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Dzinyela R, Kofi Adanu E, Gupta H, Koirala P, Alnawmasi N, Das S, Lord D. Analyzing fatal crash patterns of recidivist drivers across genders and age Groups: A hazard-based duration approach. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2024; 206:107713. [PMID: 39053101 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Identifying factors that significantly affect drivers that are repeatedly involved in traffic violations or non-fatal crashes (defined here as recidivist drivers) is very important in highway safety studies. This study sought to understand the relationship between a set of variables related to previous driving violations and the duration between a previous non-fatal crash and a subsequent fatal crash, taking into account the age and gender of the driver. By identifying the characteristics of this unique driver population and the factors that influence the duration between their crash events strategies can be put in place to prevent the occurrence of future and potentially fatal crashes. To do this, a five-year (2015-2019) historical fatal crash data from the United States was used for this study. Out of 15,956 fatal crashes involving recidivist drivers obtained, preliminary analysis revealed an overrepresentation of males (about 75%). It was also found that the average duration between the two crash events was about a year and a half, with only an average of one month difference between male and female drivers. Using hazard-based duration models, factors such as number of previous crashes, previous traffic violations, primary contributing factors and some driver demographic characteristics were found to significantly be associated with the duration between the two crash events. The duration between the two events increased with driver's age for drivers who were involved in only one previous crash and the duration was shorter for those that were previously involved in multiple crashes. Previous DUI violations, license suspensions, and previous speeding violations were found to be associated with shorter durations, at varying degrees depending on the driver's age and gender. The duration was also observed to be longer if the fatal crash involved alcohol or drug use among younger drivers but shorter among middle-aged male drivers. These findings reveal interesting dynamics that may be linked to recidivist tendencies among some drivers involved in fatal crashes. The factors identified from this study could help identify crash countermeasures and programs that will help to reform such driver behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Dzinyela
- Zachary Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA.
| | - Emmanuel Kofi Adanu
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
| | - Hardik Gupta
- Zachary Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA.
| | - Pranik Koirala
- Zachary Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA.
| | - Nawaf Alnawmasi
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Hail, 55474, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Subasish Das
- Civil Engineering Program, Texas State University, 601 University Dr, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA.
| | - Dominique Lord
- Zachary Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA.
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Zhang G, Hu X, Hu N. Identifying the causal effects of driver distraction on hazardous actions at intersections based on propensity score weighting. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2024:1-8. [PMID: 39150346 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2024.2392269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Distracted driving is a threat to traffic safety that can result in more traffic crashes. Although previous studies have been conducted to explore the relationship between driver distraction and hazardous driving actions, few studies are available to identify the causation between them. Thus, the study intended to evaluate the causal effects of distraction on hazardous driving actions at intersections based on the crash data extracted from the Crash Report Sampling System (2021-2022). The multinomial logit model was employed to reveal the factors contributing to driver distraction. Then, propensity score weighting was adopted to balance the factor distributions between distraction and non-distraction cases to identify the causal effects on hazardous actions. Results indicated that 1) the propensity of distraction is relevant to factors such as the driver's age, gender, vehicle type, speed limit, area, weather, and light condition, 2) driver distraction can significantly increase the probability of risky actions including speeding, running red lights, failing to obey stop signs, failing to yield, following too closely, and 3) the causal effects show great diversity for different distraction types. The findings serve to understand the influence mechanism of distraction on specific crash risks and develop countermeasures to reduce distraction and hazardous driving actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guopeng Zhang
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianghong Hu
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nianyi Hu
