1
|
2D:4D digit ratio and its relationship to BMI, sporting choices and physiological predispositions among women. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.18778/1898-6773.85.2.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2D:4D digit ratio has been established as a biomarker of the level of exposure to prenatal sex hormones’ balancebetween prenatal testosterone (PT) and estrogenne levels. Higher 2D:4D indicates lower PT exposure and vice versa. Data suggests that PT exposure is linked to a risk-taking attitude and physical aggressiveness, both of which are requirements in contact sport. A possible correlation between 2D:4D and human body mass index has also been identified. The aim of the study was to examine the relation between 2D:4D ratio and choice of sport. It was assumed that female soccer players who choose a contact sport would have a lower 2D:4D ratio (thus experiencing higher exposure to PT) than female volleyball players (selecting non-contact sport). The analysis was also aimed at identifying whether a correlation between prenatal testosterone level and BMI exists. The participant sample consisted of 103 women – 36 volleyball players, 33 soccer players and a control group (N=34). Measurements were collected in 2019–2020. The results suggest that 2D:4D was significantly different in women practicing various sports (contact and non-contact sports). Women engaged in contact sports had lower 2D:4D than women engaged in non-contact sports, and vice versa (p<0.05). 2D:4D correlated positively with BMI and body weight – the higher the 2D:4D ratio, the higher the BMI and body weight (and vice versa) (p<0.05). Low 2D:4D (high PT exposure) may predict the choice of more risky, aggressive contact sports, and vice versa. High 2D:4D may predict a higher BMI and body weight, and vice versa.
Collapse
|
2
|
Jantz RL. Finger ridge-counts correlate with the second to fourth digit ratio (2d:4d). Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23625. [PMID: 34058039 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines the relationship of finger ridge-counts to second to fourth digit ratio, which has not yet been definitively demonstrated. The related question of sex dimorphism in finger ridge-counts is further elucidated. METHODS A sample of Germans, including 1134 males and 1031 females, was examined for sex dimorphism in the finger ridge-counts. Second and fourth digit lengths were measured in a sub-sample of 91 males and 100 females to compute second to fourth digit ratio. Principal component scores were obtained to investigate sex dimorphism and the correlation between ridge-counts and digit ratio. Regression and analysis of covariance were used to investigate relationships. RESULTS Males generally have higher ridge-counts than females but subtle dimorphic features emerge from the principal components, such as a contrast between digits 2 and 4, suggesting a ratio analogous to the digit ratio. The most dimorphic feature is digit 1 directional asymmetry, males exhibiting a stronger right bias than females. Digit ratio is significantly related to four principal components, expressing various contrasts among digits. Other relationships involve contrasts between digits 3 and 5 and asymmetry on digit 2. CONCLUSIONS This paper provides definitive evidence that finger ridge-counts correlate with second to fourth digit ratio. The most important finding is that associations of ridge-counts with digit ratio do not involve commonly used summary counts over all digits. Rather, associations act more locally, in ways paralleling the digit ratio, in others reflecting asymmetry. The results support the idea that prenatal sex hormones affect finger ridge-counts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Jantz
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodríguez-Ramos Á, Moriana JA, García-Torres F, Ruiz-Rubio M. Emotional stability is related to 2D:4D and social desirability in women: Possible implications on subjective well-being and psychopathology. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248368. [PMID: 33690629 PMCID: PMC7942991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotional stability-Neuroticism is a complex construct influenced by genetics and environmental factors. Women tend to exhibit higher neuroticism scores than men, which may be associated with an increased risk of suffering from some common mental conditions. Some authors have pointed out the influence of sex hormones, since they induce sexual differentiation of the brain that can lead to sex-specific behaviors. 2D:4D digit ratio is commonly used as a marker of prenatal sex hormones. In this study we analyzed whether there was an association between 2D:4D and personality measured through the BFQ in a homogeneous sample of 101 young women college students. We found a positive association between 2D:4D and emotional stability, as well as with its subdimensions emotion control and impulse control. This association could be quadratic and nonlinear. However, no association was found with the other four dimensions. We also measured anxiety, depression and global life satisfaction, variables related to neuroticism. We observed that emotional stability is positively associated to social desirability and global life satisfaction, and negatively related to anxiety and depression. On the other hand, we did not find any association between 2D:4D and anxiety, depression, and global life satisfaction. These results can be linked to other aspects such as subjective well-being and psychopathological symptoms. This study may help to better understand how these constructs are related and could lead to future projects to elucidated how these variables influence personality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Rodríguez-Ramos
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- University Hospital Reina Sofía of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Moriana
- Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- University Hospital Reina Sofía of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Torres
- Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- University Hospital Reina Sofía of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Ruiz-Rubio
