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Triantafyllou G, Zielinska N, Piagkou M, Koptas K, Olewnik Ł. A three-headed plantaris muscle with a bipartite insertion of its two accessory heads. Anat Sci Int 2024:10.1007/s12565-024-00794-2. [PMID: 39227509 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00794-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
The plantaris muscle consists of a small muscular and a long tendinous part and is located at the superficial compartment of the posterior leg. The purpose of the current cadaveric report is to describe a rare variant of the plantaris muscle. During a routine dissection, a three-headed plantaris with two accessory heads was identified with a variant insertion of the two accessory heads. All heads originated from the femur popliteal surface, independently the one from the other. The first head contributed to the long and thin calcaneal tendon, and the two accessory heads were mainly inserted via their musculoaponeurotic expansion into the medial femoral condyle. The plantaris muscle morphological variability has been extensively studied lately. The incidence of the two-headed muscle has been estimated at 1.6%, while the three-headed muscle corresponds to an even rarer variation. This is the third case reported in the English literature, while the insertion of the two accessory heads has never been described before.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Triantafyllou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nicol Zielinska
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Masovian Academy in Płock, Płock, Poland
| | - Maria Piagkou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Krzysztof Koptas
- Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Olewnik
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Masovian Academy in Płock, Płock, Poland
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Gonera B, Kurtys K, Wysiadecki G, Podgórski M, Olewnik ŁH. The ligamentum mucosum: A new classification. Clin Anat 2023; 36:242-249. [PMID: 36199212 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ligamentum mucosum (LM) is a ligamentous structure within the synovial layer of the knee joint capsule. For a long time LM was perceived as the vestigial remnant from the embryological development of the knee. However, last years have shown increased interest in this structure due to its potentially significant clinical role. Fifty-one, 12 females (mean age 83.1 ± 3.4 years) and 39 males (mean age 84.2 ± 6.8 years) fixed in 10% formalin were examined. Upon dissection, the following morphological features of the LM were assessed: the types of LM, morphometric measurement and histological analysis of each type. The LM was present in 66.7% of all examined specimens. Three different types were recognized: Type I (55.9%)-single band with attachment to the intercondylar notch, Type IIa-bifurcated ligament with attachment to the anterior cruciate ligament, Type IIb-bifurcated ligament with both attachments to the intercondylar notch, Type III-double ligament with two independent bands and attachments to the intercondylar notch and to the knee joint capsule. The LM is variable and probably evolutionary changes are the reason. In our study we propose the new clinically useful classification supported by its anatomical and histological characteristics. Type IIa seems to be the most important from the clinical point of view, as it may be responsible for clinical issues and should be paid attention while diagnosing patients suffering from anterior cruciate ligament torn or anterior knee pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Gonera
- Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Konrad Kurtys
- Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wysiadecki
- Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Podgórski
- Deparment of Interventational Radiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Hubert Olewnik
- Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Sakuraya T, Sekiya SI, Emura K, Sonomura T, Hirasaki E, Arakawa T. Comparison of the soleus and plantaris muscles in humans and other primates: Macroscopic neuromuscular anatomy and evolutionary significance. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:386-400. [PMID: 35655371 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In humans, the soleus is more developed compared to other primates and has a unique architecture composed of anterior bipennate and posterior unipennate parts, which are innervated by different nerve branches. The anterior part of the human soleus was proposed to be important for bipedalism, however, the phylogenetic process resulting in its acquisition remains unclear. Providing insights into this process, the anterior part of the soleus was suggested to be closely related to the plantaris based on the branching pattern of their nerve fascicles. To reveal the phylogeny of the soleus and plantaris in primates, the innervation patterns of the posterior crural muscles were compared among a wide range of species. From their branching pattern, posterior crural muscles could be classified into superficial and deep muscle groups. The anterior part of the soleus and plantaris both belonged to the deep muscle group. In all the examined specimens of ring-tailed lemurs and chimpanzees, as well as in one out of two specimens of siamang, the nerve branches corresponding to those innervating the anterior part of the human soleus were found. The muscular branches innervating the anterior part of the soleus and plantaris formed a common trunk or were connected in all the specimens. These results indicate that the anterior part of the soleus is closely related to the plantaris across different species of primates. In turn, this suggests that the anterior part of the soleus is maintained among primates, and especially in humans, where it develops as the characteristic bipennate structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohma Sakuraya