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Okati-Aliabad H, Hashemi Habybabady R, Sabouri M, Mohammadi M. Different types of mobile phone use while driving and influencing factors on intention and behavior: Insights from an expanded theory of planned behavior. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300158. [PMID: 38446800 PMCID: PMC10917291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Mobile phone use while driving (MPUWD) is a significant concern due to its negative impact on road safety. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess different types of MPUWD and identify factors influencing intention and behavior among drivers in Zahedan. A total of 392 participants provided information on demographic and driving characteristics, as well as constructs derived from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) augmented with moral norms. Findings revealed that a majority of drivers (86.4%) engaged in MPUWD, primarily involving calling, using applications, and texting. However, most participants did not intend to use their phones while driving in the following week. Multiple regression analysis identified age, receiving driving fines, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control as significant predictors of intention for MPUWD. Additionally, factors such as age, receiving driving fines, driving hours, car gearbox type, attitude, perceived behavior control, behavioral intention, and moral norm were significant predictors of actual MPUWD. Older participants demonstrated better behavior in various mobile phone activities while driving. Overall, the study emphasized that the main TPB constructs and moral norms have a greater influence compared to other variables in predicting MPUWD. Perceived behavioral control was the most important predictor of the intention and behavior of MPUWD. Understanding these factors can guide efforts to discourage MPUWD through targeted interventions and strategies to promote safer driving practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Okati-Aliabad
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Sabouri
- Student Research Committee, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mohammadi
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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4
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Zhang S, Xia Z, Zhang C, Tian X, Xie J. Green illusions in self-reporting? Reassessing the intention-behavior gap in waste recycling behaviors. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 166:171-180. [PMID: 37172518 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Improving residents' waste recycling behavior is crucial for enhancing resource efficiency and reducing carbon emissions. Previous questionnaire-based studies have reported that individuals exhibit a high willingness to recycle, yet often fail to convert this intention into action. Analyzing 180,417 Internet of Things (IoT) behavior data points, we discovered that the intention-behavior gap might be larger than anticipated. Our findings indicate that: 1) Intentions to recycle alone can predict self-reported recycling behavior (p < 0.01, t = 2.841), but not actual recycling behavior in the absence of other possible moderators (p > 0.1, t = 0.777); 2) Self-reported behavior predicts real behavior, but with limited explanatory power; and 3) The intention-behavior gap primarily results from forgetting or habituation (p < 0.01, t = 2.653), while social desirability plays an insignificant role (p > 0.1, t = 0.246). This study contributes to our understanding of the intention-behavior gap and provides direction for future pro-environmental behavior research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Zhang
- School of Economics, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ziqian Xia
- School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; United Nation Environment-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xi Tian
- Research Center for Central China Economic and Social Development, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; School of Economics and Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; Jiangxi Ecological Civilization Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Jinliang Xie
- School of Economics and Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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Young Drivers ‘on the Phone: Personality Traits, Driving Attitudes, Beliefs, and Risk Perception on Using Mobile Phone While Driving. PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12646-022-00670-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Wu P, Song L, Meng X. Temporal analysis of cellphone-use-involved crash injury severities: Calling for preventing cellphone-use-involved distracted driving. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2022; 169:106625. [PMID: 35272221 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the popularity of smartphones and the increasing dependence on cellphones, cellphone-use-involved distracted driving has become a global traffic safety concern. Calling, texting, or watching videos while driving could have harmful impacts on driving abilities and increase crash-injury severities. To investigate the temporal stability and the heterogeneity of cellphone-involved crash injury severity determinants, a series of likelihood ratio tests and random parameters logit models with heterogeneity in means and variances are estimated. Cellphone-involved single-vehicle crash datasets of Pennsylvania from 2004 to 2019 are utilized. Marginal effects are also applied to investigate the impact of explanatory variables on injury severity outcomes. The results indicate an overall temporal instability of cellphone-involved crashes across different periods. However, driving without seatbelts and overturns are observed to produce relatively stable and positive influence on the increased injury severities of cellphone-involved crashes. Besides, it is noteworthy that a combination of cellphone usage with risky driving behaviors (aggressive driving, alcohol- or drug-related driving, speeding, or fatigue driving) significantly increase driver injury-severities. This finding highlights the necessity of identifying drivers with multiple risk-taking behaviors and enacting laws to prohibit these drivers from using cellphones while driving. Applications of smartphones provide another feasible approach to prevent using cellphones while driving. Insights and suggestions of this study would be valuable to mitigate the negative outcomes of cellphone-involved crashes and prevent the crashes caused by cellphone-involved distracted driving in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Wu
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Li Song
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, EPIC Building, Room 3366, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223-0001, USA.
| | - Xianghai Meng
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China.
