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Zhao J, Guo J, Chen Y, Li W, Zhou P, Zhu G, Han P, Xu D. Improving rehabilitation motivation and motor learning ability of stroke patients using different reward strategies: study protocol for a single-center, randomized controlled trial. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1418247. [PMID: 38882687 PMCID: PMC11178101 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1418247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke survivors often face challenges in motor learning and motivation during rehabilitation, which can impede their recovery progress. Traditional rehabilitation methods vary in effectiveness, prompting the exploration of novel approaches such as reward strategies. Previous research indicates that rewards can enhance rehabilitation motivation and facilitate motor learning. However, most reward paradigms have utilized fixed reward amounts, which also have limitations. Exploring alternative, more effective reward strategies, such as probabilistic rewards, is warranted to optimize stroke patient rehabilitation. Methods A total of 81 stroke patients will be recruited and randomly assigned to control, fixed reward, or probabilistic reward groups at a ratio of 1:1:1 using a randomized number table method. Participants will undergo 10 days of daily hand motor function rehabilitation training, with sessions lasting 20 min each. The training will involve pegboard tests and box and block tests. Control group participants will receive standard training, while fixed reward group members will receive monetary incentives for completing tests, and probabilistic reward group members will have the chance to win monetary rewards through a lottery box. Rehabilitation motivation and motor performance and functional near-infrared spectroscopy brain imaging will be conducted at designated time points. The primary outcome measure is the stroke rehabilitation motivation scale, and the second outcome measures include motor performance, simple test for evaluating hand function, motivation and pleasure scale self-report, and Pittsburgh rehabilitation participation scale. Discussion Reward-based training enhance rehabilitation participation and adherence, it also improve motor learning speed and memory retention of stroke patients. The fixed reward applied in the past studies could diminish the sensitivity of stroke patients to rewards, while probabilistic reward may provide unpredictable or variable incentives or reinforcements for motor rehabilitation. This study will compare the efficacy of different reward strategies in enhancing motor learning ability and rehabilitation motivation among stroke patients. By conducting a randomized controlled trial, the study seeks to provide valuable insights into optimizing stroke rehabilitation protocols and improving patient outcomes.Clinical Trial Registration:https://www.chictr.org.cn/, ChiCTR2400082419.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwang Zhao
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangling Guo
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yeping Chen
- The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxi Li
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyue Zhu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peipei Han
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongsheng Xu
- The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Rehabilitation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Zhou P, Li W, Zhao J, Chen S, Chen Y, Shen X, Xu D. Modulated effectiveness of rehabilitation motivation by reward strategies combined with tDCS in stroke: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1200741. [PMID: 37396764 PMCID: PMC10310965 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1200741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke survivors often exhibit low motivation for rehabilitation, hindering their ability to effectively complete rehabilitation training task effectively and participate in daily activities actively. Reward strategies have been identified as an effective method for boosting rehabilitation motivation, but their long-term efficacy remains uncertain. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been recognized as a technique that facilitates plastic changes and functional reorganization of cortical areas. Particularly, tDCS can improve the functional connectivity between brain regions associated with goal-directed behavior when applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Combing reward strategies with tDCS (RStDCS) has been shown to motivate healthy individuals to exert more effort in task performance. However, research exploring the combined and sustained effects of these strategies on rehabilitation motivation in stroke survivors is lacking. Methods and design Eighty-seven stroke survivors with low motivation and upper extremity dysfunction will be randomized to receive either conventional treatment, RS treatment, or RStDCS treatment. The RStDCS group will receive reward strategies combined with anodal tDCS stimulation of the left dlPFC. The RS group will receive reward strategies combined with sham stimulation. The conventional group will receive conventional treatment combined with sham stimulation. tDCS stimulation is performed over 3 weeks of hospitalization, 20 min/time, five times a week. Reward strategies refers to personalized active exercise programs for patients during hospitalization and at home. Patients can voluntarily choose tasks for active exercise and self-report to the therapist so as to punch a card for points and exchange gifts. The conventional group will receive home rehabilitation instructions prior to discharge. Rehabilitation motivation, measured using RMS. RMS, FMA, FIM, and ICF activity and social engagement scale will be compared at baseline, 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months post-enrollment to evaluate patients' multifaceted health condition based on the ICF framework. Discussion This study integrates knowledge from social cognitive science, economic behavioral science, and other relevant fields. We utilize straightforward and feasible reward strategies, combined with neuromodulation technology, to jointly improve patients' rehabilitation motivation. Behavioral observations and various assessment tools will be used to monitor patients' rehabilitation motivation and multifaceted health condition according to the ICF framework. The aim is to provide a preliminary exploration path for professionals to develop comprehensive strategies for improving patient rehabilitation motivation and facilitating a complete "hospital-home-society" rehabilitation process. Clinical trial registration https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=182589, ChiCTR2300069068.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxi Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwang Zhao
