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Mei SY, Zhang N, Wang MJ, Lv PR, Liu Q. Microglial purinergic signaling in Alzheimer's disease. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10029-8. [PMID: 38910192 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease. The prevalent features of AD pathogenesis are the appearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which cause microglial activation, synaptic deficiency, and neuronal loss. Microglia accompanies AD pathological processes and is also linked to cognitive deficits. Purinergic signaling has been shown to play a complex and tight interplay with the chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and production of pro-inflammatory factors in microglia, which is an important mechanism for regulating microglia activation. Here, we review recent evidence for interactions between AD, microglia, and purinergic signaling and find that the purinergic P2 receptors pertinently expressed on microglia are the ionotropic receptors P2X4 and P2X7, and the subtypes of P2YRs expressed by microglia are metabotropic receptors P2Y2, P2Y6, P2Y12, and P2Y13. The adenosine P1 receptors expressed in microglia include A1R, A2AR, and A2BR. Among them, the activation of P2X4, P2X7, and adenosine A1, A2A receptors expressed in microglia can aggravate the pathological process of AD, whereas P2Y2, P2Y6, P2Y12, and P2Y13 receptors expressed by microglia can induce neuroprotective effects. However, A1R activation also has a strong neuroprotective effect and has a significant anti-inflammatory effect in chronic neuroinflammation. These receptors regulate a variety of pathophysiological processes in AD, including APP processing, Aβ production, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This review also provides key pharmacological advances in purinergic signaling receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ya Mei
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Jing Wang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Ran Lv
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China.
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Alkubaisi BO, Aljobowry R, Ali SM, Sultan S, Zaraei SO, Ravi A, Al-Tel TH, El-Gamal MI. The latest perspectives of small molecules FMS kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115796. [PMID: 37708796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
FMS kinase is a type III tyrosine kinase receptor that plays a central role in the pathophysiology and management of several diseases, including a range of cancer types, inflammatory disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and bone disorders among others. In this review, the pathophysiological pathways of FMS kinase in different diseases and the recent developments of its monoclonal antibodies and inhibitors during the last five years are discussed. The biological and biochemical features of these inhibitors, including binding interactions, structure-activity relationships (SAR), selectivity, and potencies are discussed. The focus of this article is on the compounds that are promising leads and undergoing advanced clinical investigations, as well as on those that received FDA approval. In this article, we attempt to classify the reviewed FMS inhibitors according to their core chemical structure including pyridine, pyrrolopyridine, pyrazolopyridine, quinoline, and pyrimidine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal O Alkubaisi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Raya Aljobowry
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salma M Ali
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sara Sultan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Seyed-Omar Zaraei
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anil Ravi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Taleb H Al-Tel
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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3
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Altomonte S, Pike VW. Candidate Tracers for Imaging Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor in Neuroinflammation with Positron Emission Tomography: Issues and Progress. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1632-1650. [PMID: 37974622 PMCID: PMC10644394 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), has attracted attention as a potential biomarker of neuroinflammation for imaging studies with positron emission tomography (PET), especially because of its location on microglia and its role in microglia proliferation. The development of an effective radiotracer for specifically imaging and quantifying brain CSF1R is highly challenging. Here we review the progress that has been made on PET tracer development and discuss issues that have arisen and which remain to be addressed and resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Altomonte
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes
of Health, Building 10,
B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Victor W. Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes
of Health, Building 10,
B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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4
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Ly M, Yu GZ, Mian A, Cramer A, Meysami S, Merrill DA, Samara A, Eisenstein SA, Hershey T, Babulal GM, Lenze EJ, Morris JC, Benzinger TLS, Raji CA. Neuroinflammation: A Modifiable Pathway Linking Obesity, Alzheimer's disease, and Depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2023; 31:853-866. [PMID: 37365110 PMCID: PMC10528955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, depression and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are three major interrelated modern health conditions with complex relationships. Early-life depression may serve as a risk factor for AD, while late-life depression may be a prodrome of AD. Depression affects approximately 23% of obese individuals, and depression itself raises the risk of obesity by 37%. Mid-life obesity independently increases AD risk, while late-life obesity, particularly metabolically healthy obesity, may offer protection against AD pathology. Chronic inflammation serves as a key mechanism linking obesity, AD, and depression, encompassing systemic inflammation from metabolic disturbances, immune dysregulation through the gut microbiome, and direct interactions with amyloid pathology and neuroinflammation. In this review, we explore the biological mechanisms of neuroinflammation in relation to obesity, AD, and depression. We assess the efficacy of therapeutic interventions targeting neuroinflammation and discuss current and future radiological imaging initiatives for studying neuroinflammation. By comprehending the intricate interplay among depression, obesity, and AD, especially the role of neuroinflammation, we can advance our understanding and develop innovative strategies for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ly
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Gary Z Yu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ali Mian
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Somayeh Meysami
- Pacific Brain Health Center, Pacific Neuroscience Institute Foundation, Santa Monica, CA; Department of Translational Neurosciences, Saint John's Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA
| | - David A Merrill
- Pacific Brain Health Center, Pacific Neuroscience Institute Foundation, Santa Monica, CA; Department of Translational Neurosciences, Saint John's Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA
| | - Amjad Samara
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Sarah A Eisenstein
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Tamara Hershey
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ganesh M Babulal
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Eric J Lenze
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO; Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Cyrus A Raji
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO; Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.
