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Kufera JA, Auman KM, Chavez A, Kerns TJ, Burch C, Vesselinov R. Observed relationships between driver and passenger restraint use in the front and rear seats. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2022; 23:352-357. [PMID: 35687004 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2022.2077931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Seat belt usage has increased substantially since the 1960s, yet driver use continues to affect passenger usage. Recent observational restraint use findings for Maryland will examine the relationship between driver and passenger usage, including adults and children in the rear seat. METHODS Analyses were based on observational front and rear seat studies administered in parallel from 2016 to 2019. A statistically rigorous front seat project yielded weighted results among drivers and outboard passengers. A study of adults and children in the rear seat was based on a convenience sample of vehicles. Restraint usage results were presented as frequencies and proportions among occupants with known belt use, along with the 95% confidence interval for overall rates. RESULTS Overall restraint usage rates averaged 90.9% in the front seat study and 81.1% in the rear seat sample. In vehicles with two front seat occupants and a belted driver, the proportion of belted passengers averaged 93.0% over four years. However, among unbelted drivers, only 41.6% of passengers were belted on average. In the rear seat study, an average of 82.7% were belted in vehicles driven by a restrained driver, differing for children (92.0%) versus adults (70.4%). Analysis of vehicles with an unbelted driver revealed an average of 45.0% of belted rear seat occupants, with a considerable difference for children (65.0%) compared with adults (21.0%). CONCLUSIONS Observational seat belt studies in Maryland in recent years have shown that, despite overall rates above 80%, passenger use in both the front and rear seats is associated with driver restraint use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Kufera
- Charles "McC" Mathias, Jr. National Study Center for Trauma and Emergency Medical Systems, Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kimberly M Auman
- Charles "McC" Mathias, Jr. National Study Center for Trauma and Emergency Medical Systems, Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alicia Chavez
- Charles "McC" Mathias, Jr. National Study Center for Trauma and Emergency Medical Systems, Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Timothy J Kerns
- Maryland Department of Transportation, Motor Vehicle Administration's Highway Safety Office, Glen Burnie, Maryland
| | | | - Roumen Vesselinov
- Charles "McC" Mathias, Jr. National Study Center for Trauma and Emergency Medical Systems, Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Oglesbee SJ, Schafer KR, Kadish MP, Orozco R, Chao Z, Sapién RE. A Cross-Sectional Geographic Information Systems Study of a Pediatric Emergency Department Child Restraint System Distribution Program. J Emerg Nurs 2022; 48:278-287. [PMID: 35396094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A pediatric ED program sought to promote injury prevention through distribution of child restraint systems. Program funds are paid for child passenger safety technician certification of all personnel. Pediatric emergency nurses distributed child restraint systems at hospital discharge and dedicated technicians at fitting stations. Researchers described program characteristics, developed a baseline understanding of program outreach using geographic information systems, and evaluated adherence to manufacturer guidelines with a sensitivity analysis. METHODS This retrospective cross-sectional study used distribution forms linked to hospital records from 2013 to 2016. Testing for differences used nonparametric methods. Median values and interquartile ranges for weight and height of children were compared with manufacturer guidelines. Geographic information systems visualized recipients' street addresses and motor vehicle crashes on an underlying base map. RESULTS There were 312 child restraint systems distributed: of which 179 (57.4%) at the hospital, 126 (40.4%) at fitting stations, and 7 (2.2%) missing a location. Among those on Medicaid, 64.4% received a child restraint system at the hospital compared with 35.6% at fitting stations (χ2 = 5.40, P < .02). Fitting stations had limited outreach to rural residents. Finally, results from the sensitivity analysis showed that devices were issued according to manufacturer guidelines. DISCUSSION Despite the workplace pressures of clinical care, pediatric emergency nurses delivered educational information and demonstrated hands-on installation at similar rates to dedicated technicians. Distribution of child restraint systems through the hospital reached a uniquely underserved population. Further research should investigate methods to improve fitting station outreach among Medicaid recipients.
