP), an endocrine disruptor absorbed through food intake, was investigated in this study for its potential dose-response relationship with the manifestation of depression-like behavior in rats. Based on this, the mechanisms of NP-induced depressive behavior, encompassing neurotransmitters, gut barrier function, inflammatory response, gut microbiota composition and metabolites were further explored. At medium and high NP doses, both mRNA and protein levels of zonula occludens protein-1 and claudin-1 were considerably downregulated, concomitant with an elevation in tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β expression in a dose-dependent effect, resulting in damage to the gut mucosa. Despite a minimal impact on behavior and gut barriers at low NP doses, alterations in gut microbiota composition were observed. During NP exposure, dose-dependent changes in the gut microbiota revealed a decline in microbial diversity linked to the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids. NP not only adversely affected the gut microbiota structure but also exacerbated central nervous system damage through the gut-brain axis. The accumulation of NP may cause neurotransmitter disturbances and inflammatory responses in the hippocampus, which also exacerbate depressed behavior in rats. Therefore, NP could exacerbate the inflammatory response in the hippocampus and colon by compromising intestinal barrier integrity, facilitating the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, impairing butyrate metabolism, and perturbing neurotransmitter homeostasis, thus aggravating the depressive behavior of rats. It is noteworthy that the changes in these indicators were related to the NP exposure dose.

The Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in Intestinal Health and Diseases: A Focus on the Intestinal Barrier

The gut is the body's largest immune organ, and the intestinal barrier prevents harmful substances such as bacteria and toxins from passing through the gastrointestinal mucosa. Intestinal barrier dysfunction is closely associated with various diseases. However, there are currently no FDA-approved therapies targeting the intestinal epithelial barriers. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of RNA transcripts with a length of more than 200 nucleotides and no coding capacity, are essential for the development and regulation of a variety of biological processes and diseases. lncRNAs are involved in the intestinal barrier function and homeostasis maintenance. This article reviews the emerging role of lncRNAs in the intestinal barrier and highlights the potential applications of lncRNAs in the treatment of various intestinal diseases by reviewing the literature on cells, animal models, and clinical patients. The aim is to explore potential lncRNAs involved in the intestinal barrier and provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of intestinal barrier damage-associated diseases in the clinical setting.

3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol induces apoptosis, barrier dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress by inhibiting mTORC1-dependent autophagy in porcine enterocytes

3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-Ac-DON), an acetylated form of deoxynivalenol, is widely present in mycotoxin-contaminated food, feed as well as in other natural sources. Ingestion of 3-Ac-DON may result in intestinal dysfunction, leading to gut diseases in humans and animals. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of 3-Ac-DON in intestinal epithelial cytotoxicity remains unclear. In this study, intestinal porcine epithelial cell line 1 (IPEC-1) cells were treated with different concentrations of 3-Ac-DON for 12 h or 24 h, respectively. The results showed that 3-Ac-DON caused decreased cell viability, cell cycle arrest in G1 phase and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. Western blotting analysis showed that 3-Ac-DON significantly decreased the expression of tight junction proteins, inhibited autophagy and activated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in IPEC-1 cells (P < 0.05). Further investigation demonstrated that 3-Ac-DON caused apoptosis, ER stress and barrier dysfunction were reversed after co-treatment with the autophagy activator rapamycin (100 nM), indicating that autophagy plays a key role in the process of 3-Ac-DON-induced cell damage. In addition, we demonstrated that 3-Ac-DON inhibits the occurrence of autophagy mediated by mTORC1 protein. In conclusion, our research indicated that the mTORC1 protein and autophagy played a key role in the 3-Ac-DON-induced cytotoxic in IPEC-1 cells, which would provide new therapeutic targets and ideas for 3-Ac-DON-mediated intestinal injury.