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Boyle AJ, Murrell E, Tong J, Schifani C, Narvaez A, Wuest M, West F, Wuest F, Vasdev N. PET Imaging of Fructose Metabolism in a Rodent Model of Neuroinflammation with 6-[ 18F]fluoro-6-deoxy-D-fructose. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238529. [PMID: 36500626 PMCID: PMC9736258 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine-18 labeled 6-fluoro-6-deoxy-D-fructose (6-[18F]FDF) targets the fructose-preferred facilitative hexose transporter GLUT5, which is expressed predominantly in brain microglia and activated in response to inflammatory stimuli. We hypothesize that 6-[18F]FDF will specifically image microglia following neuroinflammatory insult. 6-[18F]FDF and, for comparison, [18F]FDG were evaluated in unilateral intra-striatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected male and female rats (50 µg/animal) by longitudinal dynamic PET imaging in vivo. In LPS-injected rats, increased accumulation of 6-[18F]FDF was observed at 48 h post-LPS injection, with plateaued uptake (60-120 min) that was significantly higher in the ipsilateral vs. contralateral striatum (0.985 ± 0.047 and 0.819 ± 0.033 SUV, respectively; p = 0.002, n = 4M/3F). The ipsilateral-contralateral difference in striatal 6-[18F]FDF uptake expressed as binding potential (BPSRTM) peaked at 48 h (0.19 ± 0.11) and was significantly decreased at one and two weeks. In contrast, increased [18F]FDG uptake in the ipsilateral striatum was highest at one week post-LPS injection (BPSRTM = 0.25 ± 0.06, n = 4M). Iba-1 and GFAP immunohistochemistry confirmed LPS-induced activation of microglia and astrocytes, respectively, in ipsilateral striatum. This proof-of-concept study revealed an early response of 6-[18F]FDF to neuroinflammatory stimuli in rat brain. 6-[18F]FDF represents a potential PET radiotracer for imaging microglial GLUT5 density in brain with applications in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Boyle
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Correspondence: (A.J.B.); (N.V.); Tel.: +1-416-535-8501 (ext. 30884) (A.J.B.); +1-416-535-8501 (ext. 30988) (N.V.)
| | - Emily Murrell
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Junchao Tong
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Christin Schifani
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Andrea Narvaez
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N4, Canada
| | - Frederick West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N4, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N4, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Correspondence: (A.J.B.); (N.V.); Tel.: +1-416-535-8501 (ext. 30884) (A.J.B.); +1-416-535-8501 (ext. 30988) (N.V.)
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6
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Foss CA, Ordonez AA, Naik R, Das D, Hall A, Wu Y, Dannals RF, Jain SK, Pomper MG, Horti AG. PET/CT imaging of CSF1R in a mouse model of tuberculosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:4088-4096. [PMID: 35713665 PMCID: PMC9922090 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Macrophages represent an essential means of sequestration and immune evasion for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is characterized by dense collections of tissue-specific and recruited macrophages, both of which abundantly express CSF1R on their outer surface. 4-Cyano-N-(5-(1-(dimethylglycyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2',3',4',5'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)-1H-imidazole-2-carboxamide (JNJ-28312141) is a reported high affinity, CSF1R-selective antagonist. We report the radiosynthesis of 4-cyano-N-(5-(1-(N-methyl-N-([11C]methyl)glycyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2',3',4',5'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)-1H-imidazole-2-carboxamide ([11C]JNJ-28312141) and non-invasive detection of granulomatous and diffuse lesions in a mouse model of TB using positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS Nor-methyl-JNJ-28312141 precursor was radiolabeled with [11C]iodomethane to produce [11C]JNJ-28312141. PET/CT imaging was performed in the C3HeB/FeJ murine model of chronic pulmonary TB to co-localize radiotracer uptake with granulomatous lesions observed on CT. Additionally, CSF1R, Iba1 fluorescence immunohistochemistry was performed to co-localize CSF1R target with reactive macrophages in infected and healthy mice. RESULTS Radiosynthesis of [11C]JNJ-28312141 averaged a non-decay-corrected yield of 18.7 ± 2.1%, radiochemical purity of 99%, and specific activity averaging 658 ± 141 GBq/µmol at the end-of-synthesis. PET/CT imaging in healthy mice showed hepatobiliary [13.39-25.34% ID/g, percentage of injected dose per gram of tissue (ID/g)] and kidney uptake (12.35% ID/g) at 40-50 min post-injection. Infected mice showed focal pulmonary lesion uptake (5.58-12.49% ID/g), hepatobiliary uptake (15.30-40.50% ID/g), cervical node uptake, and renal uptake (11.66-29.33% ID/g). The ratio of infected lesioned lung/healthy lung uptake is 5.91:1, while the ratio of lesion uptake to adjacent infected radiolucent lung is 2.8:1. Pre-administration of 1 mg/kg of unlabeled JNJ-28312141 with [11C]JNJ-28312141 in infected animals resulted in substantial blockade. Fluorescence microscopy of infected and uninfected whole lung sections exclusively co-localized CSF1R staining with abundant Iba1 + macrophages. Healthy lung exhibited no CSF1R staining and very few Iba1 + macrophages. CONCLUSION [11C]JNJ-28312141 binds specifically to CSF1R + macrophages and delineates granulomatous foci of disease in a murine model of pulmonary TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Foss
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Alvaro A Ordonez
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ravi Naik
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deepankar Das
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Hall
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yunkou Wu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert F Dannals
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin G Pomper
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew G Horti
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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7