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Yu B, Bao S, Chen Y, LeBlanc DJ. Effects of an integrated collision warning system on risk compensation behavior: An examination under naturalistic driving conditions. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 163:106450. [PMID: 34678549 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Collision warning systems can improve traffic safety, while their safety benefit may be lessened due to improper risk compensation or system misuse. There are limited studies of advanced safety systems increasing unexpected risky driving behavior, especially with adolescent drivers. This study is designed to address this research gap in two main areas: 1) it seeks to examine whether and how the introduction of advanced driver-assistance systems influences drivers' risk compensation behavior (e.g., increase of hard braking frequency), and 2) it investigates key factors (e.g., distraction) that contribute to changes in hard braking frequency during driving for both teen and adult drivers. Naturalistic driving data from two previous studies were analyzed in this study with two methods: a hierarchical logistic regression model was used to evaluate the effects of an integrated collision warning system on hard braking behavior, while a Random forests algorithm was applied to model hard braking behavior and to rank the contributing factors by calculating the importance scores. No statistical evidence was observed that the integrated collision warning system significantly changed the likelihood of hard braking for teen or adult drivers. Other factors like distraction, especially visual-manual distraction, had the largest impact on the hard braking behavior, followed by speeding and roadway segments (i.e., at intersections or not). Short time-headways and driving in high-density traffic significantly increased the likelihood of hard braking. Furthermore, the rate of hard braking behavior on surface roads was much higher than on highways, as expected. Compared with straight road segments, hard braking behavior was less likely to occur on curve roads. This study applied an analytical strategy by using both machine learning and statistical analysis methods to achieve high model accuracy and facilitate inference concerning the relationships among variables. Findings in this study can help to improve the design of integrated collision warning systems and the use of autonomous braking systems, and to apply appropriate analysis methods in understanding teen drivers' behavior changes with those safety systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Transportation Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao'an Highway, Shanghai, 201804, China.
| | - Shan Bao
- Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering Department, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Rd, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA; University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 2901 Baxter Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2150, USA.
| | - Yuren Chen
- Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Transportation Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao'an Highway, Shanghai, 201804, China.
| | - David J LeBlanc
- University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 2901 Baxter Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2150, USA.
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Singh H, Kathuria A. Profiling drivers to assess safe and eco-driving behavior - A systematic review of naturalistic driving studies. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 161:106349. [PMID: 34411805 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Road accidents and vehicular emissions are two significant issues related to road transportation, affecting both human life and the environment. Prior research suggests that driver behavior is a crucial factor in the majority of road crashes and is a significant factor influencing fuel consumption and vehicle emission. Significant improvement in driving behavior can be achieved by providing feedback to drivers about their driving behavior. An increasing interest among researchers to identify risky and non-economical driving maneuvers has led to the development of driver behavior profiling, i.e., rating/categorizing drivers into different categories based on how they drive. To get an insight into different parameters and methodology adopted by researchers for categorizing drivers into different categories, this paper presents a systematic review of studies on driver behavior profiling. In the present paper, PRISMA approach was adopted to shortlist the most relevant studies for systematic review out of 1231 initial studies, which were extracted using the relevant keywords. The findings from our study suggest that the selection of parameters for profiling the driver will depend on the application of the profiling scheme, type of device used for extracting data, and importance of parameter in rating criteria. Further, the findings suggest that significant improvement in driving behavior can be achieved by providing feedback to the drivers about their driving behavior and by implementing usage-based insurance schemes. It is also suggested that future studies shall focus on using smartphone devices for the collection of driver data as smartphones are nowadays easily accessible to everyone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jammu, India.
| | - Ankit Kathuria
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jammu, India.