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyun Chen
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Chen
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Shen
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongsheng Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Gingrich N, Bosancich J, Schmidt J, Sakakibara BM. Capability, opportunity, motivation, and social participation after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 2022; 30:423-435. [PMID: 35510695 DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2022.2070358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke survivors report limited social participation, despite it being an important rehabilitation outcome. Interdisciplinary interventions for increasing social participation amongst stroke survivors lack theoretical guidance and evidence-based approaches. The Behavior Change Wheel (BCW) theorizes that capability, opportunity, and motivation contribute to behavior change. OBJECTIVES This study applied the BCW to understand the relationship between social participation and stroke survivors' capability, opportunity, and motivation. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 30 community-dwelling adult stroke survivors. Assessments explored the frequency and satisfaction of social participation; physical and psychological capability; environmental accessibility and social opportunity; and motivation. A linear regression analysis was done. RESULTS Motivation (R2 change = 29.3%, ß = 0.55) and environmental opportunity (R2 change = 11%, ß = 0.39) were statistically significant predictors of social participation frequency. Motivation (R2 change = 36.9%, ß = 0.61) was the only statistically significant predictor of satisfaction with social performance. CONCLUSIONS Motivation and environmental accessibility are statistically significant independent predictors of frequency of social participation after stroke. Motivation is the strongest predictor of satisfaction with social participation. Clinicians may support stroke survivors to promote social participation using approaches that increase motivation and environmental accessibility. Development of such theoretically sound interventions may be guided by the BCW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gingrich
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jacob Bosancich
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julia Schmidt
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Rehabilitation Research Program, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brodie M Sakakibara
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Rehabilitation Research Program, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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Rodríguez-Lorenzana A, Ramos-Usuga D, Díaz LA, Mascialino G, Yacelga Ponce T, Rivera D, Arango-Lasprilla JC. Normative data of neuropsychological tests of attention and executive functions in Ecuadorian adult population. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2020; 28:508-527. [PMID: 32666879 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2020.1790493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to generate normative data for five tests of attention and executive functions (M-WCST, Stroop test, TMT, BTA, and SDMT), in a group of 322 Ecuadorian adults from Quito between the ages of 18 and 85. METHOD Multiple regression analyzes taking into account age, education, and gender were used to generate the normative data. RESULTS Age and education were significantly related to test performance such that scores decreased with age and improved as a function of education. An online calculator is provided to generate normative test scores. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study that presents normative data for tests of executive functions and attention in an Ecuadorian adult population. This data will improve the clinical practice of neuropsychology and help to develop the field in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Ramos-Usuga
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute , Barakaldo, Spain.,Biomedical Research Doctorate Program, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Leioa, Spain
| | - Lila Adana Díaz
- Escuela De Psicología, Universidad De Las Américas , Quito, Ecuador
| | - Guido Mascialino
- Escuela De Psicología, Universidad De Las Américas , Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Diego Rivera
- Departamento De Ciencias De La Salud, Universidad Pública De Navarra , Navarra, España
| | - Juan Carlos Arango-Lasprilla
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute , Barakaldo, Spain.,IKERBASQUE. Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Leioa, Spain
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5
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Vicente SG, Rivera D, Barbosa F, Gaspar N, Dores AR, Mascialino G, Arango-Lasprilla JC. Normative data for tests of attention and executive functions in a sample of European Portuguese adult population. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2020; 28:418-437. [PMID: 32654600 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2020.1781768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main goal of this study was to produce normative data for the Portuguese population on five neuropsychological tests frequently used to assess executive functions and attention: the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST), the Stroop Color and Word Test, the Trail Making Test (TMT), the Brief Test of Attention (BTA), and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). METHOD The study included 300 individuals aged between 18 and 93 years, who had educational backgrounds ranging from 3 to 25 years. RESULTS The influence of age, education, and sex was explored for each measure, as well as their contribution to explain the performance variance. CONCLUSIONS The normative data are presented as regression-based algorithms to adjust direct and derived test scores for sex, age, and education. This study provides a calculator of normative data, derived from the results of the regression models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene G Vicente