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Coughlin JM, Du Y, Lesniak WG, Harrington CK, Brosnan MK, O'Toole R, Zandi A, Sweeney SE, Abdallah R, Wu Y, Holt DP, Hall AW, Dannals RF, Solnes L, Horti AG, Pomper MG. First-in-human use of 11C-CPPC with positron emission tomography for imaging the macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor. EJNMMI Res 2022; 12:64. [PMID: 36175737 PMCID: PMC9522955 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-022-00929-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Study of the contribution of microglia to onset and course of several neuropsychiatric conditions is challenged by the fact that these resident immune cells often take on different phenotypes and functions outside the living brain. Imaging microglia with radiotracers developed for use with positron emission tomography (PET) allows researchers to study these cells in their native tissue microenvironment. However, many relevant microglial imaging targets such as the 18 kDa translocator protein are also expressed on non-microglial cells, which can complicate the interpretation of PET findings. 11C-CPPC was developed to image the macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, a target that is expressed largely by microglia relative to other cell types in the brain. Our prior work with 11C-CPPC demonstrated its high, specific uptake in brains of rodents and nonhuman primates with neuroinflammation, which supports the current first-in-human evaluation of its pharmacokinetic behavior in the brains of healthy individuals. METHODS Eight healthy nonsmoker adults completed a 90-min dynamic PET scan that began with bolus injection of 11C-CPPC. Arterial blood sampling was collected in order to generate a metabolite-corrected arterial input function. Tissue time-activity curves (TACs) were generated using regions of interest identified from co-registered magnetic resonance imaging data. One- and two-tissue compartmental models (1TCM and 2TCM) as well as Logan graphical analysis were compared. RESULTS Cortical and subcortical tissue TACs peaked by 37.5 min post-injection of 11C-CPPC and then declined. The 1TCM was preferred. Total distribution volume (VT) values computed from 1TCM aligned well with those from Logan graphical analysis (t* = 30), with VT values relatively high in thalamus, striatum, and most cortical regions, and with relatively lower VT in hippocampus, total white matter, and cerebellar cortex. CONCLUSION Our results extend support for the use of 11C-CPPC with PET to study microglia in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Coughlin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yong Du
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wojciech G Lesniak
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Courtney K Harrington
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary Katherine Brosnan
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Riley O'Toole
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adeline Zandi
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shannon Eileen Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rehab Abdallah
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yunkou Wu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel P Holt
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew W Hall
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert F Dannals
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lilja Solnes
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew G Horti
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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8
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Huang J. Novel brain PET imaging agents: Strategies for imaging neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1010946. [PMID: 36211392 PMCID: PMC9537554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1010946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease with a concealed onset and continuous deterioration. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the prodromal stage of AD. Molecule-based imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) is critical in tracking pathophysiological changes among AD and MCI patients. PET with novel targets is a promising approach for diagnostic imaging, particularly in AD patients. Our present review overviews the current status and applications of in vivo molecular imaging toward neuroinflammation. Although radiotracers can remarkably diagnose AD and MCI patients, a variety of limitations prevent the recommendation of a single technique. Recent studies examining neuroinflammation PET imaging suggest an alternative approach to evaluate disease progression. This review concludes that PET imaging towards neuroinflammation is considered a promising approach to deciphering the enigma of the pathophysiological process of AD and MCI.
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9
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Huang G, Lu X, Qiu Y, Bi L, Ye P, Yang M, Shen Y, Jin H, Han J. Hetero-aryl bromide precursor fluorine-18 radiosynthesis and preclinical evaluation of a novel positron emission tomography (PET) tracer [ 18F]GSK1482160. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 73:116996. [PMID: 36126443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), an ATP gated ion channel, is an important therapeutic target for various inflammatory immune and neurodegenerative diseases. A novel P2X7R targeting radiotracer GSK1482160 was radiosynthesized by hetero-aryl bromides precursor 10 with [18F]Et4NF, 20-30 % radiochemical yield, > 68 GBq/μmol specific activity, >98 % radiochemical purity. Evaluation in healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats revealed that [18F]GSK1482160 ([18F]11) was stably retained 87.81 %, 72.45 %, and 56.32 % in brain, blood and liver respectively 60-min post-injection. Ex-vivo biodistribution of [18F]11 proved that it was able to target the P2X7R in vivo and there was no defluorination in the major organs. PET/MRI imaging and autoradiography revealed that [18F]11 was able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and to be a promising P2X7R PET radioligand for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolong Huang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Xietu Road 2094, Shanghai 200032, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Xiaolei Lu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Xietu Road 2094, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yifan Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Lei Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Peizhen Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Min Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Yanfang Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Hongjun Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Junbin Han
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Xietu Road 2094, Shanghai 200032, China.