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Rethinking Cell Phone Use While Driving: Isolated Risk Behavior or a Pattern of Risk-Taking Associated with Impulsivity in Young Drivers? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115640. [PMID: 34070417 PMCID: PMC8197494 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examines whether cell phone use stands apart from a general pattern of risky driving practices associated with crashes and impulsivity-related personality traits in young drivers. A retrospective online survey study recruited 384 young drivers from across the United States using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk to complete a survey measuring risky driving practices (including cell phone use), history of crashes, and impulsivity-related personality traits. Almost half (44.5%) of the drivers reported being involved in at least one crash, and the majority engaged in cell phone use while driving (up to 73%). Factor analysis and structural equation modeling found that cell phone use loaded highly on a latent factor with other risky driving practices that were associated with prior crashes (b = 0.15, [95% CI: 0.01, 0.29]). There was also an indirect relationship between one form of impulsivity and crashes through risky driving (b = 0.127, [95% CI: 0.01, 0.30]). Additional analyses did not find an independent contribution to crashes for frequent cell phone use. These results suggest a pattern of risky driving practices associated with impulsivity in young drivers, indicating the benefit of exploring a more comprehensive safe driving strategy that includes the avoidance of cell phone use as well as other risky practices, particularly for young drivers with greater impulsive tendencies.
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Singh H, Kathuria A. Analyzing driver behavior under naturalistic driving conditions: A review. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 150:105908. [PMID: 33310431 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For a decade, researchers working in the area of road safety have started exploring the use of driving behavior data for a better understanding of the causes related to road accidents. A review of the literature reveals the excellent potential of naturalistic driving studies carried out by collecting vehicle performance data and driver behavior data during normal, impaired, and safety-critical situations. An in-depth understanding of driver behavior helps analyze and implement pre-crash safety measures - the development of enforcement policies, infrastructure design, and intelligent vehicle safety systems. The present paper attempts to review the naturalistic driving studies that have been undertaken so far. The paper begins with an overview of different methods for collecting unobtrusive driver behavior data during their day to day trip, followed by a discussion of various factors affecting driving behavior and their influence on vehicle performance parameters. The paper also discusses the strategies mentioned in the literature for improving driving behavior using naturalistic driving studies to enhance road safety. Some of the major findings of this review suggest that i) driver behavior is a major cause in the majority of the road accidents ii) drivers generally reduce their speed and increases headway as a compensatory measure to reduce the workload imposed during distracting activity and adverse weather conditions iii) mobile phone has emerged as a potential device for collecting naturalistic driving data and, iv) improvement in driving behavior can be achieved by providing feedback to the drivers about their driving behavior. This can be done by implementing usage-based insurance schemes such as pay as you drive (PAYD), pay how you drive (PHYD), and manage how you drive (MHYD). While a considerable amount of research has been done to analyze driving behavior under naturalistic conditions, some areas which are yet to be explored are highlighted in the present paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu (IIT-JMU), Jammu, India.
| | - Ankit Kathuria
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu (IIT-JMU), Jammu, India.
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Abstract
The objective of this research is to develop a useful procedure to assess and identify risks that promote accidents by road users, with the vision of improving safety through the implementation and technical employment of operative strategies. The relevance of this proposal lies in the fact that the issue of traffic accidents is a global problem. This project is located in the mountain range of Baja California, Mexico, in the Centinela–La Rumorosa highway and integrates accidental and pavement surface condition data, geometric design performance, analysis of traffic signals, and road safety devices present on the road using geodetic techniques. It is concluded that this procedure contributes to determining risk areas that promote accidents and generate a risk reduction plan to support future decision-making that guarantees better performance for road users. Furthermore, it is highlighted that the analysis of road safety must be a permanent process for those who operate, design, and build the road system.
