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Anatomical journals as publication platforms for dental research. Ann Anat 2022; 244:151960. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.151960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jarvis MC. Drying of virus-containing particles: modelling effects of droplet origin and composition. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1987-1996. [PMID: 34754455 PMCID: PMC8569499 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Virus-containing aerosol droplets emitted by breathing, speech or coughing dry rapidly to equilibrium with ambient relative humidity (RH), increasing in solute concentration with effects on virus survival and decreasing in diameter with effects on sedimentation and respiratory uptake. The aim of this paper is to model the effect of ionic and macromolecular solutes on droplet drying and solute concentration. METHODS Deliquescence-efflorescence concepts and Kohler theory were used to simulate the evolution of solute concentrations and water activity in respiratory droplets, starting from efflorescence data on mixed NaCl/KCl aerosols and osmotic pressure data on respiratory macromolecules. RESULTS In NaCl/KCl solutions total salt concentrations were shown to reach 10-13 M at the efflorescence RH of 40-55%, depending on the K:Na ratio. Dependence on K:Na ratio implies that the evaporation curves differ between aerosols derived from saliva and from airway surfaces. The direct effect of liquid droplet size through the Kelvin term was shown to be smaller and restricted to the evolution of breath emissions. Modelling the effect of proteins and glycoproteins showed that salts determine drying equilibria down to the efflorescence RH, and macromolecules at lower RH. CONCLUSION Differences in solute composition between airway surfaces and saliva are predicted to lead to different drying behaviour of droplets emitted by breathing, speech and coughing. These differences may influence the inactivation of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Jarvis
- School of Chemistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow, Scotland G12 8QQ UK
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Jarvis MC. Aerosol Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Physical Principles and Implications. Front Public Health 2020; 8:590041. [PMID: 33330334 PMCID: PMC7719704 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.590041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has emerged that SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19, can be transmitted airborne in aerosol particles as well as in larger droplets or by surface deposits. This minireview outlines the underlying aerosol science, making links to aerosol research in other disciplines. SARS-CoV-2 is emitted in aerosol form during normal breathing by both asymptomatic and symptomatic people, remaining viable with a half-life of up to about an hour during which air movement can carry it considerable distances, although it simultaneously disperses. The proportion of the droplet size distribution within the aerosol range depends on the sites of origin within the respiratory tract and on whether the distribution is presented on a number or volume basis. Evaporation and fragmentation reduce the size of the droplets, whereas coalescence increases the mean droplet size. Aerosol particles containing SARS-CoV-2 can also coalesce with pollution particulates, and infection rates correlate with pollution. The operation of ventilation systems in public buildings and transportation can create infection hazards via aerosols, but provides opportunities for reducing the risk of transmission in ways as simple as switching from recirculated to outside air. There are also opportunities to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol form with sunlight or UV lamps. The efficiency of masks for blocking aerosol transmission depends strongly on how well they fit. Research areas that urgently need further experimentation include the basis for variation in droplet size distribution and viral load, including droplets emitted by "superspreader" individuals; the evolution of droplet sizes after emission, their interaction with pollutant aerosols and their dispersal by turbulence, which gives a different basis for social distancing.