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10
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Glial Cell-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810572. [PMID: 36142483 PMCID: PMC9502483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder; it is the most common cause of dementia and has no treatment. It is characterized by two pathological hallmarks, the extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) and the intraneuronal deposits of Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Yet, those two hallmarks do not explain the full pathology seen with AD, suggesting the involvement of other mechanisms. Neuroinflammation could offer another explanation for the progression of the disease. This review provides an overview of recent advances on the role of the immune cells’ microglia and astrocytes in neuroinflammation. In AD, microglia and astrocytes become reactive by several mechanisms leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines that cause further neuronal damage. We then provide updates on neuroinflammation diagnostic markers and investigational therapeutics currently in clinical trials to target neuroinflammation.
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11
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Lee H, Park JH, Kim H, Woo SK, Choi JY, Lee KH, Choe YS. Synthesis and Evaluation of a 18F-Labeled Ligand for PET Imaging of Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030276. [PMID: 35337075 PMCID: PMC8954204 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation involves activation of glial cells in the brain, and activated microglia play a particularly important role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this study, we developed 5-cyano-N-(4-(4-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)furan-2-carboxamide ([18F]1) for PET imaging of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), an emerging target for neuroinflammation imaging. Non-radioactive ligand 1 exhibited binding affinity comparable to that of a known CSF1R inhibitor, 5-cyano-N-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)furan-2-carboxamide (CPPC). Therefore, we synthesized radioligand [18F]1 by radiofluorination of chlorine-substituted precursor 7 in 13–15% decay-corrected radiochemical yield. Dynamic PET/CT images showed higher uptake in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mouse brain than in control mouse brain. Ex vivo biodistribution study conducted at 45 min after radioligand injection showed that the brain uptake in LPS mice increased by 78% compared to that of control mice and was inhibited by 22% in LPS mice pretreated with CPPC, indicating specificity of [18F]1 for CSF1R. A metabolism study demonstrated that the radioligand underwent little metabolism in the mouse brain. Taken together, these results suggest that [18F]1 may hold promise as a radioligand for CSF1R imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeokjin Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-H.P.); (H.K.); (J.Y.C.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Ji-Hun Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-H.P.); (H.K.); (J.Y.C.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-H.P.); (H.K.); (J.Y.C.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Sang-keun Woo
- Division of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea;
| | - Joon Young Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-H.P.); (H.K.); (J.Y.C.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Kyung-Han Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-H.P.); (H.K.); (J.Y.C.); (K.-H.L.)
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Korea
| | - Yearn Seong Choe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-H.P.); (H.K.); (J.Y.C.); (K.-H.L.)
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Korea
- Correspondence:
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12
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Yamamoto Y, Tago T, Toyohara J, Saito Y, Yamamoto F. Radiosynthesis and in Vivo and ex Vivo Evaluation of Isomeric [ 11C]methoxy Analogs of Nimesulide as Brain Cyclooxygenase-2-Targeted Imaging Agents. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:94-103. [PMID: 34980783 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies identified that nimesulide analogs which bear a methoxy substituent at the para-position of the phenyl ring could be potential radiotracer candidates for detecting disorders related to cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and activity in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) in the brain. The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vivo characteristics of 11C-labeled para-methoxy nimesulide ([11C]1d) as a brain COX-2-targeted imaging agent compared to other isomeric methoxy analogs of nimesulide ([11C]1b and [11C]1c). [11C]1b-d were synthesized with reasonable yield and purity by the methylation of the O-desmethyl precursor with [11C]methyl triflate in the presence of NaOH at room temperature. We performed in vivo biodistribution analysis, brain PET imaging, ex vivo autoradiography, and metabolite analysis in mice. The uptake of [11C]1b-d was lower in the brain than in other tissues, including in the blood, and both [11C]1c and [11C]1d were rapidly metabolized. However, [11C]1d showed a small, but significant, specific signal and heterogeneous distribution in the brain. In vivo evaluation suggested that [11C]1d might correlate with COX-2 expression in the brain. Given its instability in vivo, [11C]1d seems unsuitable as a brain-COX-2 radioimaging agent. Further structural refinement of these radiotracers is necessary to enhance their uptake in the brain and to achieve sufficient metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University.,Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
| | - Tetsuro Tago
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
| | - Jun Toyohara
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
| | - Yohei Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Fumihiko Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
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13
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Ni R. Positron Emission Tomography in Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease Amyloidosis: Translational Implications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1179. [PMID: 34832961 PMCID: PMC8623863 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis that recapitulate cerebral amyloid-beta pathology have been widely used in preclinical research and have greatly enabled the mechanistic understanding of Alzheimer's disease and the development of therapeutics. Comprehensive deep phenotyping of the pathophysiological and biochemical features in these animal models is essential. Recent advances in positron emission tomography have allowed the non-invasive visualization of the alterations in the brain of animal models and in patients with Alzheimer's disease. These tools have facilitated our understanding of disease mechanisms and provided longitudinal monitoring of treatment effects in animal models of Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis. In this review, we focus on recent positron emission tomography studies of cerebral amyloid-beta accumulation, hypoglucose metabolism, synaptic and neurotransmitter receptor deficits (cholinergic and glutamatergic system), blood-brain barrier impairment, and neuroinflammation (microgliosis and astrocytosis) in animal models of Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis. We further propose the emerging targets and tracers for reflecting the pathophysiological changes and discuss outstanding challenges in disease animal models and future outlook in the on-chip characterization of imaging biomarkers towards clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH & University of Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Wimberley C, Buvat I, Boutin H. Imaging translocator protein expression with positron emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:74-76. [PMID: 34729627 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Wimberley
