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Li Y, Xue Y, Peng Z, Wang F. Disappearing Cerebral Communicating Vessels in Embryonic Development-With a Case of Carotid-Vertebrobasilar Artery Anastomosis. J Craniofac Surg 2024:00001665-990000000-01328. [PMID: 38330400 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In early embryonic development, anastomoses between carotid and basilar arteries occur in the primitive trigeminal, primitive otic, primitive hypoglossal, and primitive proatlantal arteries, and these anastomoses gradually disappear as the embryo continues to develop. This article reported a case of vascular anastomosis occurring between the external carotid artery and vertebral artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University
| | - Yan Xue
- Weifang Municipal Government Hospital Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Zeyu Peng
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University
| | - Fei Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University
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Huang W, Zhang Y, Zhuang Y, Shi Y, Feng Y. An anatomical study of persistent trigeminal artery detected by computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography: proposal for a modified classification and a novel basilar artery grading system. Surg Radiol Anat 2023:10.1007/s00276-023-03164-1. [PMID: 37233779 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-023-03164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to investigate the anatomical characteristics of persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) detected by computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), propose a modified classification and a novel grading system for basilar artery (BA). METHODS Patients who underwent head CTA or MRA in our hospital between August 2014 and August 2022 were reviewed retrospectively. The prevalence, sex, and course of PTA were evaluated. PTA types were modified based on Weon's classification. Type I to IV were similar to those in Weon's classification except the presence of intermed fetal-type posterior cerebral artery (IF-PCA). Type V was the same as that in Weon's classification. Type VI included subtypes of VIa (concomitant IF-PCA based on type I to IV) and VIb (other variants). BA was assessed based on a scale of 0 to 5 compared with PTA's caliber (0, BA aplasia; 1 and 2, BA non-dominant; 3, equilibrium; 4 and 5, BA dominant). RESULTS A total of 57 patients (0.06%) with PTA, including 36 females and 21 males, were detected in 94,487 patients. Six patients (10.5%) were medial type and 51 patients (89.5%) were lateral type. Thirty-seven patients (64.9%) were type I, 1 (1.8%) as type II, 13 (22.8%) as type III, 3 (5.3%) as type IV, 1 (1.8%) as type V, and 2 (3.5%) as type VI. For BA grading, 4 (7.0%), 21 (36.8%), 17 (29.8%), 6 (10.5%), 6 (10.5%), and 3 (5.3%) of the patients were grade 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Fifteen patients (26.3%) had intracranial aneurysms. One cases (1.8%) had a fenestration of the PTA. CONCLUSION The prevalence of PTA in our study was lower than that in most previous reports. The modified PTA classification and BA grading system can be used to better understand the vascular structure of PTA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging, the Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, the Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingying Zhuang
- Department of Medical Imaging, the Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuzhen Shi
- Department of Medical Imaging, the Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Department of Medical Imaging, the Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China.
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Llopis G, Quinones S, Konschake M, Simon De Blas C, Hernández LM, Abramovic A, Viñuela-Prieto JM, Sanudo J, Tubbs RS, Maranillo E. ATHEROMATOSIS OF THE BRAIN-SUPPLYING ARTERIES: CIRCLE OF WILLIS, BASILAR, VERTEBRAL AND THEIR BRANCHES. Ann Anat 2022; 243:151941. [PMID: 35378255 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.151941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Atherosclerotic plaques in the brain-supplying arteries are slowly-developing alterations of vascular structures that can lead to neurological impairment due to stenosis and insufficient oxygenation of eloquent brain areas. The aim of this study is to provide detailed demographic information related to the incidence of atherosclerotic plaques in the cerebral arteries. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-eight circles of Willis (21 men, 21 women, mean age: 70.26, six samples unknown) were macroscopically analyzed for length, diameter, and presence of atherosclerotic plaques. Statistical analysis was used to identify potential differences in the locations and frequencies of atherosclerotic plaques in relation to age and sex. RESULTS The study sample revealed 261 atherosclerotic plaques. The key findings were significant correlations between plaque development and age and between plaque location and age; however, there was no significant sex difference. CONCLUSION The upper and lower branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were novel locations predisposing to plaque development. A cut-off value at 60 years revealed a significant difference in plaque development and distribution. There were no significant sex differences in the occurrence of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Llopis
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Quinones
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Konschake
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - C Simon De Blas
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - L M Hernández
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Alcalá University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Abramovic
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - J Sanudo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - R S Tubbs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada; Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - E Maranillo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Cho DY, Kim BS, Jang J, Choi HS, Jung SL, Ahn KJ, Shin YS. Cerebellar artery arising from the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery and persistent trigeminal artery: a spectrum of incomplete longitudinal fusion. Acta Radiol 2020; 61:386-394. [PMID: 31342758 DOI: 10.1177/0284185119861310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The embryological relationship between cerebellar arteries originating directly from the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery and persistent trigeminal artery is not well understood. Purpose To evaluate the incidence and pattern of cerebellar arteries originating from the internal carotid artery and persistent trigeminal artery, and to discuss their probable embryological relationship. Material and Methods We reviewed 5113 angiographic studies from 5093 patients at our institution over the last eight years, searching for patients with persistent trigeminal artery and cerebellar arteries originating from a cavernous segment of internal carotid artery (persistent trigeminal artery variant). Results Of the 5093 patients, 27 patients had persistent trigeminal artery or persistent trigeminal artery variant (0.53%). Twenty patients (6 men, 14 women; median age = 54 years) had persistent trigeminal artery (0.39%). Seven patients (2 men, 5 women, age range = 37–72 years; median age = 57 years) had a persistent trigeminal artery variant with persistent trigeminal artery terminating in a cerebellar artery without direct connection to the basilar artery (persistent trigeminal artery variant; 0.14%). The terminal branch of the persistent trigeminal artery variant was an anterior inferior carotid artery in five patients and a superior cerebellar artery in two patients. Of the seven patients having persistent trigeminal artery variant, four patients had another artery from the basilar artery to the anterior inferior carotid artery territory. In 6/20 patients with persistent trigeminal artery, there was an anterior inferior carotid artery arising from the persistent trigeminal artery. One of these patients showed another arterial branch from the basilar artery to the anterior inferior carotid artery territory. Conclusion Persistent trigeminal artery variant and cerebellar arteries originating from the persistent trigeminal artery are both believed to be a spectrum of incomplete fusion of the longitudinal neural arteries. Understanding the precise anatomy is important in diagnostic and therapeutic settings for related vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Young Cho