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Salivary Expression of Antimicrobial Peptide LL37 and Its Correlation with Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Different Periodontal Treatment Needs. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Altered Surfactant Protein Expression in Primary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2020; 35:553-557. [PMID: 30882588 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the presence and distribution patterns of 6 surfactant proteins in lacrimal drainage tissues of patients with primary acquired nasolacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction. METHODS The presence and distribution of surfactant proteins (SP)-G and SP-H was first assessed in normal cadaveric lacrimal systems. The study was then performed in 10 samples of lacrimal sac and the respective NLDs obtained from patients suffering from primary acquired NLD obstruction who underwent either a dacryocystorhinostomy or a dacryocystectomy. The lacrimal sac samples were further divided into fundus and body, soon after their removal. Immunohistochemical labeling was performed for assessing the presence and distribution of SPs: SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, SP-D, SP-G/SFTA2, and SP-H/SFTA3. The results were then scored as positive or negative and the distribution pattern, if any, within the lacrimal sac and NLDs was assessed. Human lung tissues were used as controls. RESULTS SP-H was demonstrated in the lining epithelia of the normal lacrimal drainage systems, whereas SP-G was uniformly negative. Immunohistochemical labeling revealed wide variations in the staining patterns of different SPs in different regions of the lacrimal sac and the NLD. SP-D and SP-G revealed uniformly negative immunoreactivity. Variable staining patterns were also noted between the superficial and basal layers of the lining epithelia. However, the goblet cells and intraepithelial mucous glands did not express any of the SPs. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a proof of principle for the presence of SP-H and absence of SP-G in the normal lacrimal drainage systems. In cases of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction, there were alterations or loss of SP expression in the lining epithelia of the lacrimal sac and NLDs, reflecting their possible role in the etiopathogenesis of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction.In cases of primary-acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction, the expression of multiple surfactant proteins was either deranged or lost in the lining epithelium of the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal ducts.
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Surfactant proteins: Role in lacrimal drainage disorders. Med Hypotheses 2019; 124:35-36. [PMID: 30798912 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants are complex mixtures of phospholipids and proteins produced by type II alveolar cells of the lungs and play a crucial role in pulmonary physiology. Six types of surfactant proteins (SP) are known; SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, SP-D, SP-G and SP-H. The major role of SP is in reducing surface tension and various immunological functions. SP-A, SP-B, SP-C and SP-D have been demonstrated in the tear film and the epithelium of the lacrimal sac (LS) and nasolacrimal ducts (NLD). All surfactant proteins except SP-G were also isolated from the canalicular tissues. The authors hypothesize that surfactant proteins play a significant role in the pathogenesis of lacrimal drainage disorders; functional nasolacrimal duct obstruction (FNLDO) and infective dacryocystitis.
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Expression of Surfactant Proteins in the Human Canaliculus: Evidence and Potential Insights Into the Tear Flow Dynamics. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2018; 34:594-597. [DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000001158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Stoeckelhuber M, Feuerhake F, Schmitz C, Wolff KD, Kesting MR. Immunolocalization of Surfactant Proteins SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D in Infantile Labial Glands and Mucosa. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:531-538. [PMID: 29601229 PMCID: PMC6055263 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418766063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins in different glandular structures of the oral cavity display antimicrobial activity for protection of invading microorganisms. Moreover, they are involved in lowering liquid tension in fluids and facilitate secretion flows. Numerous investigations for studying the occurrence of surfactant proteins in glandular tissues were performed using different methods. In the oral cavity, minor salivary glands secrete saliva continuously for the maintenance of a healthy oral environment. For the first time, we could show that infantile labial glands show expression of the surfactant proteins (SP) SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D in acinar cells and the duct system in different intensities. The stratified squamous epithelium of the oral mucosa revealed positive staining for SPs in various cell layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Stoeckelhuber
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Friedrich Feuerhake
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmitz
- Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dietrich Wolff
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco R. Kesting