- Edinburgh Imaging QMRI, BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH14 4SB, UK
| | - Irene Buvat
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm, U1288 LITO, Orsay, France
| | - Hervé Boutin
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Brain and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. .,Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 3LJ, UK. .,Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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15
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Zhou R, Ji B, Kong Y, Qin L, Ren W, Guan Y, Ni R. PET Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:739130. [PMID: 34603323 PMCID: PMC8481830 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.739130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation play an important role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Advances in molecular imaging using positron emission tomography have provided insights into the time course of neuroinflammation and its relation with Alzheimer's disease central pathologies in patients and in animal disease models. Recent single-cell sequencing and transcriptomics indicate dynamic disease-associated microglia and astrocyte profiles in Alzheimer's disease. Mitochondrial 18-kDa translocator protein is the most widely investigated target for neuroinflammation imaging. New generation of translocator protein tracers with improved performance have been developed and evaluated along with tau and amyloid imaging for assessing the disease progression in Alzheimer's disease continuum. Given that translocator protein is not exclusively expressed in glia, alternative targets are under rapid development, such as monoamine oxidase B, matrix metalloproteinases, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, imidazoline-2 binding sites, cyclooxygenase, cannabinoid-2 receptor, purinergic P2X7 receptor, P2Y12 receptor, the fractalkine receptor, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2, and receptor for advanced glycation end products. Promising targets should demonstrate a higher specificity for cellular locations with exclusive expression in microglia or astrocyte and activation status (pro- or anti-inflammatory) with highly specific ligand to enable in vivo brain imaging. In this review, we summarised recent advances in the development of neuroinflammation imaging tracers and provided an outlook for promising targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Radiopharmacy and Molecular Imaging, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Kong
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Limei Qin
- Inner Mongolia Baicaotang Qin Chinese Mongolia Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Wuwei Ren
- School of Information Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Wu KM, Zhang YR, Huang YY, Dong Q, Tan L, Yu JT. The role of the immune system in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101409. [PMID: 34273589 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder where the accumulation of amyloid plaques and the formation of tau tangles are the prominent pathological hallmarks. Increasing preclinical and clinical studies have revealed that different components of the immune system may act as important contributors to AD etiology and pathogenesis. The recognition of misfolded Aβ and tau by immune cells can trigger a series of complex immune responses in AD, and then lead to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In parallel, genome-wide association studies have also identified several immune related loci associated with increased - risk of AD by interfering with the function of immune cells. Other immune related factors, such as impaired immunometabolism, defective meningeal lymphatic vessels and autoimmunity might also be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Here, we review the data showing the alterations of immune cells in the AD trajectory and seek to demonstrate the crosstalk between the immune cell dysfunction and AD pathology. We then discuss the most relevant research findings in regards to the influences of gene susceptibility of immune cells for AD. We also consider impaired meningeal lymphatics, immunometabolism and autoimmune mechanisms in AD. In addition, immune related biomarkers and immunotherapies for AD are also mentioned in order to offer novel insights for future research.
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17
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Knight AC, Varlow C, Zi T, Liang SH, Josephson L, Schmidt K, Patel S, Vasdev N. In Vitro Evaluation of [ 3H]CPPC as a Tool Radioligand for CSF-1R. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:998-1006. [PMID: 33667059 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play a role in several central nervous system (CNS) diseases and are a highly sought target for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and therapeutic intervention. 5-Cyano-N-(4-(4-[11C]methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)furan-2-carboxamide ([11C]CPPC) is a radiopharmaceutical designed to selectively target microglia via macrophage colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) in the CNS. Herein, we report the first preclinical evaluation of [3H]CPPC using radioligand binding methods for the evaluation of putative CSF-1R inhibitors in rodent models of neuroinflammation. The distribution of [3H]CPPC by autoradiography did not align with 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) distribution using [3H]PBR28 and IBA-1 staining for microglia. In the CNS, [3H]CPPC had considerable nonspecific binding, as indicated by a low displacement of the tritiated ligand by unlabeled CPPC and the known CSF1R inhibitors BLZ-945 and PLX3397. Spleen was identified as a tissue that provided an adequate signal-to-noise ratio to enable screening with [3H]CPPC and a library of 20 novel PLX3397 derivatives. However, unlabeled CPPC lacked selectivity and showed off-target binding to a substantial number of kinase targets (204 out of 403 tested) at a concentration relevant to in vitro radioligand binding assays (10 μM). These findings suggest that, while [3H]CPPC may have utility as a radioligand tool for the evaluation of peripheral targets and screening of CSF-1R inhibitors, it may have limited utility as an in vivo CNS imaging probe on the basis of the current evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C. Knight
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Cassis Varlow
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tong Zi
- Codiak Biosciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- MedChem Imaging, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Karl Schmidt
- Codiak Biosciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Shil Patel
- Codiak Biosciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- MedChem Imaging, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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18