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Atwood J, Guo F, Fitch G, Dingus TA. The driver-level crash risk associated with daily cellphone use and cellphone use while driving. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2018; 119:149-154. [PMID: 30031295 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the overall prevalence of cellphone use, including the rates of calls and texts both per day and hourly while driving, and assessed whether or not individual crash risk was correlated with cellphone use. The study used data from the Second Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study (SHRP 2 NDS), which had more than 3500 participants who provided up to three years of driving data. Of these participants, 620 provided cellphone records, 564 of which included both call and text records. The prevalence of cellphone calls and texts per day was calculated. By overlaying the cellphone records with the SHRP 2 NDS data, we also evaluated the rates of calls and texts while driving by driver demographics. Crashes for these cellphone-using participants were also identified from the SHRP 2 NDS data. Negative binomial regression models were used to determine whether the crash rate was associated with cellphone use. Participants made an average of 27.1 texts and 7.3 calls per day. They averaged 1.6 texts and 1.2 calls per hour of driving. Cellphone use varied significantly by age, especially for texting. The texting rate for drivers aged 16-19 was 59.4 per day and 2.9 per hour of driving, four times higher than the 14.3 per day and 1.0 per hour for drivers 30-64 years old. The texting rate for drivers 20-29 years old was also high at 42.4 per day and 2.6 per hour of driving. Participants experienced 243 crashes in 216,231 h of driving. It was found that those who texted more often per day or per hour of driving had higher crash rates after adjusting for age and gender effects. The severe crash rate increases 0.58% for every additional text per day and all 8.3% for every text per hour of driving; overall crash rate increases 0.41% for every additional text per day and 6.46% for every text per hour of driving. The results show that cellphone texting and calling are quite common while driving. The texting rate for young drivers is substantially higher than for middle-aged and senior drivers. This study confirmed that those who text at a higher rate are associated with a higher crash risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Atwood
- Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, 3500 Transportation Research Plaza, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Feng Guo
- Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, 3500 Transportation Research Plaza, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Hutcheson Hall, Room 406-A, 250 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
| | | | - Thomas A Dingus
- Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, 3500 Transportation Research Plaza, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
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Zhang X, Yang Y, Yang J, Hu J, Li Y, Wu M, Stallones L, Xiang H. Road traffic injuries among riders of electric bike/electric moped in southern China. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2018; 19:417-422. [PMID: 29333874 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2018.1423681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electric bike/moped-related road traffic injuries have become a burgeoning public health problem in China. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and potential risk factors of electric bike/moped-related road traffic injuries among electric bike/moped riders in southern China. METHODS A cross-sectional study was used to interview 3,151 electric bike/moped riders in southern China. Electric bike/moped-related road traffic injuries that occurred from July 2014 to June 2015 were investigated. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews and analyzed between July 2015 and June 2017. RESULTS The prevalence of electric bike/moped-related road traffic injuries among the investigated riders was 15.99%. Electric bike/moped-related road traffic injuries were significantly associated with category of electric bike (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.82), self-reported confusion (AOR = 1.77, 95% CI, 1.13-2.78), history of crashes (AOR = 6.14, 95% CI, 4.68-8.07), running red lights (AOR = 3.57, 95% CI, 2.42-5.25), carrying children while riding (AOR = 1.96, 95% CI, 1.37-2.85), carrying adults while riding (AOR = 1.68, 95% CI, 1.23-2.28), riding in the motor lane (AOR = 2.42, 95% CI, 1.05-3.93), and riding in the wrong traffic direction (AOR = 1.63, 95% CI, 1.13-2.35). In over 77.58% of electric bike/moped-related road traffic crashes, riders were determined by the police to be responsible for the crash. Major crash-causing factors included violating traffic signals or signs, careless riding, speeding, and riding in the wrong lane. CONCLUSION Traffic safety related to electric bikes/moped is becoming more problematic with growing popularity compared with other 2-wheeled vehicles. Programs need to be developed to prevent electric bike/moped-related road traffic injuries in this emerging country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujun Zhang
- a Injury Prevention Research Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , School of Public Health, Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
- b Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering , Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Yaming Yang
- c Yixing Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Yixing , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Jie Yang
- d Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Jie Hu
- a Injury Prevention Research Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , School of Public Health, Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Yang Li
- a Injury Prevention Research Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , School of Public Health, Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Ming Wu
- d Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Lorann Stallones
- e Department of Psychology , Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado
| | - Henry Xiang
- f Center for Injury Research and Policy and Center for Pediatric Trauma Research , The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , Ohio
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Baig M, Gazzaz ZJ, Atta H, Alyaseen MA, Albagshe AJ, Alattallah HG. Prevalence and attitude of university students towards mobile phone use while driving in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2018; 25:372-377. [DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2018.1431940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mukhtiar Baig
