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Mavri M, Spiess K, Rosenkilde MM, Rutland CS, Vrecl M, Kubale V. Methods for Studying Endocytotic Pathways of Herpesvirus Encoded G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Molecules 2020; 25:E5710. [PMID: 33287269 PMCID: PMC7730005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a fundamental process involved in trafficking of various extracellular and transmembrane molecules from the cell surface to its interior. This enables cells to communicate and respond to external environments, maintain cellular homeostasis, and transduce signals. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a family of receptors with seven transmembrane alpha-helical domains (7TM receptors) expressed at the cell surface, where they regulate physiological and pathological cellular processes. Several herpesviruses encode receptors (vGPCRs) which benefits the virus by avoiding host immune surveillance, supporting viral dissemination, and thereby establishing widespread and lifelong infection, processes where receptor signaling and/or endocytosis seem central. vGPCRs are rising as potential drug targets as exemplified by the cytomegalovirus-encoded receptor US28, where its constitutive internalization has been exploited for selective drug delivery in virus infected cells. Therefore, studying GPCR trafficking is of great importance. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of endocytic and cell localization properties of vGPCRs and methodological approaches used for studying receptor internalization. Using such novel approaches, we show constitutive internalization of the BILF1 receptor from human and porcine γ-1 herpesviruses and present motifs from the eukaryotic linear motif (ELM) resources with importance for vGPCR endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Mavri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology with Embryology and Cytology, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.); (M.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.S.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Katja Spiess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.S.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.S.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Catrin Sian Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Medical Faculty, Sutton, Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Milka Vrecl
- Department of Anatomy, Histology with Embryology and Cytology, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Valentina Kubale
- Department of Anatomy, Histology with Embryology and Cytology, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.); (M.V.)
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Ma X, Chen R, Huang M, Wang W, Luo L, Kim DK, Jiang W, Xu T. DAMGO-induced μ opioid receptor internalization and recycling restore morphine sensitivity in tolerant rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 878:173118. [PMID: 32320702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of DAMGO-induced μ opioid receptor (MOR) internalization on morphine tolerance. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) aged 6-8 weeks were administered morphine via intrathecal (i.t.) injection (15 μg/10 μl twice daily for 6 days) to induce antinociceptive tolerance, which was evaluated using the tail-flick and paw-withdrawal tests. Response latency was calculated as the percentage of maximum possible effect (%MPE). A bolus of DAMGO was administered by i.t. injection on day 6, and the tail-flick and paw-withdrawal tests were carried out 24, 48, and 72 h later. Membrane and cytosolic MOR expression was assessed by western blotting. HEK293 cells were transfected with MOR-FLAG plasmid and after 6 days of morphine treatment (10 μM), the cells were treated with 1 μM DAMGO, and MOR localization was examined by immunofluorescence analysis 30 and 60 min later. Repeated morphine treatment induced tolerance after 5 days; however, i.t. DAMGO administration restored morphine sensitivity and enhanced acute morphine-induced antinociception after 24, 48, and 72 h. In HEK293 cells, DAMGO treatment stimulated MOR internalization after 30 min and MOR recycling to the membrane after 1 h. Membrane and cytoplasmic MOR expression in vivo was unchanged 24, 48, and 72 h after i.t. DAMGO injection. Morphine does not cause significant MOR internalization or downregulation, and can readily induce tolerance. DAMGO counters this effect by enhancing receptor endocytosis, thereby reversing morphine-induced antinociceptive tolerance and restoring its analgesic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaqing Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Wenying Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Limin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Dong Kwan Kim
- Department of Physiology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Tongzhou People's Hospital, Nantong, 226300, China.
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Nogueras-Ortiz C, Roman-Vendrell C, Mateo-Semidey GE, Liao YH, Kendall DA, Yudowski GA. Retromer stops beta-arrestin 1-mediated signaling from internalized cannabinoid 2 receptors. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3554-3561. [PMID: 28954865 PMCID: PMC5683765 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-03-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The retromer acts as the gatekeeper blocking signaling mediated by beta-arrestin 1 from internalized cannabinoid 2 receptors. This work provides further confirmation of the relevance and prevalence of signaling from internalized receptors at endosomal compartments after ligand-induced endocytosis. G protein–coupled receptors mediate their complex functions through activation of signaling cascades from receptors localized at the cell surface and endosomal compartments. These signaling pathways are modulated by heterotrimeric G proteins and the scaffold proteins beta-arrestin 1 and 2. However, in contrast to the events occurring at the cell surface, our knowledge of the mechanisms controlling signaling from receptors localized at intracellular compartments is still very limited. Here we sought to investigate the intracellular signaling from cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2R). First, we show that receptor internalization is required for agonist-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Then we demonstrate that ERK1/2 activation is mediated by beta-arrestin 1 from receptors localized exclusively at Rab4/5 compartments. Finally, we identify the retromer complex as a gatekeeper, terminating beta-arrestin 1–mediated ERK phosphorylation. These findings extend our understanding of the events controlling signaling from endocytosed receptors and identify the retromer as a modulator of beta-arrestin–mediated signaling from CB2R.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Roman-Vendrell
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00901.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Puerto Rico, Medical San Juan, PR 00936
| | - Gabriel E Mateo-Semidey
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00901.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical San Juan, PR 00936.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical San Juan, PR 00936
| | - Yu-Hsien Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092
| | - Debra A Kendall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092
| | - Guillermo A Yudowski
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00901 .,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical San Juan, PR 00936.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical San Juan, PR 00936
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