- Centre for Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Diego Rivera
- Departamento De Ciencias De La Salud, Universidad Pública De Navarra , Navarra, España
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto , Porto Portugal
| | - Nuno Gaspar
- Centre for Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Artemisa R Dores
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto , Porto Portugal.,School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Guido Mascialino
- School of Psychology, Universidad De Las Américas , Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan Carlos Arango-Lasprilla
- IKERBASQUE. Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao, Spain.,Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute , Barakaldo, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Leioa, Spain
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Neppi-Mòdona M, Sirovich R, Cicerale A, Richard N, Pradat-Diehl P, Sirigu A, Duhamel JR. Following the gold trail: Reward influences on spatial exploration in neglect. Cortex 2020; 129:329-340. [PMID: 32559507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spatial attention is guided by the perceived salience and relevance of objects in the environment, a process considered to depend on a broad parieto-frontal cortical network. Signals arising from the limbic and nigrostriatal pathways conveying affective and motivational cues are also known to modulate visual selection, but the nature of this contribution and its relation to spatial attention remain unclear. We investigated the role of reward information in 15 patients with left hemispatial neglect and 15 control subjects playing multiple rounds of a virtual foraging game. Participants' exploration tracked dynamically adjusted underlying reward distributions, largely unbeknownst to them. Both control and neglect participants showed typical exploration/exploitation balance, dependent on abundance or scarcity of rewards. De-reinforcing previously favored, mostly right, regions of space attenuated left space under-exploration in patients. Multiple regression analysis indicates that such reward-based training may benefit mostly patients early after lesion onset, with mild neglect and small lesions sparing subcortical regions. Our findings support the view that spatial exploration recruits heavily right hemispheric visuospatial attentional mechanisms as well as reward signals processed by basal ganglia and prefrontal cortical circuits, which serve to learn about the motivational relevance of environmental stimuli and help prioritize attention and motor response selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Neppi-Mòdona
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR-5229, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France; Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Nathalie Richard
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR-5229, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pascale Pradat-Diehl
- Département des Maladies Du Système Nerveux, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Angela Sirigu
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR-5229, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-René Duhamel
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR-5229, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Li K, Bentley P, Nair A, Halse O, Barker G, Russell C, Soto D, Malhotra PA. Reward sensitivity predicts dopaminergic response in spatial neglect. Cortex 2020; 122:213-224. [PMID: 30318090 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been revealed that spatial neglect can be modulated by motivational factors including anticipated monetary reward. A number of dopaminergic agents have been evaluated as treatments for neglect, but the results have been mixed, with no clear anatomical or cognitive predictors of dopaminergic responsiveness. Given that the effects of incentive motivation are mediated by dopaminergic pathways that are variably damaged in stroke, we tested the hypothesis that the modulatory influences of reward and dopaminergic drugs on neglect are themselves related. We employed a single-dose, double-blind, crossover design to compare the effects of Co-careldopa and placebo on a modified visual cancellation task in patients with neglect secondary to right hemisphere stroke. Whilst confirming that reward improved visual search in this group, we showed that dopaminergic stimulation only enhances visual search in the absence of reward. When patients were divided into REWARD-RESPONDERs and REWARD-NON-RESPONDERs, we found an interaction, such that only REWARD-NON-RESPONDERs showed a positive response to reward after receiving Co-careldopa, whereas REWARD-RESPONDERs were not influenced by drug. At a neuroanatomical level, responsiveness to incentive motivation was most associated with intact dorsal striatum. These findings suggest that dopaminergic modulation of neglect follows an 'inverted U' function, is dependent on integrity of the reward system, and can be measured as a behavioural response to anticipated reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korina Li
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Paul Bentley
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ajoy Nair
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Omid Halse
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gareth Barker
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Russell
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - David Soto
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Paresh A Malhotra
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.