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Soo Kim
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Jang
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Choi
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - So Lyung Jung
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Kook-Jin Ahn
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sam Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
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Brzegowy K, Pękala PA, Zarzecki MP, Pękala JR, Roy J, Aziz HM, Tubbs RS, Walocha JA, Tomaszewski KA, Mikos M. Prevalence and Clinical Implications of the Primitive Trigeminal Artery and its Variants: A Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurg 2019; 133:e401-e411. [PMID: 31536812 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primitive trigeminal artery (PTA) is the most common and the largest persistent carotid-basilar anastomosis. Primitive trigeminal artery variants (PTAVs) are anastomoses between the internal carotid artery and cerebellar arteries. These vessels pose a risk of hemorrhagic or ischemic complications during neurosurgical procedures in the parasellar and intrasellar regions. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of both PTA and PTAVs and their clinically important anatomic features. METHODS Major electronic databases were thoroughly searched for studies on PTA and PTAV. References in the included articles were also evaluated. Data regarding prevalence, laterality, origin, course patterns, and associated anomalies were extracted and pooled into a meta-analysis. RESULTS A total of 39 studies (110,866 patients) were included in the meta-analysis. The total pooled prevalence estimate of PTA and PTAVs combined was 0.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3-0.5). Individually, PTA was present in 0.3% of patients and PTAV in 0.2%. Both arteries most often originated from the C4 internal carotid artery and took a course lateral to the dorsum sellae. The anterior inferior cerebellar artery type was the predominant PTAV (72.1%). Basilar artery hypoplasia was found in 42.5% of patients with a PTA. CONCLUSIONS PTA and PTAVs are rare vessels, but they are clinically important because they can contribute to trigeminal neuralgia. Knowledge of the potential course of these arteries is essential in neuroradiology and neurosurgery, especially in minimally invasive procedures such as the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach to the pituitary gland and the percutaneous gasserian ganglion procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Brzegowy
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemysław A Pękala
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał P Zarzecki
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub R Pękala
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joyeeta Roy
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland; Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hasina M Aziz
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jerzy A Walocha
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof A Tomaszewski
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Marcin Mikos
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland
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Gregg L, Gailloud P. The Role of the Primitive Lateral Basilovertebral Anastomosis of Padget in Variations of the Vertebrobasilar Arterial System. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:2025-2038. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Gregg
- Division of Interventional Neuroradiology; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
- Department of Art as Applied to Medicine; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Philippe Gailloud
- Division of Interventional Neuroradiology; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
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Abstract
The primitive carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses are primitive embryonic cerebral vessels that temporarily provide arterial supply from the internal carotid artery to the longitudinal neural artery, the future vertebrobasilar artery in the hindbrain. Four types known are the trigeminal, otic, hypoglossal, and proatlantal intersegmental arteries. The arteries are accompanied by their corresponding nerves and resemble an intersegmental pattern. These vessels exist in the very early period of cerebral arterial development and rapidly involute within a week. Occasionally, persistence of the carotid to vertebrobasilar anastomosis is discovered in the adult period, and is considered as the vestige of the corresponding primitive embryonic vessel. The embryonic development and the segmental property of the primitive carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses are discussed. This is followed by a brief description of the persisting anastomoses in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunari Namba
- Center for Endovascular Therapy, Division of Neuroendovascular Surgery, Jichi Medical University
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Uchino A. Bilateral persistent trigeminal artery variants diagnosed by MR angiography. THE CEREBELLUM 2012; 10:745-7. [PMID: 21544587 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-011-0284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) is the most common anastomosis between the carotid and vertebrobasilar system. A PTA variant (PTAV) is a rare anomaly in which the cerebellar artery arises from the internal carotid artery (ICA) without connection with the basilar artery (BA). I present what I believe is the first report of bilateral PTAVs diagnosed using magnetic resonance (MR) angiography and briefly discuss the embryology of this rare anomaly. An 81-year-old woman with small infarctions underwent cerebral MR imaging and MR angiography with a 1.5-tesla imager for the evaluation of brain lesions. An MR angiography was obtained using the standard noncontrast three-dimensional time-of-flight technique. The MR angiographic demonstration of bilateral anterior inferior cerebellar arteries arising from the precavernous segment of the ICA without anastomosis to the BA indicated bilateral PTAVs. This is the first report of bilateral PTAVs diagnosed by MR angiography. The literature review indicates that an estimated prevalence of bilateral PTAVs is about 0.0012%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Uchino
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan.