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zohair Jamil Gazzaz
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazem Atta
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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O'Connor SS, Shain LM, Whitehill JM, Ebel BE. Measuring a conceptual model of the relationship between compulsive cell phone use, in-vehicle cell phone use, and motor vehicle crash. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 99:372-378. [PMID: 28068624 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous research suggests that anticipation of incoming phone calls or messages and impulsivity are significantly associated with motor vehicle crash. We took a more explanative approach to investigate a conceptual model regarding the direct and indirect effect of compulsive cell phone use and impulsive personality traits on crash risk. METHODS We recruited a sample of 307 undergraduate college students to complete an online survey that included measures of cell phone use, impulsivity, and history of motor vehicle crash. Using a structural equation model, we examined the direct and indirect relationships between factors of the Cell Phone Overuse Scale-II (CPOS-II), impulsivity, in-vehicle phone use, and severity and frequency of previous motor vehicle crash. Self-reported miles driven per week and year in college were included as covariates in the model. RESULTS Our findings suggest that anticipation of incoming communication has a direct association with greater in-vehicle phone use, but was not directly or indirectly associated with increasing risk of previous motor vehicle crash. Of the three latent factors comprising the CPOS-II, only anticipation was significantly associated with elevated cell phone use while driving. Greater impulsivity and use of in-vehicle cell phone use while driving were directly and significantly associated with greater risk of motor vehicle crash. CONCLUSIONS Anticipation of incoming cellular contacts (calls or texts) is associated with greater in-vehicle phone use, while greater in-vehicle cell phone use and impulsive traits are associated with elevated risk of motor vehicle crashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S O'Connor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, 408 E. Chestnut Ave, Suite 610, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Lindsey M Shain
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Western Kentucky University, 3074 Gary Ransdell Hall, 1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling Green, KY, 42101, United States
| | - Jennifer M Whitehill
- Department of Health Promotion and Policy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Arnold House, 715 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Beth E Ebel
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Patricia Bracelin Steel Memorial Building, 401 Broadway, 4th floor, Seattle, WA 98122, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Health Sciences Building, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Hospital, 2001 Eighth Ave., Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98121, United States
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Zhang X, Yang Y, Chen Y, Yao H, Wu M, Cui M, Li Y, Hu J, Zhang C, Li Z, Stallones L, Xiang H. Road traffic crashes among farm vehicle drivers in southern China: A cross-sectional survey. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2017; 18:83-87. [PMID: 27257936 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2016.1190840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and potential risk factors of farm vehicle-related road traffic crashes among farm vehicle drivers in southern China. METHODS A cross-sectional study was used to interview 1,422 farm vehicle drivers in southern China. Farm vehicle-related road traffic crashes that occurred from December 2013 to November 2014 were investigated. Data on farm vehicle-related road traffic crashes and related factors were collected by face-to-face interviews. RESULTS The prevalence of farm vehicle-related road traffic crashes among the investigated drivers was 7.2%. Farm vehicle-related road traffic crashes were significantly associated with self-reported vision problem (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.48, 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.86-10.87), self-reported sleep disorders (AOR = 10.03, 95% CI, 6.28-15.99), self-reported stress (AOR = 20.47, 95% CI, 9.96-42.08), reported history of crashes (AOR = 5.40, 95% CI, 3.47-8.42), reported history of drunk driving (AOR = 5.07, 95% CI, 2.97-8.65), and reported history of fatigued driving (AOR = 5.72, 95% CI, 3.73-8.78). The number of road traffic crashes was highest in the daytime and during harvest season. In over 96% of farm vehicle-related road traffic crashes, drivers were believed to be responsible for the crash. Major crash-causing factors included improper driving, careless driving, violating of traffic signals or signs, and being in the wrong lane. CONCLUSION Findings of this study suggest that farm vehicle-related road traffic crashes have become a burgeoning public health problem in China. Programs need to be developed to prevent farm vehicle-related road traffic crashes in this emerging country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujun Zhang
- a Injury Prevention Research Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
- b Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health , Southeast University, Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Yaming Yang
- c Yixing Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Yixing , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Yu Chen
- a Injury Prevention Research Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Hongyan Yao
- d Office of Epidemiology , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Ming Wu
- e Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Mengjing Cui
- a Injury Prevention Research Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Yang Li
- a Injury Prevention Research Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Jie Hu
- a Injury Prevention Research Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Cong Zhang
- a Injury Prevention Research Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Zhen Li
- a Injury Prevention Research Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Lorann Stallones
- f Colorado Injury Control Research Center, Department of Psychology , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado
| | - Huiyun Xiang
- g Center for Injury Research and Policy and Center for Pediatric Trauma Research , The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , Ohio