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Fortenbaugh FC, DeGutis J, Esterman M. Recent theoretical, neural, and clinical advances in sustained attention research. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1396:70-91. [PMID: 28260249 PMCID: PMC5522184 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Models of attention often distinguish among attention subtypes, with classic models separating orienting, switching, and sustaining functions. Compared with other forms of attention, the neurophysiological basis of sustaining attention has received far less notice, yet it is known that momentary failures of sustained attention can have far-ranging negative effects in healthy individuals, and lasting sustained attention deficits are pervasive in clinical populations. In recent years, however, there has been increased interest in characterizing moment-to-moment fluctuations in sustained attention, in addition to the overall vigilance decrement, and understanding how these neurocognitive systems change over the life span and across various clinical populations. The use of novel neuroimaging paradigms and statistical approaches has allowed for better characterization of the neural networks supporting sustained attention and has highlighted dynamic interactions within and across multiple distributed networks that predict behavioral performance. These advances have also provided potential biomarkers to identify individuals with sustained attention deficits. These findings have led to new theoretical models explaining why sustaining focused attention is a challenge for individuals and form the basis for the next generation of sustained attention research, which seeks to accurately diagnose and develop theoretically driven treatments for sustained attention deficits that affect a variety of clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca C. Fortenbaugh
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center, VA Boston Healthcare System
- Boston Attention & Learning Laboratory, VA Boston Healthcare System
- Geriatric Research, Education, & Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
| | - Joseph DeGutis
- Boston Attention & Learning Laboratory, VA Boston Healthcare System
- Geriatric Research, Education, & Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
| | - Michael Esterman
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center, VA Boston Healthcare System
- Boston Attention & Learning Laboratory, VA Boston Healthcare System
- Geriatric Research, Education, & Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine
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Bourgeois A, Chelazzi L, Vuilleumier P. How motivation and reward learning modulate selective attention. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 229:325-342. [PMID: 27926446 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Motivational stimuli such as rewards elicit adaptive responses and influence various cognitive functions. Notably, increasing evidence suggests that stimuli with particular motivational values can strongly shape perception and attention. These effects resemble both selective top-down and stimulus-driven attentional orienting, as they depend on internal states but arise without conscious will, yet they seem to reflect attentional systems that are functionally and anatomically distinct from those classically associated with frontoparietal cortical networks in the brain. Recent research in human and nonhuman primates has begun to reveal how reward can bias attentional selection, and where within the cognitive system the signals providing attentional priority are generated. This review aims at describing the different mechanisms sustaining motivational attention, their impact on different behavioral tasks, and current knowledge concerning the neural networks governing the integration of motivational influences on attentional behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bourgeois
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - L Chelazzi
- University of Verona, Verona, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience, Verona, Italy
| | - P Vuilleumier
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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