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Exploring injury severity of children and adolescents involved in traffic crashes in Greece. JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING (ENGLISH EDITION) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtte.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chiou YC, Fu C, Ke CY. Modelling two-vehicle crash severity by generalized estimating equations. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 148:105841. [PMID: 33091658 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The crash severity levels of two parties involved in a two-vehicle accident may differ markedly and may be correlated. Separately estimating the severity levels of two parties ignoring their potential correlation may lead to biased estimation; however, modelling their severity levels simultaneously by using a bivariate modelling approach requires a complex model setting. Thus, this study used generalized estimating equations (GEE) to accommodate potential correlations when estimating the crash severity levels of two parties. To investigate the performance of the GEE models, a case study on a total of 2493 crashes at 214 signalized intersections in Taipei City in 2013 is conducted. Univariate ordered probit model, bivariate ordered probit model, and GEE ordered probit model (GEE-OP) with different working matrices are respectively estimated and compared. The estimation results of GEE models showed that the GEE-OP with the exchangeable working matrix performs best and the most influential factor contributing to crash severity is vehicle type (motorcycle), followed by speeding, angle impact, and alcoholic use. Thus, to curtail motorcycle usage by increasing parking fee or reducing parking space of motorcycles, to crack down on speeding and alcoholic use, and to redesign the signal timings to avoid possible angle impact accidents are identified as key countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chiun Chiou
- Department of Transportation and Logistics Management, National Chiao Tung University, 4F, 118, Sec. 1, Chung-Hsiao W. Rd., Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
| | - Chiang Fu
- Department of Transportation and Logistics Management, National Chiao Tung University, 4F, 118, Sec. 1, Chung-Hsiao W. Rd., Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Ke
- Department of Transportation and Logistics Management, National Chiao Tung University, 4F, 118, Sec. 1, Chung-Hsiao W. Rd., Taipei, 100, Taiwan
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Seatbelt use to save money: Impact on hospital costs of occupants who are involved in motor vehicle crashes. Int Emerg Nurs 2017; 31:2-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ienj.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Seatbelt use is the most effective way to save lives and reduce severe injuries. However, the percentage of non-seatbelt use is still high among drivers and passengers. Although the factors related to non-seatbelt use among drivers have been widely studied, the factors associated with non-seatbelt use among passengers have not been well documented. In addition, recent surveys showed that the driver's attitude has a significant impact on the passenger's seatbelt use. However, the lower response rate and less accurate of self-reported seatbelt use in survey studies, especially among participants who had a high level perception of penalty for non-seatbelt use. Therefore, we examined the association between passenger's seatbelt use and driver's seatbelt use with a statewide injury surveillance system. 36,012 passengers who were involved in motor vehicle crashes (MVC) in 2004-2013 were included in this study. Our results showed that if a driver wore a seatbelt, 92.6% of his/her passengers also wore seatbelts while if a driver did not wear a seatbelt, only 19.1% of his/her passengers wore seatbelts. Compared to the passenger whose driver wore a seatbelt, the passenger had a significantly higher probability of non-seatbelt use (odds ratio = 46.7; 95% confidence intervals, 42.7-51.1) if his/her driver did not wear a seatbelt. The driver has the greatest influence on the passenger's seatbelt use. The findings will provide important information for future public health practices to increase seatbelt use at the highest possible rate for passengers, such as educational interventions for drivers and seatbelt reminders use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ming Han
- a Division of Public Health, Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services , Lincoln , NE , USA.,b Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
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Road Safety Education in the Context of the Sustainable Development of Society: The Romanian Case. SUSTAINABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/su8030278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mohammadi M, Ansari Moghaddam A, Rad M, Hashemi Habybabady R, Tabasi MA. Seatbelt Use and Related Factors Among Drivers Involved in Road Crashes in Southeast Iran. HEALTH SCOPE 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/jhealthscope-30782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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El-Hennawy H, El-Menyar A, Al-Thani H, Tuma M, Parchani A, Abdulrahman H, Peralta R, Asim M, Zarour A, Latifi R. Epidemiology, causes and prevention of car rollover crashes with ejection. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2014; 4:495-502. [PMID: 25221693 PMCID: PMC4160669 DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.139279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rollover crashes (ROCs) are responsible for almost a third of all highway vehicle occupant fatalities. Although ROCs are common and serious mechanism of injury, ROCs are under-reported. To analyze the causes, mechanism, impact and prevention of ROCs, we reviewed the literature between 1984 and 2013. By utilizing the search engines PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE by using key words “ROCs” “Ejection” and “vehicle” the initial search yielded 241 abstracts, of which 58 articles were relevant. Most of the articles were either retrospective or experimental studies funded by automobile companies. All vehicles are susceptible to rollovers to certain extents. Despite continuing innovation in vehicles’ safety, human factor is pivotal in prevention of ROCs. Distracted driving, speeding and drinking escalate the chances of rollover crashes. Wearing a seatbelt greatly improves the chances of surviving a ROC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hm El-Hennawy
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - A El-Menyar
- Clinical Research, Trauma Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar ; Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - H Al-Thani
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - M Tuma
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - A Parchani
