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Liu Z, Liu J, Li J, Li Y, Sun J, Deng Y, Zhou H. Discovery of CTSK+ Periosteal Stem Cells Mediating Bone Repair in Orbital Reconstruction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:30. [PMID: 37639249 PMCID: PMC10461643 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.11.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the role of cathepsin K positive (CTSK+) periosteal stem cells (PSCs) in orbital bone repair and to clarify the source of endogenous stem cells for orbital bone self-repair. Methods Periosteum samples obtained by clinical orbital bone repair surgery were analyzed, after which immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect the content of bone marrow-derived cells and CTSK+ PSCs in periosteum as well as the mobilization of PSCs. CTSK+ PSCs were characterized by flow cytometry. Transcriptome sequencing was used to compare the transcriptomic characteristics of CTSK+ PSCs and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Results The orbital periosteum contained CTSK+CD200+ cell lineage, including CD200+CD105- PSCs and CD200+CD105+ progenitor cells. CTSK and osteocalcin (OCN) colocalized in the inner layer of the orbital periosteum, suggesting the osteogenic differentiation potential of CTSK+ PSCs. CTSK expression was much higher in periosteum after mobilization. Immunofluorescence showed low amounts of scattered CD31+ and CD45+ cells in the orbital periosteum. The stem cell characteristics of CTSK+ PSCs were verified by multidirectional differentiation. Flow cytometry found CD200+CD105- CTSK+ PSCs and CD200variantCD105+ progenitor cells. Transcriptome sequencing of CTSK+ PSCs and BMSCs found 3613 differential genes with significant differences. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed the differences between the two types of stem cells, revealing that PSCs were more suitable for intramembranous osteogenesis. Conclusions CTSK+ PSCs may be endogenous stem cells for orbital bone repair. They are mobilized after orbital fracture and have unique features suitable for intramembranous osteogenesis, completely different from BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jipeng Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinwei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huifang Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
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Kohara Y, Kitazawa R, Haraguchi R, Imai Y, Kitazawa S. Macrophages are requisite for angiogenesis of type H vessels during bone regeneration in mice. Bone 2022; 154:116200. [PMID: 34534711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are progenitors of osteoclasts as well as regulators of bone metabolism. Macrophages mediate not only bone formation by osteoblasts under physiological conditions, but also bone regeneration after fracture. The mechanisms of macrophages regulation of bone formation and regeneration remain unclear, however. Here, we demonstrate that the liposome-encapsulated Clodronate (Clod-lip) injected mouse model with cortical bone defect induced by drill-hole injury and targeted depletion of phagocytic macrophages exhibits impaired angiogenesis of type H vessels that couple angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Moreover, we identify Tgfbi (encoding TGFBI), Plau (encoding uPA) and Tgfb1 (encoding TGF-β1), through RNA-seq analysis, as genes of macrophage-secreted factors mediating angiogenesis and wound healing. The relevant mRNA was highly expressed in bone marrow-derived macrophages among bone cells, as determined through qRT-PCR. Finally, we disclose that treatment with uPA inhibitor or TGF-β receptor I, receptor II inhibitor impairs bone regeneration after injury, confirming the importance of uPA and TGF-β1 during bone regeneration. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism of bone regeneration mediated by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Kohara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Riko Kitazawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Ryuma Haraguchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yuuki Imai
- Division of Integrative Pathophysiology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; Division of Analytical Bio-Medicine, Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; Department of Pathophysiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Sohei Kitazawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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Williams L, Layton T, Yang N, Feldmann M, Nanchahal J. Collagen VI as a driver and disease biomarker in human fibrosis. FEBS J 2021; 289:3603-3629. [PMID: 34109754 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis of visceral organs such as the lungs, heart, kidneys and liver remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality and is also associated with many other disorders, including cancer and metabolic disease. In this review, we focus upon the microfibrillar collagen VI, which is present in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of most tissues. However, expression is elevated in numerous fibrotic conditions, such as idiopathic pulmonary disease (IPF), and chronic liver and kidney diseases. Collagen VI is composed of three subunits α1, α2 and α3, which can be replaced with alternate chains of α4, α5 or α6. The C-terminal globular domain (C5) of collagen VI α3 can be proteolytically cleaved to form a biologically active fragment termed endotrophin, which has been shown to actively drive fibrosis, inflammation and insulin resistance. Tissue biopsies have long been considered the gold standard for diagnosis and monitoring of progression of fibrotic disease. The identification of neoantigens from enzymatically processed collagen chains have revolutionised the biomarker field, allowing rapid diagnosis and evaluation of prognosis of numerous fibrotic conditions, as well as providing valuable clinical trial endpoint determinants. Collagen VI chain fragments such as endotrophin (PRO-C6), C6M and C6Mα3 are emerging as important biomarkers for fibrotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Williams
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Layton
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Nan Yang
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Marc Feldmann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Jagdeep Nanchahal