Effects of hormones on intestinal stem cells

The maintenance of intestinal renewal and repair mainly depends on intestinal stem cells (ISCs), which can also contribute to the growth of intestinal tumours. Hormones, which are vital signalling agents in the body, have various effects on the growth and replacement of intestinal stem cells. This review summarises recent progress in the identification of hormones associated with intestinal stem cells. Several hormones, including thyroid hormone, glucagon-like peptide-2, androgens, insulin, leptin, growth hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone and progastrin, promote the development of intestinal stem cells. However, somatostatin and melatonin are two hormones that prevent the proliferation of intestinal stem cells. Therefore, new therapeutic targets for the diagnosis and treatment of intestinal illnesses can be identified by examining the impact of hormones on intestinal stem cells.

A comprehensive and mechanistic review on protective effects of kaempferol against natural and chemical toxins: Role of NF-κB inhibition and Nrf2 activation

Different toxins, including chemicals and natural, can be entered from various routes and influence human health. Herbal medicines and their active components can attenuate the toxicity of agents via multiple mechanisms. For example, kaempferol, as a flavonoid, can be found in fruits and vegetables, and has an essential role in improving disorders such as cardiovascular disorders, neurological diseases, cancer, pain, and inflammation situations. The beneficial effects of kaempferol may be related to the inhibition of oxidative stress, attenuation of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor ĸB (NF-ĸB) as well as the modulation of apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. This flavonoid boasts a wide spectrum of toxin targeting effects in tissue fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress thus shows promising protective effects against natural and chemical toxin induced hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, lung, and intestinal in the in vitro and in vivo setting. The most remarkable aspect of kaempferol is that it does not focus its efforts on just one organ or one molecular pathway. Although its significance as a treatment option remains questionable and requires more clinical studies, it seems to be a low-risk therapeutic option. It is crucial to emphasize that kaempferol's poor bioavailability is a significant barrier to its use as a therapeutic option. Nanotechnology can be a promising way to overcome this challenge, reviving optimism in using kaempferol as a viable treatment agent against toxin-induced disorders.

Resveratrol in Intestinal Health and Disease: Focusing on Intestinal Barrier

The integrity of intestinal barrier determines intestinal homeostasis, which could be affected by various factors, like physical, chemical, and biological stimuli. Therefore, it is of considerable interest and importance to maintain intestinal barrier function. Fortunately, many plant polyphenols, including resveratrol, could affect the health of intestinal barrier. Resveratrol has many biological functions, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, and anti-cardiovascular diseases. Accumulating studies have shown that resveratrol affects intestinal tight junction, microbial composition, and inflammation. In this review, we summarize the effects of resveratrol on intestinal barriers as well as the potential mechanisms (e.g., inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, regulating the expression of tight junction proteins, and increasing anti-inflammatory T cells while reducing pro-inflammatory T cells), and highlight the applications of resveratrol in ameliorating various intestinal diseases.

Zinc Exposure Promotes Commensal-to-Pathogen Transition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Leading to Mucosal Inflammation and Illness in Mice

The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is associated gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation and illness; however, factors motivating commensal-to-pathogen transition are unclear. Excessive zinc intake from supplements is common in humans. Due to the fact that zinc exposure enhances P. aeruginosa colonization in vitro, we hypothesized zinc exposure broadly activates virulence mechanisms, leading to inflammation and illness. P. aeruginosa was treated with excess zinc and growth, expression and secretion of key virulence factors, and biofilm production were determined. Effects on invasion, barrier function, and cytotoxicity were evaluated in Caco-2 cells co-cultured with P. aeruginosa pre-treated with zinc. Effects on colonization, mucosal pathology, inflammation, and illness were evaluated in mice infected with P. aeruginosa pre-treated with zinc. We found the expression and secretion of key virulence factors involved in quorum sensing (QS), motility (type IV pili, flagella), biosurfactants (rhamnolipids), toxins (exotoxin A), zinc homeostasis (CzcR), and biofilm production, were all significantly increased. Zinc exposure significantly increased P. aeruginosa invasion, permeability and cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells, and enhanced colonization, inflammation, mucosal damage, and illness in mice. Excess zinc exposure has broad effects on key virulence mechanisms promoting commensal-to-pathogen transition of P. aeruginosa and illness in mice, suggesting excess zinc intake may have adverse effects on GI health in humans.