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Lee HJ, Lee EC, Seo S, Ko KP, Kang JM, Kim WR, Seo HE, Lee SY, Lee YB, Park KH, Yeon BK, Okamura N, Na DL, Seong JK, Noh Y. Identification of Heterogeneous Subtypes of Mild Cognitive Impairment Using Cluster Analyses Based on PET Imaging of Tau and Astrogliosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:615467. [PMID: 33584247 PMCID: PMC7874013 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.615467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition with diverse causes and clinical outcomes that can be categorized into subtypes. [18F]THK5351 has been known to detect reactive astrogliosis as well as tau which is accompanied by neurodegenerative changes. Here, we identified heterogeneous groups of MCI patients using THK retention patterns and a graph theory approach, allowing for the comparison of risk of progression to dementia in these MCI subgroups. Methods: Ninety-seven participants including 60 MCI patients and individuals with normal cognition (NC, n = 37) were included and undertook 3T MRI, [18F]THK5351 PET, and detailed neuropsychological tests. [18F]Flutemetamol PET was also performed in 62 participants. We calculated similarities between MCI patients using their regional standardized uptake value ratio of THK retention in 75 ROIs, and clustered subjects with similar retention patterns using the Louvain method based on the modularity of the graph. The clusters of patients identified were compared with an age-matched control group using a general linear model. Dementia conversion was evaluated after a median follow-up duration of 34.6 months. Results: MCI patients were categorized into four groups according to their THK retention patterns: (1) limbic type; (2) diffuse type; (3) sparse type; and (4) AD type (retention pattern as in AD). Subjects of the limbic type were characterized by older age, small hippocampal volumes, and reduced verbal memory and frontal/executive functions. Patients of the diffuse type had relatively large vascular burden, reduced memory capacity and some frontal/executive functions. Co-morbidity and mortality were more frequent in this subgroup. Subjects of the sparse type were younger and declined only in terms of visual memory and attention. No individuals in this subgroup converted to dementia. Patients in the AD type group exhibited the poorest cognitive function. They also had the smallest hippocampal volumes and the highest risk of progression to dementia (90.9%). Conclusion: Using cluster analyses with [18F]THK5351 retention patterns, it is possible to identify clinically-distinct subgroups of MCI patients and those at greater risk of progression to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jeong Lee
- Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Chong Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongho Seo
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Pil Ko
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jae Myeong Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Woo-Ram Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ha-Eun Seo
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Yoon Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yeong-Bae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Kee Hyung Park
- Department of Neurology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Byeong Kil Yeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Nobuyuki Okamura
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon-Kyung Seong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Noh
- Department of Neurology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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19
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Covington MF, Schwarz SW, Hoffman JM. The Regulatory Process for Imaging Agents and Devices. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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20
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Solnes LB, Jacobs AH, Coughlin JM, Du Y, Goel R, Hammoud DA, Pomper MG. Central Nervous System Molecular Imaging. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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21
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Galgani A, Lombardo F, Della Latta D, Martini N, Bonuccelli U, Fornai F, Giorgi FS. Locus Coeruleus Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neurological Diseases. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2020; 21:2. [PMID: 33313963 PMCID: PMC7732795 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-020-01087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Locus coeruleus (LC) is the main noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, and its degeneration is considered to be key in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In the last 15 years,MRI has been used to assess LC in vivo, both in healthy subjects and in patients suffering from neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the main findings of LC-MRI studies, interpreting them in light of preclinical and histopathological data, and discussing its potential role as diagnostic and experimental tool. RECENT FINDINGS LC-MRI findings were largely in agreement with neuropathological evidences; LC signal showed to be not significantly affected during normal aging and to correlate with cognitive performances. On the contrary, a marked reduction of LC signal was observed in patients suffering from neurodegenerative disorders, with specific features. LC-MRI is a promising tool, which may be used in the future to explore LC pathophysiology as well as an early biomarker for degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Lombardo
- U.O.C. "Risonanza Magnetica Specialistica e Neuroradiologia", Fondazione "G. Monasterio"- National Research Council/Tuscany Region, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Della Latta
- Deep Health Unit, Fondazione "G. Monasterio"- National Research Council/Tuscany Region, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Martini
- Deep Health Unit, Fondazione "G. Monasterio"- National Research Council/Tuscany Region, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Filippo Sean Giorgi
- Neurology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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22
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Benn CL, Dawson LA. Clinically Precedented Protein Kinases: Rationale for Their Use in Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:242. [PMID: 33117143 PMCID: PMC7494159 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinases are an intensively studied drug target class in current pharmacological research as evidenced by the large number of kinase inhibitors being assessed in clinical trials. Kinase-targeted therapies have potential for treatment of a broad array of indications including central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In addition to the many variables which contribute to identification of a successful therapeutic molecule, drug discovery for CNS-related disorders also requires significant consideration of access to the target organ and specifically crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To date, only a small number of kinase inhibitors have been reported that are specifically designed to be BBB permeable, which nonetheless demonstrates the potential for success. This review considers the potential for kinase inhibitors in the context of unmet medical need for neurodegenerative disease. A subset of kinases that have been the focus of clinical investigations over a 10-year period have been identified and discussed individually. For each kinase target, the data underpinning the validity of each in the context of neurodegenerative disease is critically evaluated. Selected molecules for each kinase are identified with information on modality, binding site and CNS penetrance, if known. Current clinical development in neurodegenerative disease are summarized. Collectively, the review indicates that kinase targets with sufficient rationale warrant careful design approaches with an emphasis on improving brain penetrance and selectivity.