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, UK
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Pham HT, Kram V, Dar QA, Komori T, Ji Y, Mohassel P, Rooney J, Li L, Kilts TM, Bonnemann C, Lamande S, Young MF. Collagen VIα2 chain deficiency causes trabecular bone loss by potentially promoting osteoclast differentiation through enhanced TNFα signaling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13749. [PMID: 32792616 PMCID: PMC7426410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70730-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type VI collagen is well known for its role in muscular disorders, however its function in bone is still not well understood. To examine its role in bone we analyzed femoral and vertebral bone mass by micro-computed tomography analysis, which showed lower bone volume/total volume and trabecular number in Col6α2-KO mice compared with WT. Dynamic histomorphometry showed no differences in trabecular bone formation between WT and Col6α2-KO mice based on the mineral appositional rate, bone formation rate, and mineralizing perimeter. Femoral sections were assessed for the abundance of Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase-positive osteoclasts, which revealed that mutant mice had more osteoclasts compared with WT mice, indicating that the primary effect of Col6a2 deficiency is on osteoclastogenesis. When bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) from WT and Col6α2-KO mice were treated with rmTNFα protein, the Col6α2-KO cells expressed higher levels of TNFα mRNA compared with WT cells. This was accompanied by higher levels of p-p65, a down-stream target of TNFα, suggesting that BMSCs from Col6α2-KO mice are highly sensitive to TNFα signaling. Taken together, our data imply that Col6a2 deficiency causes trabecular bone loss by enhancing osteoclast differentiation through enhanced TNFα signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai T Pham
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 30 Room 5A509, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vardit Kram
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 30 Room 5A509, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Qurratul-Ain Dar
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 30 Room 5A509, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Taishi Komori
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 30 Room 5A509, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Youngmi Ji
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 30 Room 5A509, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Payam Mohassel
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenic Disorders of Childhood Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stoke, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jachinta Rooney
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenic Disorders of Childhood Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stoke, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Li Li
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 30 Room 5A509, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tina M Kilts
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 30 Room 5A509, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Carsten Bonnemann
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenic Disorders of Childhood Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stoke, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shireen Lamande
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Marian F Young
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 30 Room 5A509, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Mondragón E, Cowdin M, Taraballi F, Minardi S, Tasciotti E, Gregory CA, Kaunas R. Mimicking the Organic and Inorganic Composition of Anabolic Bone Enhances Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Osteoinduction and Scaffold Mechanical Properties. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:753. [PMID: 32719790 PMCID: PMC7347795 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered bone graft designs have been largely inspired by adult bone despite functionally significant differences from the composition of anabolic bone in both the mineralized and non-mineralized fractions. Specifically, anabolic bone contains hydroxyapatite with ionic substitutions that facilitate bone turnover and relatively rare collagens type VI and XII that are important for normal bone development. In this work, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were cultured in lyophilized collagen type I scaffolds mineralized with hydroxyapatite containing Mg2+ substitutions, then induced to deposit an extracellular matrix (ECM) containing collagens VI and XII by exposure to GW9662, a PPARγ inhibitor. Delivery of GW9662 was accomplished through either Supplemented Media or via composite microspheres embedded in the scaffolds for localized delivery. Furthermore, hMSCs and scaffolds were cultured in both static and perfuse conditions to investigate the interaction between GW9662 treatment and perfusion and their effects on ECM deposition trends. Perfusion culture enhanced cell infiltration into the scaffold, deposition of collagen VI and XII, as well as osteogenic differentiation, as determined by gene expression of osteopontin, BMP2, and ALP. Furthermore, scaffold mineral density and compressive modulus were increased in response to both GW9662 treatment and perfusion after 3 weeks of culture. Local delivery of GW9662 with drug-eluting microspheres had comparable effects to systemic delivery in the perfusate. Together, these results demonstrate a strategy to create a scaffold mimicking both organic and inorganic characteristics of anabolic bone and its potential as a bone graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Mondragón
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Mitzy Cowdin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Francesca Taraballi
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Silvia Minardi
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Carl A Gregory