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- University Hospital Reina Sofía of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Savage D, Chan HF, Moy N, Schaffner M, Torgler B. Personality and individual characteristics as indicators of lifetime climbing success among Everest mountaineers. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
5
|
Fisher AD, Ristori J, Morelli G, Maggi M. The molecular mechanisms of sexual orientation and gender identity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 467:3-13. [PMID: 28847741 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Differences between males and females are widely represented in nature. There are gender differences in phenotypes, personality traits, behaviors and interests, cognitive performance, and proneness to specific diseases. The most marked difference in humans is represented by sexual orientation and core gender identity, the origins of which are still controversial and far from being understood. Debates continue on whether sexual behavior and gender identity are a result of biological (nature) or cultural (nurture) factors, with biology possibly playing a major role. The main goal of this review is to summarize the studies available to date on the biological factors involved in the development of both sexual orientation and gender identity. A systematic search of published evidence was performed using Medline (from January 1948 to June 2017). Review of the relevant literature was based on authors' expertise. Indeed, different studies have documented the possible role and interaction of neuroanatomic, hormonal and genetic factors. The sexual dimorphic brain is considered the anatomical substrate of psychosexual development, on which genes and gonadal hormones may have a shaping effect. In particular, growing evidence shows that prenatal and pubertal sex hormones permanently affect human behavior. In addition, heritability studies have demonstrated a role of genetic components. However, a convincing candidate gene has not been identified. Future studies (e.i. genome wide studies) are needed to better clarify the complex interaction between genes, anatomy and hormonal influences on psychosexual development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra D Fisher
- Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Jiska Ristori
- Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Girolamo Morelli
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and of the Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Millet K, Buehler F. A Context Dependent Interpretation of Inconsistencies in 2D:4D Findings: The Moderating Role of Status Relevance. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 11:254. [PMID: 29403365 PMCID: PMC5785725 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas direct relationships between 2D:4D and dominance related attitudes or behavior often turn out to be weak, some literature suggests that the relation between 2D:4D and dominance is context-specific. That is, especially in status-challenging situations 2D:4D may be related to dominant behavior and its correlates. Based on this perspective, we interpret inconsistencies in the literature on the relation between 2D:4D and risk taking, aggression and dominance related outcomes and investigate in our empirical study how attitudes in low 2D:4D men may change as a function of the status relevance of the context. We provide evidence for the idea that status relevance of the particular situation at hand influences the attitude towards performance-enhancing means for low 2D:4D men, but not for high 2D:4D men. We argue that 2D:4D may be related to any behavior that is functional to attain status in a specific context. Implications for (economic) decision making are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kobe Millet
- Department of Marketing, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Florian Buehler
- Department of Marketing, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reed S, Meggs J. Examining the effect of prenatal testosterone and aggression on sporting choice and sporting longevity. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
8
|
Hoskin AW. Male sex hormones and criminal behavior: The predictive power of a two-factor model of organizational androgen exposure. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
9
|
Burtăverde V, Chraif M, Aniţei M, Mihăilă T. The incremental validity of the dark triad in predicting driving aggression. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2016; 96:1-11. [PMID: 27475112 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This research tested the association between the Dark Triad and driving aggression as well as the incremental validity of the Dark Triad in predicting aggressive driving and the mediation role of the Dark Triad in the relationship between Big Five personality factors and aggressive driving. 274 undergraduate students in Study 1 and 95 amateur drivers in Study 2 completed measures of the Dark Triad (Machiavellianism, Narcissism and Psychopathy), the Big Five personality factors and the aggressive driving expression. Results showed that all the Dark Triad traits were related to aggressive driving behavior in both Study 1 and Study 2 and that the Dark Triad predicted driving aggression after the effect of the Big five personality factors was controlled, with Psychopathy being the strongest predictor of driving aggression in both Study 1 and Study 2. Machiavellianism and Psychopathy mediated the relationship between Emotional Stability, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness on one hand and aggressive driving on the other hand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Burtăverde
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Bucharest Panduri Avenue, no. 90, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Mihaela Chraif
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Bucharest Panduri Avenue, no. 90, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Aniţei
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Bucharest Panduri Avenue, no. 90, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Teodor Mihăilă