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Posa A, Paulsen F, Dietz R, Garreis F, Sander R, Schicht M, Sel S, Scholz M, Hammer CM, Bräuer L. Quantification of surfactant proteins in tears of patients suffering from dry eye disease compared to healthy subjects. Ann Anat 2018; 216:90-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sorensen GL. Surfactant Protein D in Respiratory and Non-Respiratory Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:18. [PMID: 29473039 PMCID: PMC5809447 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is a multimeric collectin that is involved in innate immune defense and expressed in pulmonary, as well as non-pulmonary, epithelia. SP-D exerts antimicrobial effects and dampens inflammation through direct microbial interactions and modulation of host cell responses via a series of cellular receptors. However, low protein concentrations, genetic variation, biochemical modification, and proteolytic breakdown can induce decomposition of multimeric SP-D into low-molecular weight forms, which may induce pro-inflammatory SP-D signaling. Multimeric SP-D can decompose into trimeric SP-D, and this process, and total SP-D levels, are partly determined by variation within the SP-D gene, SFTPD. SP-D has been implicated in the development of respiratory diseases including respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, allergic asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Disease-induced breakdown or modifications of SP-D facilitate its systemic leakage from the lung, and circulatory SP-D is a promising biomarker for lung injury. Moreover, studies in preclinical animal models have demonstrated that local pulmonary treatment with recombinant SP-D is beneficial in these diseases. In recent years, SP-D has been shown to exert antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects in various non-pulmonary organs and to have effects on lipid metabolism and pro-inflammatory effects in vessel walls, which enhance the risk of atherosclerosis. A common SFTPD polymorphism is associated with atherosclerosis and diabetes, and SP-D has been associated with metabolic disorders because of its effects in the endothelium and adipocytes and its obesity-dampening properties. This review summarizes and discusses the reported genetic associations of SP-D with disease and the clinical utility of circulating SP-D for respiratory disease prognosis. Moreover, basic research on the mechanistic links between SP-D and respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases is summarized. Perspectives on the development of SP-D therapy are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grith L Sorensen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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12
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Schob S, Weiß A, Surov A, Dieckow J, Richter C, Pirlich M, Horvath-Rizea D, Härtig W, Hoffmann KT, Krause M, Quäschling U. Elevated Surfactant Protein Levels and Increased Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Cranial Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:6227-6236. [PMID: 29282698 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant proteins (SPs) are a multifunctional group of proteins, responsible for the regulation of rheological properties of body fluids, host defense, and cellular waste clearance. Their concentrations are changed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients suffering from communicating hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalic conditions are accompanied by altered CSF flow dynamics; however, the association of CSF-SP concentrations and CSF flow has not yet been investigated. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between SP concentrations in the CSF and marked CSF flow phenomena at different anatomical landmarks of CSF spaces. Sixty-one individuals (15 healthy subjects and 46 hydrocephalus patients) were included in this study. CSF specimens were analyzed for SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D concentrations by the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). CSF flow was evaluated in axial T2_turbo inversion recovery magnitude (TIRM)-weighted and sagittal T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sections using a 4-grade scale (1-no flow, 2-subtle flow, 3-moderate flow, and 4-strong flow). CSF-SP concentrations (mean ± standard deviation) of the overall collective were as follows: SP-A = 0.73 ± 0.58 ng/ml, SP-B = 0.17 ± 0.93 ng/ml, SP-C = 0.95 ± 0.75 ng/ml, and SP-D = 7.43 ± 5.17 ng/ml. The difference between healthy controls and hydrocephalic patients regarding CSF concentrations of SP-A (0.34 ± 0.22 vs. 0.81 ± 0.59 ng/ml) and SP-C (0.48 ± 0.29 vs. 1.10 ± 0.79 ng/ml) revealed to be statistically significant as calculated by means of ANOVA (p values of 0.022 and 0.007, respectively). CSF flow voids were detectable at all investigated landmarks of the CSF spaces (foramina of Monro, third ventricle, mesencephalic aqueduct, prepontine cistern, fourth ventricle, cisterna magna, and craniocervical junction). CSF flow voids, reported as mean ± standard deviation, revealed to be significantly increased in hydrocephalic patients compared to controls as calculated by means of ANOVA (respective p values are given in brackets following values of descriptive statistics) at the following sites: foramina of Monro (1.60 ± 0.91 vs. 2.37 ± 0.99, p = 0.01), fourth ventricle (1.67 ± 0.98 vs. 2.52 ± 1.05, p = 0.007), and the cisterna magna (1.93 ± 1.10 vs. 2.72 ± 1.13, p = 0.022). Spearman's rank order calculation identified significant correlations for CSF flow voids at the foramina of Monro and the third ventricle with SP-A (r = 0.429, p = 0.001 and r = 0.464, p < 0.001) and CSF flow void at the mesencephalic duct with SP-D (r = - 0.371, p = 0.039). Furthermore, SP-C showed a moderate inverse correlation with age (r = - 0.302, p = 0.022). The present study confirmed statistically significant differences in SP-CSF concentrations between healthy controls and hydrocephalic patients. Additionally, significant correlations between SP concentrations in CSF with increased CSF flow were identified. These findings underline the role of SPs as regulators of CSF rheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schob