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Roland Kaunas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Kohara Y, Kitazawa S, Kitazawa R, Haraguchi R, Arai K, Amasaki H, Soeta S. Localization of DLL1- and NICD-positive osteoblasts in cortical bone during postnatal growth in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:186-190. [PMID: 32703409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The long bone midshaft expands by forming primary osteons at the periosteal surface of cortical bone in humans and rodents. Osteoblastic bone formation in the vascular cavity in the center of primary osteons is delayed during cortical bone development. The mechanisms of the formation of primary osteons is not fully understood, however. Focusing on NOTCH1 signaling, an inhibitory signaling on osteoblastic bone formation, our immunohistochemical analysis revealed Delta like1 (DLL1), a ligand of NOTCH1, and the NOTCH1 intracellular domain (NICD, an activated form of NOTCH1) immunoreactivity, in the cuboidal osteoblasts lining the bone surface in the vascular cavity of primary osteons during postnatal growth in rats. Interestingly, five days after treatment of primary osteoblasts with ascorbic acid and β glycerophosphate, protein levels of both DLL1 and NICD increased transiently, indicating that DLL1 activates NOTCH1 in primary cultured osteoblasts. Thus, the results imply that DLL1-NOTCH1 signaling in osteoblasts is associated with primary osteonal bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Kohara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino City, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Sohei Kitazawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Riko Kitazawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan; Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Ryuma Haraguchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Arai
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari City, Ehime, 794-8555, Japan
| | - Hajime Amasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino City, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Satoshi Soeta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino City, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
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7
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Kohara Y, Haraguchi R, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S. Knockdown of Lrp1 in RAW264 cells inhibits osteoclast differentiation and osteoclast-osteoblast interactions in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:961-965. [PMID: 31964526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), a multifunctional cell surface protein, is expressed in bone marrow-derived macrophages. While LRP1 is thought to be a suppressor of osteoclast differentiation at late stages, its function at early stages remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that Lrp1 stable knockdown by lentiviral short hairpin RNA in macrophage cell line RAW264 cells inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and osteoclastic master transcription factor Nfatc1 mRNA expression as assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. Furthermore, knockdown of the Lrp1 gene suppressed not only differentiation, but also proliferation, and inhibitory effects on osteoblastic ALP activity by osteoclast-derived humoral factors. Thus, we propose that LRP1 in macrophages is required for both differentiation into osteoclasts and osteoclast-osteoblast interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Kohara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Ryuma Haraguchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Riko Kitazawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan; Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Sohei Kitazawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
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Promoting osteoblast proliferation on polymer bone substitutes with bone-like structure by combining hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 96:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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9
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Davies OG, Cox SC, Williams RL, Tsaroucha D, Dorrepaal RM, Lewis MP, Grover LM. Annexin-enriched osteoblast-derived vesicles act as an extracellular site of mineral nucleation within developing stem cell cultures. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12639. [PMID: 28974747 PMCID: PMC5626761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as natural delivery vehicles capable of enhancing tissue regeneration could represent an exciting new phase in medicine. We sought to define the capacity of EVs derived from mineralising osteoblasts (MO-EVs) to induce mineralisation in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) cultures and delineate the underlying biochemical mechanisms involved. Strikingly, we show that the addition of MO-EVs to MSC cultures significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the expression of alkaline phosphatase, as well as the rate and volume of mineralisation beyond the current gold-standard, BMP-2. Intriguingly, these effects were only observed in the presence of an exogenous phosphate source. EVs derived from non-mineralising osteoblasts (NMO-EVs) were not found to enhance mineralisation beyond the control. Comparative label-free LC-MS/MS profiling of EVs indicated that enhanced mineralisation could be attributed to the delivery of bridging collagens, primarily associated with osteoblast communication, and other non-collagenous proteins to the developing extracellular matrix. In particular, EV-associated annexin calcium channelling proteins, which form a nucleational core with the phospholipid-rich membrane and support the formation of a pre-apatitic mineral phase, which was identified using infrared spectroscopy. These findings support the role of EVs as early sites of mineral nucleation and demonstrate their value for promoting hard tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- O G Davies
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK. .,School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - S C Cox
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - R L Williams
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - D Tsaroucha
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - R M Dorrepaal
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - M P Lewis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - L M Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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