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Bucharest Panduri Avenue, no. 90, Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ohlsson Gotby A, Nordenström A, Falhammar H, Nordenskjöld A, Linden Hirschberg A, Frisén L, Landén M, Lichtenstein P. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and criminal behavior: A Swedish population based study. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:953-9. [PMID: 26254797 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Both prenatal and circulating testosterone and other androgens have been suggested to influence the individual's propensity to commit crime, but empirical evidence is limited and inconsistent. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) are both hyperandrogenic conditions but with an important difference; whereas subjects with CAH are exposed to high concentrations of androgens in utero, women with PCOS are subjected to high androgens in adulthood. Comparing these groups can therefore yield important insights of androgenic effects on behavior. In the current study, information on medical diagnoses and convicted crimes were gathered from Swedish population-based registers. The associations between diagnoses of CAH or PCOS and any crime, violent crime or sex crime were estimated with conditional logistic regression. Results showed that CAH in women and men did not predict criminality, whereas an increased risk for any crime and violent crime was found in PCOS women. Our findings indicate that female hyperandrogenism in adulthood, but not prenatal hyperandrogenism, is associated with risk for criminal behavior. Further research into hyperandrogenic conditions holds opportunities to deepen our understanding of the etiology of crime and psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Ohlsson Gotby
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna (L1:00), SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Astrid Lindgren Children Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, SE- 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Falhammar
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna (L1:00), SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Nordenskjöld
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Astrid Lindgren Children Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelica Linden Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louise Frisén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Box 430, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Portnoy J, Raine A, Glenn AL, Chen FR, Choy O, Granger DA. Digit ratio (2D:4D) moderates the relationship between cortisol reactivity and self-reported externalizing behavior in young adolescent males. Biol Psychol 2015; 112:94-106. [PMID: 26463360 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although reduced cortisol reactivity to stress and increased circulating testosterone level are hypothesized to be associated with higher levels of externalizing behavior, empirical findings are inconsistent. One factor that may account for the heterogeneity in these relationships is prenatal testosterone exposure. This study examined whether the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative marker of prenatal testosterone exposure, moderates the relationships of testosterone and cortisol reactivity with externalizing behavior. Left and right hand 2D:4D and self-reported externalizing behavior were measured in a sample of 353 young adolescents (M age=11.92 years; 178 females; 79.7% African American). Saliva samples were collected before and after a stress task and later assayed for cortisol. Testosterone levels were determined from an AM saliva sample. 2D:4D interacted with cortisol reactivity to predict externalizing behavior in males, but not females. In males, low cortisol reactivity was associated with higher levels of aggression and rule-breaking behavior, but only among subjects with low 2D:4D (i.e., high prenatal testosterone). Findings suggest the importance of a multi-systems approach in which interactions between multiple hormones are taken into account. Furthermore, results demonstrate the importance of considering the organizational influence of prenatal testosterone in order to understand the activational influence of circulating hormones during adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill Portnoy
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Criminology, 3809 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychology, and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea L Glenn
- Center for the Prevention of Youth Behavior Problems, Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, USA
| | - Frances R Chen
- Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Olivia Choy
- Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, Arizona State University, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Developing of an English Version of the Aggressive Driving Behavior Test (AVIS). Improving the Construct Validity of Aggressive Driving. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-015-9353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Ellis L, Hoskin AW. Criminality and the 2D:4D ratio: testing the prenatal androgen hypothesis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2015; 59:295-312. [PMID: 24013770 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x13503813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A decade old theory hypothesizes that brain exposure to androgens promotes involvement in criminal behavior. General support for this hypothesis has been provided by studies of postpubertal circulating levels of testosterone, at least among males. However, the theory also predicts that for both genders, prenatal androgens will be positively correlated with persistent offending, an idea for which no evidence currently exists. The present study used an indirect measure of prenatal androgen exposure-the relative length of the second and fourth fingers of the right hand (r2D:4D)-to test the hypothesis that elevated prenatal androgens promote criminal tendencies later in life for males and females. Questionnaires were administered to 2,059 college students in Malaysia and 1,291 college students in the United States. Respondents reported their r2D:4D relative finger lengths along with involvement in 13 categories of delinquent and criminal acts. Statistically significant correlations between the commission of most types of offenses and r2D:4D ratios were found for males and females even after controlling for age. It is concluded that high exposure to androgens during prenatal development contributes to most forms of offending following the onset of puberty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Ellis