Intestinal microbiota participates in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression by affecting intestinal homeostasis

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease with a pathogenesis that has not been fully elucidated. With the development of the theory of the gut-liver axis and the deepening of related research, the role of the intestinal tract in the pathogenesis of NAFLD has been investigated more. Intestinal microbiota, intestinal metabolites, and intestinal epithelial and immune-based barriers constitute the intestinal environment, which uses crosstalk to maintain the homeostasis of the intestinal environment. This paper reviews the progress in the study of intestinal microbiota, intestinal environment, and NAFLD and suggests that repair of intestinal functional balance may be a new idea for early prevention and intervention of NAFLD.

Serum Exosomes Derived from Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patient Increase Cell Permeability via Regulating miR-148b-5p/RGS2 Signaling in Human Colonic Epithelium Cells

Aim

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a multifactorial functional bowel disorder characterized by disruption of the intestinal barrier. Circulating exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in regulating epithelial barrier function, and upregulation of miR-148b-5p has been detected in IBS. However, whether exosomal miR-148-5p is involved in the IBS pathogenesis remains unclear. This study was aimed at investigating the relationship of exosomal miR-148-5p with colonic epithelial permeability.

Methods

Exosomes were isolated from the serum of IBS patients and healthy controls. HT-29 cells were cultured with the IBS-derived serum exosomes (IBS-exo). Exosome uptake assay was used to evaluate whether the IBS-exo could be absorbed by HT-29 cells. FITC-Dextran flux and transepithelial/endothelial electrical resistance were measured to evaluate epithelial permeability. A luciferase reporter assay was used to determine whether the regulator of G protein signaling- (RGS-) 2 is a target gene of miR-148b-5p.

Results

miR-148b-5p was obviously elevated in the IBS-exo compared to the control-exo. Upregulation of miR-148b-5p was observed in the HT-29 cells cultured with IBS-exo. Exposure to IBS-exo increased cell permeability and decreased RGS2 expression. The IBS-exo-induced alterations were obviously reversed by interfering with the miR-148b-5p expression. Mimicking the IBS-exo treatment, miR-148b-5p overexpression increased cell permeability and downregulated RGS2 expression, which were abrogated by overexpressing RGS2. The luciferase reporter assay revealed that RGS2 was a direct target of miR-148b-5p.

Conclusions

Serum-derived exosomes from IBS patients increase colonic epithelial permeability via miR-148b-5p/RGS2 signaling.

Adjuvant treatment and molecular mechanism of probiotic compounds in patients with gastric cancer after gastrectomy

Gastrectomy is the main treatment for gastric cancer (GC) at present. Surgery improves the survival rate of patients, but the complications seriously affect the recovery and lack effective treatment measures. In the present study, probiotic compounds (4 strains; Lactobacillus plantarum MH-301 (CGMCC NO. 18618), L. rhamnosus LGG-18 (CGMCC NO. 14007), L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp.lactis LPL-RH (CGMCC NO. 4599)), through clinical and animal model verification, were studied to try to find the auxiliary treatment measures after gastrectomy, and explore its potential mechanism. Clinical research results showed that probiotic compounds treatment could significantly lower postoperative inflammation, enhance immunity, resume gut microbiota composition and promote postoperative recovery. The results in rat models indicated that gastrostomy led to the aggravation of inflammation, the impairment of immunity and intestinal barrier, and the disorder of gut microbiota in vivo. Furthermore, probiotic compounds' administration could downregulate the inflammatory and permeability signaling pathways in the intestinal tissue, reduce the levels of proinflammatory factors, maintain the intestinal mucosal barrier and immune function, and recover the disorder of gut microbiota after gastrectomy in rats. Therefore, we conclude that probiotic compounds can restore gut microbiota homeostasis, reduce inflammation, maintain intestinal mucosal barrier and immunity, finally promote recovery after gastrectomy, and is expected to improve the prognosis of patients.