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Chevalier A, Coxon K, Chevalier AJ, Clarke E, Rogers K, Brown J, Boufous S, Ivers R, Keay L. Predictors of older drivers' involvement in rapid deceleration events. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 98:312-319. [PMID: 27810673 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid deceleration occurs when substantial force slows the speed of a vehicle. Rapid deceleration events (RDEs) have been proposed as a surrogate safety measure. As there is concern about crash involvement of older drivers and the effect of age-related declining visual and cognitive function on driving performance, we examined the relationship between RDEs and older driver's vision, cognitive function and driving confidence, using naturalistic driving measures. Participants aged 75 to 94 years had their vehicle instrumented for 12 months. To minimise the chance of identifying false positives, accelerometer data was processed to identify RDEs with a substantial deceleration of >750 milli-g (7.35m/s2). We examined the incidence of RDEs amongst older drivers, and how this behaviour is affected by differences in age; sex; visual function, cognitive function; driving confidence; and declines over the 12 months. Almost two-thirds (64%) of participants were involved in at least one RDE, and 22% of these participants experienced a meaningful decline in contrast sensitivity during the 12 months. We conducted regression modelling to examine associations between RDEs and predictive measures adjusted for (i) duration of monitoring and (ii) distance driven. We found the rate of RDEs per distance increased with age; although, this did not remain in the multivariate model. In the multivariate model, we found older drivers who experienced a decline in contrast sensitivity over the 12 months and those with lower baseline driving confidence were at increased risk of involvement in RDEs adjusted for distance driven. In other studies, contrast sensitivity has been associated with increased crash involvement for older drivers. These findings lend support for the use of RDEs as a surrogate safety measure, and demonstrate an association between a surrogate safety measure and a decline in contrast sensitivity of older drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chevalier
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, PO Box M201, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| | - K Coxon
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, PO Box M201, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia; School of Science and Health, The University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - A J Chevalier
- Safer Roads Consulting, 53 Lachlan St, Thirroul, NSW, 2515, Australia.
| | - E Clarke
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Level 10, Kolling Building 6, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
| | - K Rogers
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, PO Box M201, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| | - J Brown
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Margarete Ainsworth Building, Barker St, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
| | - S Boufous
- Transport and Road Safety Research (TARS), Level 1, West Wing, Old Main Building, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - R Ivers
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, PO Box M201, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| | - L Keay
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, PO Box M201, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
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Tao S, Wu X, Wan Y, Zhang S, Hao J, Tao F. Interactions of problematic mobile phone use and psychopathological symptoms with unintentional injuries: a school-based sample of Chinese adolescents. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:88. [PMID: 26821534 PMCID: PMC4731912 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unintentional injuries are a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in adolescents. Mobile phone use in certain circumstances (e.g., driving, cycling, walking) and mental health conditions are risk factors for unintentional injury. However, research on the interactions between problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) and psychopathological symptoms in unintentional injuries is limited. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of unintentional injuries (road traffic injuries, pedestrian collisions, and falls) and examined interactions of PMPU and psychopathological symptoms with unintentional injuries in a school-based sample of Chinese adolescents. Methods A total of 14,221 students (6915 middle school students and 7306 high school students) were randomly selected from 32 schools in four cities in China in 2012. The sample comprised 6712 boys and 7509 girls with a mean age of 15.12 years (standard deviation 1.89 years). PMPU, psychopathological symptoms, and unintentional injuries were measured with validated instruments. Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression were used to analyze the rates of unintentional injuries, the relationship with PMPU and psychopathological symptoms, and the interactions of PMPU and psychopathological symptoms with unintentional injuries. Results The prevalence of road traffic injuries, pedestrian collisions, and falls were 4.9, 16.2, and 10.1 %, respectively. The rates of unintentional injuries were higher among students with PMPU and psychopathological symptoms. Interaction analysis indicated that psychopathological symptoms were associated with a greater increase in the likelihood of unintentional injuries for adolescents with PMPU than for those without PMPU. Conclusions The findings indicate that unintentional injuries in adolescents are an important public health issue in China that merit further research. Intervention programs must consider the adolescents’ behavioral and psychological health. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2776-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuman Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230032, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230032, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yuhui Wan
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230032, China
| | - Shichen Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230032, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jiahu Hao
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230032, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230032, China. .,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, 230032, China.