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Division of Oral Structure, Function and Development, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sekiya
- Faculty of Nursing, Niigata College of Nursing, Joetsu, Japan.,Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Emura
- Faculty of Health Care Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sonomura
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Oral Structure, Function and Development, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - Eishi Hirasaki
- Section of Evolutionary Morphology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Arakawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
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Meyer P, Pesquer L, Boudahmane S, Poussange N, Demondion X, Dallaudière B. Evaluation of the plantaris tendon: cadaver anatomy study with ultrasonographic and clinical correlation with tennis leg injury in 759 calves. Skeletal Radiol 2022; 51:1797-1806. [PMID: 35229194 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-022-04019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of the plantaris muscle (PM) in the literature is not clear. The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) to study PM at the interface between the medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscle in a cadaveric series, (2) to compare anatomic results with ultrasound (US) in the general population, and (3) to identify the potential role of the PM in the genesis of tennis leg (TL) injury. METHODS First, a cadaveric study was undertaken on six cadavers for descriptive and functional PM anatomy. Second, US evaluation was carried out for 670 calves in 335 subjects with no suspicion of a clinical tear in the thigh or calf muscle (group 1) and for 89 calves in 89 patients with tear symptoms (group 2). Study criteria were the presence or absence of PM tendon and the width measurement if present. RESULTS The PM was present in all cadavers. Traction on the tendon showed its "limited" mobility due to the connective tissue adherence mentioned with no apparent gliding of PM, promoting TL injury. In US, 37 PM were absent (4.35%) in 23 subjects. PM tendon width measurement of group 1 and group 2 was, respectively, 3.93 + / - 1.10 mm and 3.96 + / - 1.10 mm. No statistically significant differences between width measurements were found according to side (P = 0.74) or group (P = 0.69). Significant differences in width were only found between genders in group 1 (P = 0.014). CONCLUSION PM were absent in 4.35% population. The contraction of PM can promote tennis leg injury by increasing the shear forces at the level of the distal inter-aponeurotic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Meyer
- Centre d'Imagerie Ostéo-Articulaire, Clinique du Sport de Bordeaux-Mérignac, 2, rue Georges Négrevergne, 33700, Mérignac, France
| | - L Pesquer
- Centre d'Imagerie Ostéo-Articulaire, Clinique du Sport de Bordeaux-Mérignac, 2, rue Georges Négrevergne, 33700, Mérignac, France
| | - S Boudahmane
- Centre d'Imagerie Ostéo-Articulaire, Clinique du Sport de Bordeaux-Mérignac, 2, rue Georges Négrevergne, 33700, Mérignac, France
| | - N Poussange
- Centre d'Imagerie Ostéo-Articulaire, Clinique du Sport de Bordeaux-Mérignac, 2, rue Georges Négrevergne, 33700, Mérignac, France
| | - X Demondion
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie, Faculté de Médecine de Lille, 1 place de Verdun, 59000, Lille, France
| | - B Dallaudière
- Centre d'Imagerie Ostéo-Articulaire, Clinique du Sport de Bordeaux-Mérignac, 2, rue Georges Négrevergne, 33700, Mérignac, France.
- Département d'Imagerie Musculo-Squelettique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pellegrin, Place Amélie Léon Rabat, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France.
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Waśniewska A, Olewnik Ł, Diogo R, Polguj M. Morphological variability of the plantaris muscle origin in human fetuses. Ann Anat 2021; 239:151794. [PMID: 34217832 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The plantaris muscle (PM) is a small, fusiform muscle located between the gastrocnemius muscle (GM) and soleus muscle (SM). PM supports movements of the knee and ankle. This muscle presents a great variability, and also has a high clinical significance. Nevertheless, data concerns morphology and morphometry of the origin of PM in human fetuses are scarce. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-seven spontaneously-aborted human fetuses (23 male, 24 female) aged 18-38 weeks of gestation were examined. The morphology and morphometry of the origin of PM were evaluated. RESULTS PM was present in 74 lower limbs (78.7%), and absent on 20 limbs (21.3%). We distinguished VI types of the proximal attachment of PM. Belly width and thickness, as well as thickness of the tendon and MT junction differed significantly between types of PM origin. CONCLUSIONS We distinguished six (I-VI) types of origin of PM in human fetuses. The most common type was type Ia, characterized by an attachment to the lateral head of GM, lateral femoral condyle and to the knee joint capsule. Our results of PM anatomical variation in fetuses will pave the way for detailed comparisons with studies carried out on adult cadavers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Waśniewska
- Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Olewnik
- Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Michał Polguj
- Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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