- University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xi H, Li M, Fan Y, Zhao L. A comparison of measurement methods and sexual dimorphism for digit ratio (2D:4D) in Han ethnicity. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2014; 43:329-333. [PMID: 24013635 PMCID: PMC3890058 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-013-0179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The digit ratio (2D:4D) is sexually dimorphic and has been considered an indicator of prenatal sex hormone exposure. Previous studies have shown that males tend to have lower 2D to 4D ratio than females, and this sexual dimorphism has been reported across different ethnic groups and different countries. However, digit ratio data are missing from the Han ethnicity in China. Furthermore, most of the previous studies used direct measurement for digit ratio. In this article, we used multiple measurement methods, including the direct measurement and two X-ray measurement methods to examine the trait of 2D:4D in Chinese Han. Our sample consisted of 128 men and 122 women from Liaoning Medical University. They were 18-20 years old. The direct measurement and two types of X-ray measurements of the length of their 2nd and 4th fingers were used separately to calculate digit ratios. Soft tissue thickness of 2D and 4D fingertips were also assessed from the two X-ray methods. The results suggest that (1) sex differences in 2D:4D tend to be stronger in the two X-ray measurements in comparison to the direct measurement; (2) 2D:4D ratios from X-ray measurements tend to be lower than that from the direct measurement; (3) Han ethnicity have a lower mean value of 2D:4D than other ethnic groups; (4) no sex difference in the soft tissue of finger tips. In conclusion, the digit ratio is lower in both men and women in Han, and the sexual dimorphism in digit ratio was stronger with X-ray measurements in comparison to the direct measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanjiu Xi
- Institute of Anthropology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, People's Republic of China,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Wacker J, Mueller EM, Stemmler G. Prenatal testosterone and personality: Increasing the specificity of trait assessment to detect consistent associations with digit ratio (2D:4D). JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
17
|
Herschl LC, Highland KB, McChargue DE. Prenatal Exposure to Testosterone Interacts with Lifetime Physical Abuse to Predict Anger Rumination and Cognitive Flexibility among Incarcerated Methamphetamine Users. Am J Addict 2012; 21:363-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2012.00246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
18
|
A review on sex differences in processing emotional signals. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:1211-21. [PMID: 22245006 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interest in sex-related differences in psychological functioning has again come to the foreground with new findings about their possible functional basis in the brain. Sex differences may be one way how evolution has capitalized on the capacity of homologous brain regions to process social information between men and women differently. This paper focuses specifically on the effects of emotional valence, sex of the observed and sex of the observer on regional brain activations. We also discuss the effects of and interactions between environment, hormones, genes and structural differences of the brain in the context of differential brain activity patterns between men and women following exposure to seen expressions of emotion and in this context we outline a number of methodological considerations for future research. Importantly, results show that although women are better at recognizing emotions and express themselves more easily, men show greater responses to threatening cues (dominant, violent or aggressive) and this may reflect different behavioral response tendencies between men and women as well as evolutionary effects. We conclude that sex differences must not be ignored in affective research and more specifically in affective neuroscience.
Collapse
|
19
|
Stenstrom E, Saad G, Nepomuceno MV, Mendenhall Z. Testosterone and domain-specific risk: Digit ratios (2D:4D and rel2) as predictors of recreational, financial, and social risk-taking behaviors. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
20
|
Relationships between digit ratio 2D:4D and self-reported aggression and risk taking in an online study. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
21
|
Abstract
There is now compelling evidence that the ratio of the length of the second digit divided by the length of the fourth digit (2D:4D) is affected by prenatal androgens in humans. This ratio is greater in females than males from fetal life through adulthood, correlates with polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene in men, is feminine in XY androgen insensitivity syndrome, and masculinized in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Using 2D:4D as a correlate, researchers have found evidence that prenatal androgens affect many sexually differentiated human behaviors, including sexual orientation in women (but not in men), attention deficit disorder, autism, eating disorders, aggression, and risk-taking. In each case, lower 2D:4D, indicative of greater prenatal androgen stimulation, is associated with behavior more commonly displayed by males than females. The correlation between 2D:4D and prenatal androgen stimulation is too imperfect to accurately predict the phenotype of a particular individual, even in terms of sex. However, digit ratio is the best available retrospective marker of average differences in prenatal androgen stimulation between groups of people, and/or correlations of prenatal androgen stimulation with particular behaviors and characteristics within a group. Thus digit ratios offer a valid test of the organizational hypothesis that androgens act early in life to masculinize various human behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Marc Breedlove
- Neuroscience Program and Department of Psychology, 108 Giltner Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1101, USA.
| |
Collapse
|