Protection of surface layer protein from Enterococcus faecium WEFA23 against Listeria monocytogenes CMCC54007 infection by modulating intestinal permeability and immunity

Enterococcus faecium WEFA23 was previously found effectively against adherence and colonization of Listeria monocytogenes CMCC54007, which might be closely related to its surface layer protein (SLP). In this study, the protective of SLP of E. faecium WEFA23 against infection of L. monocytogenes CMCC54007 was systemically investigated. In vitro assay showed that SLP actively inhibited L. monocytogenes internalization into Caco-2 cell line, with decreasing mRNA level of pro-inflammation cytokines and virulence factors and restoring destroyed intestinal barrier. In vivo assay through excluding SLP of E. faecium WEFA23 by 5 M LiCl represented that SLP increased body weight, reduced mortality and cell counts of L. monocytogenes CMCC54007 in tissues of mice. Further researches showed that SLP protected against L. monocytogenes CMCC54007 infection by modulation of intestinal permeability and immunity, namely, it decreased fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-Dextran in serum, ameliorated destroyed colon structure, and increased number of goblet cells and protein level of TJ protein (Claudin-1, Occludin, and ZO-1) in colon. For immunity, SLP decreased number of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in liver, mRNA level, and content of pro-inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ ,TNF-α, and NO, and restored the structure of liver and spleen. Key Points•SLP of E. faecium inhibited L. monocytogenes internalization and colonization•SLP of E. faecium ameliorated host intestinal barrier dysfunction•SLP of E. faecium decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and cells.

Anthocyanin-containing purple potatoes ameliorate DSS-induced colitis in mice

Ulcerative colitis (UC), a major form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is on the rise worldwide. Approximately three million people suffer from IBD in the United States alone, but the current therapeutic options (e.g., corticosteroids) come with adverse side effects including reduced ability to fight infections. Thus, there is a critical need for developing effective, safe and evidence-based food products with anti-inflammatory activity. This study evaluated the antiinflammatory potential of purple-fleshed potato using a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) murine model of colitis. Mice were randomly assigned to control (AIN-93G diet), P15 (15% purple-fleshed potato diet) and P25 (25% purple-fleshed potato diet) groups. Colitis was induced by 2% DSS administration in drinking water for six days. The results indicated that purple-fleshed potato supplementation suppressed the DSS-induced reduction in body weight and colon length as well as the increase in spleen and liver weights. P15 and P25 diets suppressed the elevation in the intestinal permeability, colonic MPO activity, mRNA expression and protein levels of pro-inflammatory interleukins IL-6 and IL-17, the relative abundance of specific pathogenic bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and pks⁺ E. coli, and the increased flagellin levels induced by DSS treatment. P25 alone suppressed the elevated systemic MPO levels in DSS-exposed mice, and elevated the relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) as well as attenuated colonic mRNA expression level of IL-17 and the protein levels of IL-6 and IL-1β. Therefore, the purple-fleshed potato has the potential to aid in the amelioration of UC symptoms.

The Gut-Lung Axis in Systemic Inflammation. Role of Mesenteric Lymph as a Conduit

Emerging evidence shows that after injury or infection, the mesenteric lymph acts as a conduit for gut-derived toxic factors to enter the blood circulation, causing systemic inflammation and acute lung injury. Neither the cellular and molecular identity of lymph factors nor their mechanisms of action have been well understood and thus have become a timely topic of investigation. This review will first provide a summary of background knowledge on gut barrier and mesenteric lymphatics, followed by a discussion focusing on the current understanding of potential injurious factors in the lymph and their mechanistic contributions to lung injury. We also examine lymph factors with antiinflammatory properties as well as the bidirectional nature of the gut-lung axis in inflammation.

