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Morgulis M, Winter MR, Shternhell L, Gildor T, Ben-Tabou de-Leon S. VEGF signaling activates the matrix metalloproteinases, MmpL7 and MmpL5 at the sites of active skeletal growth and MmpL7 regulates skeletal elongation. Dev Biol 2021; 473:80-89. [PMID: 33577829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organisms can uptake minerals, shape them in different forms and generate teeth, skeletons or shells that support and protect them. Mineral uptake, trafficking and nucleation are tightly regulated by the biomineralizing cells through networks of specialized proteins. Specifically, matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) digest various extracellular substrates and allow for mineralization in the vertebrates' teeth and bones, but little is known about their role in invertebrates' systems. The sea urchin embryo provides an excellent invertebrate model for genetic and molecular studies of biomineralization. MMP inhibition prevents the growth of the calcite spicules of the sea urchin larval skeleton, however, the molecular mechanisms and genes that underlie this response are not well understood. Here we study the spatial expression and regulation of two membrane type MMPs that were found to be occluded in the sea urchin spicules, Pl-MmpL7 and Pl-MmpL5, and investigate the function of Pl-MmpL7 in skeletogenesis. The inhibition of MMPs does not change the volume of the calcium vesicles in the skeletogenic cells. The expression of Pl-MmpL7 and Pl-MmpL5 is regulated by the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signaling, from the time of skeleton initiation and on. The expression of these genes is localized to the subsets of skeletogenic cells where active spicule growth occurs throughout skeletogenesis. Downregulation of Pl-MmpL7 expression delays the growth of the skeletal rods and in some cases, strongly perturbs skeletal shape. The localized expression of Pl-MmpL7 and Pl-MmpL5 to the active growth zone and the effect of Pl-MmpL7 perturbations on skeletal growth, suggest that these genes are essential for normal spicule elongation in the sea urchin embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Morgulis
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Mark R Winter
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Ligal Shternhell
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Tsvia Gildor
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Smadar Ben-Tabou de-Leon
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel.
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Rao A, Roncal-Herrero T, Schmid E, Drechsler M, Scheffner M, Gebauer D, Kröger R, Cölfen H. On Biomineralization: Enzymes Switch on Mesocrystal Assembly. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:357-364. [PMID: 30834324 PMCID: PMC6396387 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellular machineries guide the bottom-up pathways toward crystal superstructures based on the transport of inorganic precursors and their precise integration with organic frameworks. The biosynthesis of mesocrystalline spines entails concerted interactions between biomolecules and inorganic precursors; however, the bioinorganic interactions and interfaces that regulate material form and growth as well as the selective emergence of structural complexity in the form of nanostructured crystals are not clear. By investigating mineral nucleation under the regulation of recombinant proteins, we show that SpSM50, a matrix protein of the sea urchin spine, stabilizes mineral precursors via vesicle-confinement, a function conferred by a low-complexity, disordered region. Site-specific proteolysis of this domain by a collagenase initiates phase transformation of the confined mineral phase. The residual C-type lectin domain molds the fluidic mineral precursor into hierarchical mesocrystals identical to structural crystal modules constituting the biogenic mineral. Thus, the regulatory functions of proteolytic enzymes can guide biomacromolecular domain constitutions and interfaces, in turn determining inorganic phase transformations toward hybrid materials as well as integrating organic and inorganic components across hierarchical length scales. Bearing striking resemblance to biogenic mineralization, these hybrid materials recruit bioinorganic interactions which elegantly intertwine nucleation and crystallization phenomena with biomolecular structural dynamics, hence elucidating a long-sought key of how nature can orchestrate complex biomineralization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashit Rao
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University
of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Physics of Complex Fluids, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The
Netherlands
| | - Teresa Roncal-Herrero
- Department
of Physics, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, 211 Clarendon
Road, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Elina Schmid
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University
of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Bavarian
Polymer Institute, Keylab Electron and Optical Microscopy, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Martin Scheffner
- Cellular
Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University
of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Denis Gebauer
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University
of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Roland Kröger
- Department
of Physics, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Helmut Cölfen
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University
of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- E-mail:
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3
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Pendola M, Jain G, Huang YC, Gebauer D, Evans JS. Secrets of the Sea Urchin Spicule Revealed: Protein Cooperativity Is Responsible for ACC Transformation, Intracrystalline Incorporation, and Guided Mineral Particle Assembly in Biocomposite Material Formation. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:11823-11830. [PMID: 30320276 PMCID: PMC6173553 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the sea urchin spicule involves the stabilization and transformation of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and assembly of ACC nanoparticle precursors into a mesoscale single crystal of fracture-resistant calcite. This process of particle assembly or attachment is under the control of a family of proteins known as the spicule matrix [Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (SpSM)] proteome. Recently, two members of this proteome, SpSM50 and the glycoprotein SpSM30B/C-G (in recombinant forms), were found to interact together via SpSM30B/C-G oligosaccharide-SpSM50 protein interactions to form hybrid protein hydrogels with unique physical properties. In this study, we investigate the mineralization properties of this hybrid hydrogel alongside the hydrogels formed by SpSM50 and SpSM30B/C-G individually. We find that the SpSM50 + SpSM30B/C-G hybrid hydrogel is synergistic with regard to surface modifications and intracrystalline inclusions of existing calcite crystals, the inhibition of ACC formation, and the kinetic destabilization of ACC to form a crystalline phase. Most importantly, the hybrid hydrogel phase assembles and organizes mineral particles into discrete clusters or domains within in vitro mineralization environments. Thus, the interactions of SpSM50 and SpSM30B/C-G, mediated by carbohydrate-protein binding, reflect the need for protein cooperativity for the ACC-to-crystalline transformation, intracrystalline void formation, and guided mineral particle assembly processes that are instrumental in spicule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pendola
- Laboratory
for Chemical Physics, Center for Skeletal and Craniofacial Biology, New York University, 345 E. 24th Street, New
York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Gaurav Jain
- Laboratory
for Chemical Physics, Center for Skeletal and Craniofacial Biology, New York University, 345 E. 24th Street, New
York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Yu-Chieh Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Universität
Konstanz, Universitätstrasse 10, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
| | - Denis Gebauer
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Universität
Konstanz, Universitätstrasse 10, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
| | - John Spencer Evans
- Laboratory
for Chemical Physics, Center for Skeletal and Craniofacial Biology, New York University, 345 E. 24th Street, New
York, New York 10010, United States
- E-mail: (J.S.E.)
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Jain G, Pendola M, Huang YC, Gebauer D, Evans JS. A Model Sea Urchin Spicule Matrix Protein, rSpSM50, Is a Hydrogelator That Modifies and Organizes the Mineralization Process. Biochemistry 2017; 56:2663-2675. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Jain
- Laboratory
for Chemical Physics, Center for Skeletal and Craniofacial Biology, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Martin Pendola
- Laboratory
for Chemical Physics, Center for Skeletal and Craniofacial Biology, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Yu-Chieh Huang
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universität Konstanz, Universitätstrasse
10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Denis Gebauer
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universität Konstanz, Universitätstrasse
10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - John Spencer Evans
- Laboratory
for Chemical Physics, Center for Skeletal and Craniofacial Biology, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, New York, New York 10010, United States
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