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - H Abdulrahman
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - R Peralta
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - M Asim
- Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - A Zarour
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - R Latifi
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar ; Department of Surgery, Arizona University, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Thomas AM, Cook LJ, Dean JM, Olson LM. The utility of imputed matched sets. Analyzing probabilistically linked databases in a low information setting. Methods Inf Med 2014; 53:186-94. [PMID: 24728023 DOI: 10.3414/me13-01-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare results from high probability matched sets versus imputed matched sets across differing levels of linkage information. METHODS A series of linkages with varying amounts of available information were performed on two simulated datasets derived from multiyear motor vehicle crash (MVC) and hospital databases, where true matches were known. Distributions of high probability and imputed matched sets were compared against the true match population for occupant age, MVC county, and MVC hour. Regression models were fit to simulated log hospital charges and hospitalization status. RESULTS High probability and imputed matched sets were not significantly different from occupant age, MVC county, and MVC hour in high information settings (p > 0.999). In low information settings, high probability matched sets were significantly different from occupant age and MVC county (p < 0.002), but imputed matched sets were not (p > 0.493). High information settings saw no significant differences in inference of simulated log hospital charges and hospitalization status between the two methods. High probability and imputed matched sets were significantly different from the outcomes in low information settings; however, imputed matched sets were more robust. CONCLUSIONS The level of information available to a linkage is an important consideration. High probability matched sets are suitable for high to moderate information settings and for situations involving case-specific analysis. Conversely, imputed matched sets are preferable for low information settings when conducting population-based analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L J Cook
- Lawrence J. Cook, University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, P.O. Box 581289, Salt Lake City, Utah 84158-1289, USA, E-mail:
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Bunn T, Slavova S, Robertson M. Motor vehicle injuries among semi truck drivers and sleeper berth passengers. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2013; 44:51-55. [PMID: 23398705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Injuries and fatalities due to large truck and other vehicle crashes have decreased over the last decade, but motor vehicle injuries remain a leading cause of death for both the working and general populations. The present study was undertaken to determine semi truck driver and sleeper berth passenger injury risk in a moving semi truck collision using a matched-pair cohort study. METHOD Study data were obtained from the Kentucky Collision Report Analysis for Safer Highways (CRASH) electronic files for 2000-2010. A matched-pair cohort study was used to compare the odds of injury of both drivers and sleeper berth passengers within the same semi truck controlling for variables specific to the crash or the semi truck. The crude odds ratio of injury was estimated and a statistical model for a correlated outcome using generalized estimating equations was utilized. RESULTS In a moving semi truck collision, the odds for an injury were increased by 2.25 times for both semi truck drivers and sleeper berth passengers who did not use occupant safety restraints compared to semi truck drivers and sleeper berth passengers who used occupant safety restraints at the time of the collision. The driver seat or sleeper berth position in the vehicle was not a significant factor (p-value=0.31) associated with a moving semi truck collision injury. CONCLUSION Nonuse of occupant safety restraints by either drivers or sleeper berth passengers significantly increased the odds of an injury in a moving semi truck collision; semi truck seating position (driver's seat or sleeper berth) did not increase the odds for an injury in moving collisions. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY Trucking companies should include the mandatory use of occupant safety restraints by both semi truck drivers and sleeper berth passengers in their company safety policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Bunn
- Kentucky Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Kentucky, College of Public Health, 333 Waller Ave., Suite 242, Lexington, KY 40504, USA.
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Under the influence with a child in the car: implications for child safety and caregiver intervention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 71:S522-6. [PMID: 22072039 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31823a4b8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injury is the leading cause of death for those aged 1 year to 44 years in the United States, with motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) the leading cause of injury-related deaths. Little data exist on the relationship between caregiver alcohol and drug use at the time of MVC and child passenger outcomes. We examined the relationship between caregiver substance use in MVCs and a number of demographic, crash severity, and medical outcomes for caregivers and children. METHODS We identified family groups treated in the emergency department of a regional Level II trauma center after an MVC in a 1-year period from July 1, 2005, to June 30, 2006. The distribution and means of characteristics for substance and nonsubstance users were compared using χ analysis and Student's t tests, respectively. RESULTS One in 10 vehicles contained an intoxicated caregiver at the time of MVC. In 363 identified caregivers, intoxication was associated with being male (p < 0.001), lack of safety device use (p = 0.003), rollover (p = 0.008), and ejection (p = 0.016). In the 278 family groups, intoxicated caregivers were related to child ejection (p = 0.009), the need for child hospital admission (p < 0.001), and driver intoxication was related to child lack of restraint (p = 0.045). CONCLUSION These findings suggest a substantial number of child MVC victims arrive at the emergency room after riding with an intoxicated caregiver. Findings support the need for prevention programs focusing on substance use and driving for male caregivers, and further investigation on the need for screening and intervention for caregivers' risky alcohol and drug use after a child's MVC.
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