Kaempferol attenuates diquat-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in intestinal porcine epithelial cells

Kaempferol, a flavonol component of plants, is well-known to exhibit multiple bioactivities, such as anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects remain elusive. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that kaempferol attenuated diquat-induced oxidative damage and intestinal barrier dysfunction by ameliorating oxidative damage and apoptosis in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Compared with the control group, diquat treatment led to enhanced intracellular ROS production, increased mitochondrial depolarization, and apoptosis, which were accompanied by cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, reduced cell migration, and disrupted intestinal epithelial barrier function. These effects triggered by diquat were reversed by kaempferol. Further study showed that the protective effect of kaempferol was associated with an enhanced mRNA level of genes related to cell cycle progression (cyclin D1, CDK4, and E2F1) and genes implicated in the anti-oxidant system (GSR, GSTA4, and HO-1), up-regulated abundance of tight junctions (ZO-1, ZO-2, occludin, and claudin-4), as well as enhanced Nrf2, an anti-oxidant transcription factor. In conclusion, we revealed a functional role of kaempferol in the intestinal barrier. Ingestion of kaempferol-rich foods might be a potential strategy to improve the integrity and function of enterocytes.

Ideational Fluency in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

BACKGROUND

Neuropsychiatric symptoms have been well documented in several systemic inflammatory conditions, for example, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Increased prevalence of cognitive decline and psychiatric issues has been reported in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, there is limited evidence of which exact cognitive domains are affected and to what degree.

AIM

To test the performance of cognition in the domain of ideational fluency (Thing Categories Test in particular) in patients with RA and compare the results with the general population and to the results with cognitive and depression screening scores in both groups.

METHODS

Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) assessment, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Thing Categories Test (TCT) were used to evaluate patients with RA, as well as the control group.

RESULTS

Twenty patients with RA and 20 controls were tested, with 7 and 4 men, and 13 and 16 women in the study and control group, respectively. Average scores in TCT at three minutes were 7.50 (IQR6.0-10.0) and 6.0 (IQR3.0-8.0) for category "blue"; 17.50 (IQR15.0-19.0) and 16.0 (10.0-18.0) for category "round" in the control and study group, respectively. A statistically significant difference was established between the study and the control group in TCT for the category "blue" (p<0.025). The average score for GAD7 was 2.0 (IQR 0.0-5.75) and 3.0 (IQR0.50-6.00) in the control and study group, respectively. The average score for PHQ-9 was 2.0 (IQR0.25-4.75) and 4.0 (IQR2.00-5.50) in the control and study group, respectively. Finally, the average score for the MoCA scale was 27.0 (IQR25.25-28.00) and 26.0 (IQR23.50-28.00) in the control and study group, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Preliminary evidence suggests that RA at least partially affects the cognitive domain of ideational fluency. However, further research with larger experimental groups is needed to provide more conclusive evidence.

Evaluation of the Probiotic Properties and the Capacity to Form Biofilms of Various Lactobacillus Strains

Over the last 20 years, Lactobacillus species inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) have received much attention, and their health-promoting properties are now well-described. Probiotic effects cannot be generalized, and their uses cover a wide range of applications. It is thus important to proceed to an accurate selection and evaluation of probiotic candidates. We evaluate the probiotic potential of six strains of Lactobacillus in different in vitro models representing critical factors of either survival, efficacy, or both. We characterized the strains for their ability to (i) modulate intestinal permeability using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), (ii) form biofilms and resist stressful conditions, and (iii) produce beneficial host and/or bacteria metabolites. Our data reveal the specificity of Lactobacillus strains to modulate intestinal permeability depending on the cell type. The six isolates were able to form spatially organized biofilms, and we provide evidence that the biofilm form is beneficial in a strongly acidic environment. Finally, we demonstrated the ability of the strains to produce γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is involved in the gut-brain axis and beneficial enzymes that promote the bacterial tolerance to bile salts. Overall, our study highlights the specific properties of Lactobacillus strains and their possible applications as biofilms.