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23
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Harms AS, Kordower JH, Sette A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Sulzer D, Mach RH. Inflammation in Experimental Models of α-Synucleinopathies. Mov Disord 2020; 36:37-49. [PMID: 33009855 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has long been associated with central nervous system pathology in α-synucleinopathy disorders including Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. In the past decade, research-focused efforts in preclinical and experimental models have rallied around this idea, and considerable effort has been made to delineate critical neuroinflammatory processes. In this article, we discuss challenges in preclinical research, notably the use of animal models to recapitulate and dissect disease phenotypes as well as the need for more sensitive, reliable radiotracers to detect on-target efficacy of immunomodulatory treatments in both human Parkinson's disease as well as preclinical models. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Harms
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Zheng QH. Radioligands targeting purinergic P2X7 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Damuka N, Czoty PW, Davis AT, Nader MA, Nader SH, Craft S, Macauley SL, Galbo LK, Epperly PM, Whitlow CT, Davenport AT, Martin TJ, Daunais JB, Mintz A, Solingapuram Sai KK. PET Imaging of [ 11C]MPC-6827, a Microtubule-Based Radiotracer in Non-Human Primate Brains. Molecules 2020; 25:E2289. [PMID: 32414052 PMCID: PMC7287733 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of microtubules is commonly associated with several psychiatric and neurological disorders, including addiction and Alzheimer's disease. Imaging of microtubules in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) could provide valuable information on their role in the development of disease pathogenesis and aid in improving therapeutic regimens. We developed [11C]MPC-6827, the first brain-penetrating PET radiotracer to image microtubules in vivo in the mouse brain. The aim of the present study was to assess the reproducibility of [11C]MPC-6827 PET imaging in non-human primate brains. Two dynamic 0-120 min PET/CT imaging scans were performed in each of four healthy male cynomolgus monkeys approximately one week apart. Time activity curves (TACs) and standard uptake values (SUVs) were determined for whole brains and specific regions of the brains and compared between the "test" and "retest" data. [11C]MPC-6827 showed excellent brain uptake with good pharmacokinetics in non-human primate brains, with significant correlation between the test and retest scan data (r = 0.77, p = 0.023). These initial evaluations demonstrate the high translational potential of [11C]MPC-6827 to image microtubules in the brain in vivo in monkey models of neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Damuka
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (N.D.); (A.T.D.); (M.A.N.); (C.T.W.)
| | - Paul W. Czoty
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (P.W.C.); (S.H.N.); (L.K.G.); (P.M.E.); (A.T.D.); (J.B.D.)
| | - Ashley T. Davis
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (N.D.); (A.T.D.); (M.A.N.); (C.T.W.)
| | - Michael A. Nader
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (N.D.); (A.T.D.); (M.A.N.); (C.T.W.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (P.W.C.); (S.H.N.); (L.K.G.); (P.M.E.); (A.T.D.); (J.B.D.)
| | - Susan H. Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (P.W.C.); (S.H.N.); (L.K.G.); (P.M.E.); (A.T.D.); (J.B.D.)
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (S.C.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Shannon L. Macauley
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (S.C.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Lindsey K. Galbo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (P.W.C.); (S.H.N.); (L.K.G.); (P.M.E.); (A.T.D.); (J.B.D.)
| | - Phillip M. Epperly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (P.W.C.); (S.H.N.); (L.K.G.); (P.M.E.); (A.T.D.); (J.B.D.)
| | - Christopher T. Whitlow
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (N.D.); (A.T.D.); (M.A.N.); (C.T.W.)
| | - April T. Davenport
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (P.W.C.); (S.H.N.); (L.K.G.); (P.M.E.); (A.T.D.); (J.B.D.)
| | - Thomas J. Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - James B. Daunais
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (P.W.C.); (S.H.N.); (L.K.G.); (P.M.E.); (A.T.D.); (J.B.D.)
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Kiran Kumar Solingapuram Sai
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (N.D.); (A.T.D.); (M.A.N.); (C.T.W.)