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Vasović L, Jovanović I, Ugrenović S, Vlajković S, Jovanović P, Stojanović V. Trigeminal artery: a review of normal and pathological features. Childs Nerv Syst 2012; 28:33-46. [PMID: 22071960 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-011-1622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTS Carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses-the trigeminal, otic, hypoglossal, and proatlantal intersegmental arteries-serve as transitory channels between primitive internal carotid arteries and bilateral longitudinal neural arterial plexus, which is the precursor of future basilar artery, when the human embryo reaches about 4-mm length. MATERIAL AND METHODS Normal and/or abnormal morphofunctional aspects of the prenatal and postnatal forms of the trigeminal artery are described according to personal and literature data. Many arteries of similar origin and course are also noted in the differential diagnosis of the trigeminal artery. CONCLUSIONS The persistent primitive trigeminal artery, as the most commonly carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomosis, has a reported incidence of 0.03-2.2% in the literature. There is female sex predilection, and it may be discovered in patients of any age, on either side, and in association with many vascular variants. Although the significance of persistent primitive trigeminal artery regarding the development of an aneurysm or association with another pathological condition may not be clear, its (ab)normal morphology is the inspiration for anatomists, especially for neurosurgeons, before planning diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Vasović
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd. Dr Zoran Đinđić 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia.
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Uchino A, Saito N, Okada Y, Kozawa E, Mizukoshi W, Inoue K, Takahashi M. Persistent trigeminal artery and its variants on MR angiography. Surg Radiol Anat 2011; 34:271-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-011-0848-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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O'uchi E, O'uchi T. Persistent primitive trigeminal arteries (PTA) and its variant (PTAV): analysis of 103 cases detected in 16,415 cases of MRA over 3 years. Neuroradiology 2010; 52:1111-9. [PMID: 20309534 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-010-0669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The primitive persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) is the most common carotid-basilar anastomosis, but because of its extremely low incidence, it is poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to clarify the features of PTA and its variants (PTAV) based on a large magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) series. METHODS MRA was performed on continuous 16,415 patients (8,610 males and 7,805 females) between October 2005 and September 2008 using two 1.5-T systems and one 1.0-T system. These all MRAs were evaluated by neuroradiologists. RESULTS The incidence of both PTA and PTAV was 0.68% (48 cases of PTA, 50 cases of PTAV, and five unclassified). Among them, 65 cases originated from the left internal carotid artery and 38 from the right. There were 44 cases of lateral type PTA and four cases of medial type. Hypoplasia of the basilar artery proximal to the union of PTA was recognized as follows: no hypoplasia in 12 cases, moderate hypoplasia in 22 cases, and severe hypoplasia in 13 cases. Distance from SCA and the union was an average of 6.7 mm. Four cases of pre- and postoperative cerebral aneurysms were recognized in 103 cases (3.9%). CONCLUSION We have identified details of both PTA/PTAV. The incidence of PTA was similar to previous studies, and the co-existence of cerebral aneurysm was also similar when compared to patients in the general population without PTA or PTAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri O'uchi
- Department of Radiology, Kameda Medical Center, 929 Higashi-cho, Kamogawa, Chiba, Japan.
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Raphaeli G, Bandeira A, Mine B, Brisbois D, Lubicz B. A rare variant of persistent trigeminal artery: cavernous carotid-cerebellar artery anastomosis--a case report and a systematic review. THE CEREBELLUM 2009; 8:445-7. [PMID: 19517204 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-009-0120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a very rare anomalous anatomic variant of the cavernous internal carotid artery supplying directly the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, with no basilar artery opacification. A systematic review as well as a description of other variants of trigeminal-cerebellar anastomosis is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Raphaeli
- Department of Neuroradiology, Erasme University Hospital, 808 route de Lennik, Brussels, Belgium.
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Typical and atypical neurovascular relations of the trigeminal nerve in the cerebellopontine angle: an anatomical study. Surg Radiol Anat 2009; 31:507-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-009-0472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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