- Department for Neuroradiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Alexander Weiß
- Department for Neuroradiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexey Surov
- Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Dieckow
- Department for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cindy Richter
- Department for Neuroradiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Anatomy, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mandy Pirlich
- Department for Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty / University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karl-Titus Hoffmann
- Department for Neuroradiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Krause
- Department for Neurosurgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf Quäschling
- Department for Neuroradiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Scherr TF, Markwalter CF, Bauer WS, Gasperino D, Wright DW, Haselton FR. Application of mass transfer theory to biomarker capture by surface functionalized magnetic beads in microcentrifuge tubes. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 246:275-288. [PMID: 28595937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In many diagnostic assays, specific biomarker extraction and purification from a patient sample is performed in microcentrifuge tubes using surface-functionalized magnetic beads. Although assay binding times are known to be highly dependent on sample viscosity, sample volume, capture reagent, and fluid mixing, the theoretical mass transport framework that has been developed and validated in engineering has yet to be applied in this context. In this work, we adapt this existing framework for simultaneous mass transfer and surface reaction and apply it to the binding of biomarkers in clinical samples to surface-functionalized magnetic beads. We discuss the fundamental fluid dynamics of vortex mixing within microcentrifuge tubes as well as describe how particles and biomolecules interact with the fluid. The model is solved over a wide range of parameters, and we present scenarios when a simplified analytical expression would be most accurate. Next, we review of some relevant techniques for model parameter estimation. Finally, we apply the mass transfer theory to practical use-case scenarios of immediate use to clinicians and assay developers. Throughout, we highlight where further characterization is necessary to bridge the gap between theory and practical application.
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Chen YT, Chen HW, Wu CF, Chu LJ, Chiang WF, Wu CC, Yu JS, Tsai CH, Liang KH, Chang YS, Wu M, Ou Yang WT. Development of a Multiplexed Liquid Chromatography Multiple-Reaction-Monitoring Mass Spectrometry (LC-MRM/MS) Method for Evaluation of Salivary Proteins as Oral Cancer Biomarkers. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:799-811. [PMID: 28235782 PMCID: PMC5417822 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.064758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple (selected) reaction monitoring (MRM/SRM) of peptides is a growing technology for target protein quantification because it is more robust, precise, accurate, high-throughput, and multiplex-capable than antibody-based techniques. The technique has been applied clinically to the large-scale quantification of multiple target proteins in different types of fluids. However, previous MRM-based studies have placed less focus on sample-preparation workflow and analytical performance in the precise quantification of proteins in saliva, a noninvasively sampled body fluid. In this study, we evaluated the analytical performance of a simple and robust multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-based targeted proteomics approach incorporating liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (LC-MRM/MS). This platform was used to quantitatively assess the biomarker potential of a group of 56 salivary proteins that have previously been associated with human cancers. To further enhance the development of this technology for assay of salivary samples, we optimized the workflow for salivary protein digestion and evaluated quantification performance, robustness and technical limitations in analyzing clinical samples. Using a clinically well-characterized cohort of two independent clinical sample sets (total n = 119), we quantitatively characterized these protein biomarker candidates in saliva specimens from controls and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. The results clearly showed a significant elevation of most targeted proteins in saliva samples from OSCC patients compared with controls. Overall, this platform was capable of assaying the most highly multiplexed panel of salivary protein biomarkers, highlighting the clinical utility of MRM in oral cancer biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Chen
- From the ‡Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan;
- §Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- ¶Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- ‖Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Wei Chen
- §Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Feng Wu