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Kaneta T. PET and SPECT imaging of the brain: a review on the current status of nuclear medicine in Japan. Jpn J Radiol 2020; 38:343-357. [DOI: 10.1007/s11604-019-00901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Zhang WJ, Zhu ZM, Liu ZX. The role and pharmacological properties of the P2X7 receptor in neuropathic pain. Brain Res Bull 2020; 155:19-28. [PMID: 31778766 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic Pain (NPP) is caused by direct or indirect damage to the nervous system and is a common symptom of many diseases. Clinically, drugs are usually used to suppress pain, such as (lidocaine, morphine, etc.), but the effect is short-lived, poor analgesia, and there are certain dependence and side effects. Therefore, the investigation of the treatment of NPP has become an urgent problem in medical, attracting a lot of research attention. P2X7 is dependent on Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ion channel receptors and has dual functions for the development of nerve damage and pain. In this review, we explored the link between the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) and NPP, providing insight into the P2X7R and NPP, discussing the pathological mechanism of P2 X7R in NPP and the biological characteristics of P2X7R antagonist inhibiting its over-expression for the targeted therapy of NPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Zhang
- The Second Affiliate Hospital. Nanchang University, Nanchang City. Jiangxi Province, China; Basic Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zheng-Ming Zhu
- The Second Affiliate Hospital. Nanchang University, Nanchang City. Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Zeng-Xu Liu
- Basic Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
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Gelin CF, Bhattacharya A, Letavic MA. P2X7 receptor antagonists for the treatment of systemic inflammatory disorders. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 59:63-99. [PMID: 32362329 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 has continued to be a target of immense interest since it is implicated in several peripheral and central nervous system disorders that result from inflammation. This review primarily describes new P2X7 receptor antagonists that have been investigated and disclosed in patent applications or primary literature since 2015. While a crystal structure of the receptor to aid in the design of novel chemical structures remains elusive, many of the chemotypes that have been disclosed contain similarities, with an amide motif present in all series that have been explored to date. Several of the recent antagonists described are brain penetrant, and two compounds are currently in clinical trials for CNS indications. Additionally, brain penetrant PET ligands have been developed that aid in measuring target engagement and these ligands can potentially be used as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine F Gelin
- Discovery Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Anindya Bhattacharya
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michael A Letavic
- Discovery Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, United States
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Zhang WJ, Hu CG, Zhu ZM, Luo HL. Effect of P2X7 receptor on tumorigenesis and its pharmacological properties. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109844. [PMID: 32004973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and development of tumors is a multi-factor, multi-step, multi-gene pathological process, and its treatment has been the most difficult problem in the field of medicine today. Therefore, exploring the relevant factors involved in the pathogenesis of tumors, improving the diagnostic rate, treatment rate, and prognosis survival rate of tumors have become an urgent problem to be solved. A large number of studies have shown that the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) and the tumor microenvironment play an important role in regulating the growth, apoptosis, migration and invasion of tumor cells. P2X7R is an ATP ligand-gated cationic channel receptor, which exists in most tissues of the human body. The main function of P2X7R is to regulate the relevant cells (such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and glial cells) to release damaging factors and induce apoptosis and cell death. In recent years, with continuous research and exploration of P2X7R, it has been found that P2X7R exists on the surface of most tumor cells and plays an important role in tumor pathogenesis. The activation of the P2X7R can open the ion channels on the tumor cell membrane (sodium ion, calcium ion influx and potassium ion outflow), trigger rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and changes in membrane fluidity, allow small molecule substances to enter the cell, activate enzymes and kinases in related signaling pathways in cells (such as PKA, PKC, ERK1/2, AKT, and JNK), thereby affecting the development of tumor cells, and can also indirectly affect the growth, apoptosis and migration of tumor cells through tumor microenvironment. At present, P2X7R has been widely recognized for its important role in tumorigenesis and development. In this paper, we give a comprehensive description of the structure and function of the P2X7R gene. We also clarified the concept of tumor microenvironment and its effect on tumors, discussed the relevant pathological mechanisms in the development of tumors, and revealed the intrinsic relationship between P2X7R and tumors. We explored the pharmacological properties of P2X7R antagonists or inhibitors in reducing its expression as targeted therapy for tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, 343000, China
| | - Ce-Gui Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, 343000, China
| | - Zheng-Ming Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, 343000, China
| | - Hong-Liang Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, 343000, China.
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The Molecular Effects of Ionizing Radiations on Brain Cells: Radiation Necrosis vs. Tumor Recurrence. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:diagnostics9040127. [PMID: 31554255 PMCID: PMC6963489 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9040127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is generally resistant to the effects of radiation, but higher doses, such as those related to radiation therapy, can cause both acute and long-term brain damage. The most important results is a decline in cognitive function that follows, in most cases, cerebral radionecrosis. The essence of radio-induced brain damage is multifactorial, being linked to total administered dose, dose per fraction, tumor volume, duration of irradiation and dependent on complex interactions between multiple brain cell types. Cognitive impairment has been described following brain radiotherapy, but the mechanisms leading to this adverse event remain mostly unknown. In the event of a brain tumor, on follow-up radiological imaging often cannot clearly distinguish between recurrence and necrosis, while, especially in patients that underwent radiation therapy (RT) post-surgery, positron emission tomography (PET) functional imaging, is able to differentiate tumors from reactive phenomena. More recently, efforts have been done to combine both morphological and functional data in a single exam and acquisition thanks to the co-registration of PET/MRI. The future of PET imaging to differentiate between radionecrosis and tumor recurrence could be represented by a third-generation PET tracer already used to reveal the spatial extent of brain inflammation. The aim of the following review is to analyze the effect of ionizing radiations on CNS with specific regard to effect of radiotherapy, focusing the attention on the mechanism underling the radionecrosis and the brain damage, and show the role of nuclear medicine techniques to distinguish necrosis from recurrence and to early detect of cognitive decline after treatment.
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