Effect of peritoneal dialysis solution with different pyruvate concentrations on intestinal injury

To investigate the effects of direct peritoneal resuscitation with pyruvate-peritoneal dialysis solution (Pyr-PDS) of different concentrations combined with intravenous resuscitation on acid–base imbalance and intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury in rats with hemorrhagic shock. Sixty rats were randomly assigned to group SHAM, group intravenous resuscitation, and four direct peritoneal resuscitation groups combined with intravenous resuscitation: group NS, LA, PY1, and PY2, that is, normal saline, lactate-PDS (Lac-PDS), lower concentration Pyr-PDS (Pyr-PDS1), and higher concentration Pyr-PDS (Pyr-PDS2), respectively. Two hours after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation, the pH, oxygen partial pressure, carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2), base excess, and bicarbonate ion concentration (HCO3−) of the arterial blood were measured. The intestinal mucosal damage index and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, zonula occludens-1, claudin-1, and occludin levels in intestinal issues were detected. Two hours after resuscitation, group PY2 had higher mean arterial pressure, pH, oxygen partial pressure, and base excess and lower PCO2of arterial blood than group PY1 ( P <  0.05). Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 levels in group PY2 were significantly lower than those in group PY1 ( P <  0.05). Zonula occludens-1, claudin-1, and occludin expression levels were significantly higher in group PY2 than in group PY1 ( P <  0.05). Direct peritoneal resuscitation with Pyr-PDS2 combined with intravenous resuscitation enhanced the hemodynamics, improved the acid–base balance, and alleviated intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury from hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in rats. The mechanisms might include correction of acidosis, inhibition of inflammatory response, enhancement of systemic immune status, regulation of intestinal epithelial permeability, and maintenance of intestinal mucosal barrier function.

Impact statement

Hemorrhagic shock is a life-threatening condition after trauma or during surgery. Acid–base imbalance and intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury are two significant causes in the pathogenetic process and multiple organ dysfunction. As a result, it is urgent and necessary to find an effective method of resuscitation in order to reverse the acid–base imbalance and protect organ function. This current study confirmed the protection against hypoxic acidosis and intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury by peritoneal resuscitation with pyruvate combined with intravenous resuscitation in rats with hemorrhagic shock. And the peritoneal dialysis solution with pyruvate of high concentration plays a crucial role in the process. It provided a new idea and possible direction of fluid resuscitation for alleviating organ injuries, protecting organ functions, and improving clinical prognosis after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.

IgA is the predominant isotype of anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis

Background

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of anti‐cardiolipin antibodies (aCL) and anti‐β2 glycoprotein I antibodies (aβ2GPI) among Tunisian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

Ninety RA patients with positive anti‐cyclic citrullinated antibodies (anti‐CCP) and 90 healthy blood donors (HBD) were studied. aCL and aβ2GPI of isotype IgG, IgA and IgM were detected by ELISA.

Result

The frequency of antiphopholipid antibodies (aPL) (aCL and/or aβ2GPI) was significantly higher in patients with RA than in HBD (35.5% vs 11.1%, P = .0001). The frequencies of aCL and aβ2GPI were significantly higher in patients than in healthy subjects (15.5% vs 5.5%, P = .04 and 32.2% vs 11.1%, P = .0005 respectively). aβ2GPI‐IgA were significantly more frequent in patients than in the control group (26.7% vs 7.8%, P = .0007). In patients, aβ2GPI‐IgA were significantly more frequent than aβ2GPI‐IgG (26.7% vs. 6.7%, P = .0003) and aβ2GPI‐IgM (26.7% vs 5.6%, P = .0001). In RA patients, the frequency of aβ2GPI was significantly higher than that of aCL (32.2% vs 15.5%, P = .008). aβ2GPI‐IgA was significantly more frequent than aCL‐IgA (26.7% vs 4.4%, P = .00005). The average titer of anti‐CCP in aPL positive patients was significantly higher than in aPL negative patients (170.6 ± 50 RU/mL vs 147.7 ± 51 RU/mL, P = .04). Significant correlation was found between aβ2GPI‐IgA and anti‐CCP (r = .235, P = .026).

Conclusions

aPL and particularly aβ2GPI‐IgA are frequent in RA and are correlated with anti‐CCP.