- §Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lichieh Julie Chu
- §Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- **Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fang Chiang
- ‡‡Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Taiwan
- §§School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Wu
- §Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- ¶¶Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- ‖‖Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Song Yu
- §Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- ¶Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- **Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Tsai
- ¶Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Hao Liang
- **Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sun Chang
- §Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- ¶Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- ‖‖Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Maureen Wu
- §Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Ou Yang
- §Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Schob S, Weiß A, Dieckow J, Richter C, Pirlich M, Voigt P, Surov A, Hoffmann KT, Quaeschling U, Preuß M. Correlations of Ventricular Enlargement with Rheologically Active Surfactant Proteins in Cerebrospinal Fluid. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 8:324. [PMID: 28101052 PMCID: PMC5209370 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Surfactant proteins (SPs) are involved in the regulation of rheological properties of body fluids. Concentrations of SPs are altered in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of hydrocephalus patients. The common hallmark of hydrocephalus is enlargement of the brain ventricles. The relationship of both phenomena has not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between SP concentrations in the CSF and enlargement of the brain ventricles. Procedures: Ninty-six individuals (41 healthy subjects and 55 hydrocephalus patients) were included in this retrospective analysis. CSF specimens were analyzed for SP-A, SP-B, SP-C and SP-D concentrations by use of enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Ventricular enlargement was quantified in T2 weighted (T2w) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sections using an uni-dimensional (Evans’ Index) and a two-dimensional approach (lateral ventricles area index, LVAI). Results: CSF-SP concentrations (mean ± standard deviation in ng/ml) were as follows: SP-A 0.71 ± 0.58, SP-B 0.18 ± 0.43, SP-C 0.89 ± 0.77 and SP-D 7.4 ± 5.4. Calculated values of Evans’ Index were 0.37 ± 0.11, a calculation of LVAI resulted in 0.18 ± 0.15 (each mean ± standard deviation). Significant correlations were identified for Evans’ Index with SP-A (r = 0.388, p < 0.001) and SP-C (r = 0.392, p < 0.001), LVAI with SP-A (r = 0.352, p = 0.001), SP-C (r = 0.471, p < 0.001) and SP-D (r = 0.233, p = 0.025). Furthermore, SP-C showed a clear inverse correlation with age (r = −0.357, p = 0.011). Conclusion: The present study confirmed significant correlations between SPs A, C and D in the CSF with enlargement of the inner CSF spaces. In conclusion, SPs clearly play an important role for CSF rheology. CSF rheology is profoundly altered in hydrocephalic diseases, however, diagnosis and therapy of hydrocephalic conditions are still almost exclusively based on ventricular enlargement. Until now it was unclear, whether the stage of the disease, as represented by the extent of ventricular dilatation, is somehow related to the changes of SP levels in the CSF. Our study is the first to provide evidence that increasing ventriculomegaly is accompanied by enhanced changes of rheologically active compounds in the CSF and therefore introduces completely new aspects for hydrocephalus testing and conservative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schob
- Department of Neuroradiology, Leipzig University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Weiß
- Department of Neuroradiology, Leipzig University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Dieckow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leipzig University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cindy Richter
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mandy Pirlich
- Department of Neurology, Leipzig University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Voigt
- Department of Neuroradiology, Leipzig University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexey Surov
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Leipzig University Hospital Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Ulf Quaeschling
- Department of Neuroradiology, Leipzig University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Preuß
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leipzig University Leipzig, Germany
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Schob S, Dieckow J, Fehrenbach M, Peukert N, Weiss A, Kluth D, Thome U, Quäschling U, Lacher M, Preuß M. Occurrence and colocalization of surfactant proteins A, B, C and D in the developing and adult rat brain. Ann Anat 2016; 210:121-127. [PMID: 27838560 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surfactant proteins (SP's) have been described as inherent proteins of the human central nervous system (CNS). Their distribution pattern in brain tissue and altered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - concentrations in different CNS pathologies are indicative of their immunological and rheological importance. The aim of this study has been to investigate when - compared to the lungs - SP's are expressed in the developing rat brain and which functional components in the CNS participate in their production. MATERIAL AND METHODS Brain and lung tissue from embryonal (days 10, 12, 14, 16, 17 and 20), newborn, and adult rats were harvested and investigated for expression of SP-A, SP-B, SP-C and SP-D using immunofluorescence microscopy in order to identify and compare the time points of their occurence in the respective tissue. To better identify the location of SP expression in the rat brain, SP's were colocalized with use of an astrocyte marker (GFAP), a neuronal marker (NeuN), an endothelial marker (CD31) and an axonal marker (NF). