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Ruiz-Miyazawa KW, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Zarpelon AC, Staurengo-Ferrari L, Silva RL, Alves-Filho JC, Cunha TM, Cunha FQ, Casagrande R, Verri WA. Vinpocetine reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory pain and neutrophil recruitment in mice by targeting oxidative stress, cytokines and NF-κB. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 237:9-17. [PMID: 25980587 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tissue resident macrophages and recruited neutrophils produce inflammatory mediators through activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. These mediators include inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species that, in turn, sensitize nociceptors and lead to inflammatory pain. Vinpocetine is a nootropic drug widely used to treat cognitive and neurovascular disorders, and more recently its anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of NF-κB activation have been described. In the present study, we used the intraplantar and intraperitoneal LPS stimulus in mice to investigate the effects of vinpocetine pre-treatment (3, 10, or 30mg/kg by gavage) in hyperalgesia, leukocyte recruitment, oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-33). LPS-induced NF-κB activation and cytokine production were investigated using RAW 264.7 macrophage cell in vitro. Vinpocetine (30mg/kg) significantly reduces hyperalgesia to mechanical and thermal stimuli, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (a neutrophil marker) in the plantar paw skin, and also inhibits neutrophil and mononuclear cell recruitment, superoxide anion and nitric oxide production, oxidative stress, and cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-33) in the peritoneal cavity. At least in part, these effects seem to be mediated by direct effects of vinpocetine on macrophages, since it inhibited the production of the same cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-33) and the NF-κB activation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Our results suggest that vinpocetine represents an important therapeutic approach to treat inflammation and pain induced by a gram-negative bacterial component by targeting NF-κB activation and NF-κB-related cytokine production in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji W Ruiz-Miyazawa
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, PR445, 86057-970, Cx. Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Pinho-Ribeiro
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, PR445, 86057-970, Cx. Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana C Zarpelon
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, PR445, 86057-970, Cx. Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Larissa Staurengo-Ferrari
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, PR445, 86057-970, Cx. Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rangel L Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes s/n, 14050-490 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose C Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes s/n, 14050-490 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes s/n, 14050-490 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes s/n, 14050-490 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, Hospital Universitário, 86038-350 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, PR445, 86057-970, Cx. Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Vinpocetine reduces carrageenan-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia in mice by inhibiting oxidative stress, cytokine production and NF-κB activation in the paw and spinal cord. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118942. [PMID: 25822523 PMCID: PMC4379066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinpocetine is a safe nootropic agent used for neurological and cerebrovascular diseases. The anti-inflammatory activity of vinpocetine has been shown in cell based assays and animal models, leading to suggestions as to its utility in analgesia. However, the mechanisms regarding its efficacy in inflammatory pain treatment are still not completely understood. Herein, the analgesic effect of vinpocetine and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms were addressed in murine inflammatory pain models. Firstly, we investigated the protective effects of vinpocetine in overt pain-like behavior induced by acetic acid, phenyl-p-benzoquinone (PBQ) and formalin. The intraplantar injection of carrageenan was then used to induce inflammatory hyperalgesia. Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia were evaluated using the electronic von Frey and the hot plate tests, respectively, with neutrophil recruitment to the paw assessed by a myeloperoxidase activity assay. A number of factors were assessed, both peripherally and in the spinal cord, including: antioxidant capacity, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, superoxide anion, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) levels, as well as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. Vinpocetine inhibited the overt pain-like behavior induced by acetic acid, PBQ and formalin (at both phases), as well as the carrageenan-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and associated neutrophil recruitment. Both peripherally and in the spinal cord, vinpocetine also inhibited: antioxidant capacity and GSH depletion; increased superoxide anion; IL-1β and TNF-α levels; and NF-κB activation. As such, vinpocetine significantly reduces inflammatory pain by targeting oxidative stress, cytokine production and NF-κB activation at both peripheral and spinal cord levels.
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