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION SP-A and SP-C are expressed in the CNS of rats during early embryonic age whereas SP-B and SP-D are first present in the adult rat brain. All SP's are expressed in cells adjacent to CSF spaces, probably influencing and maintaining physiological CSF flow. SP's A and C are abundant at the site of the blood brain barrier (BBB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schob
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Julia Dieckow
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Peukert
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Dietrich Kluth
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Thome
- Department of Neonatology, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf Quäschling
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Lacher
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Leipzig, Germany
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Ujma S, Horsnell WGC, Katz AA, Clark HW, Schäfer G. Non-Pulmonary Immune Functions of Surfactant Proteins A and D. J Innate Immun 2016; 9:3-11. [PMID: 27794581 DOI: 10.1159/000451026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) are established as essential components of our innate immune system for protecting the lung from pathogens and allergens. They essentially exert their protective functions by regulating pulmonary homeostasis. Both proteins are however widely expressed throughout the body, including the female reproductive tract, urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, the eye, ear, nasal compartment, central nervous system, the coronary artery and the skin. The functions of SP-A and SP-D at these sites are a relatively underinvestigated area, but it is emerging that both SP-A and SP-D contribute significantly to the regulation of inflammation and protection from infection at these sites. This review presents our current understanding of the roles of SP-A and SP-D in non-pulmonary sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Ujma
- UCT Receptor Biology Research Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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18
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The Cerebral Surfactant System and Its Alteration in Hydrocephalic Conditions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160680. [PMID: 27656877 PMCID: PMC5033422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pulmonary Surfactant reduces surface tension in the terminal airways thus facilitating breathing and contributes to host’s innate immunity. Surfactant Proteins (SP) A, B, C and D were recently identified as inherent proteins of the CNS. Aim of the study was to investigate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) SP levels in hydrocephalus patients compared to normal subjects. Patients and Methods CSF SP A-D levels were quantified using commercially available ELISA kits in 126 patients (0–84 years, mean 39 years). 60 patients without CNS pathologies served as a control group. Hydrocephalus patients were separated in aqueductal stenosis (AQS, n = 24), acute hydrocephalus without aqueductal stenosis (acute HC w/o AQS, n = 16) and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH, n = 20). Furthermore, six patients with pseudotumor cerebri were investigated. Results SP A—D are present under physiological conditions in human CSF. SP-A is elevated in diseases accompanied by ventricular enlargement (AQS, acute HC w/o AQS) in a significant manner (0.67, 1.21 vs 0.38 ng/ml in control, p<0.001). SP-C is also elevated in hydrocephalic conditions (AQS, acute HC w/o AQS; 0.87, 1.71 vs. 0.48 ng/ml in controls, p<0.001) and in Pseudotumor cerebri (1.26 vs. 0.48 ng/ml in controls, p<0.01). SP-B and SP-D did not show significant alterations. Conclusion The present study confirms the presence of SPs in human CSF. There are significant changes of SP-A and SP-C levels in diseases affecting brain water circulation and elevation of intracranial pressure. Cause of the alterations, underlying regulatory mechanisms, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic consequences of cerebral SP’s requires further thorough investigations.
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Expression of surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D in murine decidua and immunomodulatory effects on decidual macrophages. Immunobiology 2016; 221:377-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Implants, bone and soft tissues--An international update 2015. Ann Anat 2015; 199:1-2. [PMID: 25946201 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Fox RI, Fox C. Surfactant protein d family: potential for diagnosis or monitoring therapy in autoimmune diseases? J Rheumatol 2015; 42:5-7. [PMID: 25554802 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.141336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert I Fox
- Department of Rheumatology, Scripps Memorial Hospital-XiMED, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Carla Fox
- Department of Rheumatology, Scripps Memorial Hospital-XiMED, La Jolla, California, USA
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