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20
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Tucker S, Pek S, Morrish J, Ruf M. Prevalence of texting while driving and other risky driving behaviors among young people in Ontario, Canada: Evidence from 2012 and 2014. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2015; 84:144-152. [PMID: 26344898 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the prevalence of texting while driving and other risky driving behaviors by age and gender in two large samples of youth aged 16-19 years in Ontario, Canada. In Study 1 (N=6133), we found that males reported more frequent texting while driving and speeding than females and, in terms of age, sixteen year olds reported frequent texting while driving than older participants. In Study 2 (N=4450), which was conducted two years later, males again reported more frequent texting while driving, however there was no difference in the rate of talking on the phone while driving among males and females. Participants also reported on experiences that led to a significant reduction in their texting while driving. The most common reasons were the perceived danger of texting while driving, laws and fines against texting while driving, and observing close-calls and accidents experienced by other people. The results of both studies suggest that driving-related risk-taking behaviors co-occur and that young passengers in vehicles, including 14 and 15 year olds, are bystanders to texting while driving. Finally, there was a substantial decline in the prevalence of texting while driving across the studies. In Study 1, 27% of participants reported "sometimes" to "almost always" texting while driving compared to 6% of participants in Study 2. Limitations and implications for public campaigns targeted youth distracted driving are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Tucker
- Faculty of Business Administration, University of Regina, Canada.
| | - Simon Pek
- Beedie School of Business, Simon Fraser University, Canada
| | | | - Megan Ruf
- Faculty of Business Administration, University of Regina, Canada
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Bernstein JJ, Bernstein J. Texting at the light and other forms of device distraction behind the wheel. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:968. [PMID: 26407864 PMCID: PMC4584002 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell phones are a well-known source of distraction for drivers, and owing to the proliferation of text messaging services, web browsers and interactive apps, modern devices provide ever-increasing temptation for drivers to take their eyes off the road. Although it is probably obvious that drivers' manual engagement of a device while their vehicles are in motion is potentially dangerous, it may not be clear that such engagement when the vehicle is at rest (an activity broadly labeled "texting at the light") can also impose risks. For one thing, a distracted driver at rest may fail to respond quickly to sudden changes in road conditions, such as an ambulance passing through. In addition, texting at the light may decrease so-called "situational awareness" and lead to driving errors even after the device is put down. To our knowledge, the direct comparison of the rate of device usage by drivers at rest with the rate of device usage by drivers in motion has not been reported. METHODS We collected information on 2000 passenger vehicles by roadside observation. For the first group of 1000 passenger vehicles stopped at a traffic light, device usage ("texting", "talking", "none"), gender of the driver, vehicle type, seatbelt usage and presence of front seat passengers were recorded. For a second set of 1000 vehicles in motion, device usage alone was noted. Statistical significance for differences in rates was assessed with the chi-square test. RESULTS We found that 3 % of drivers in motion were texting and 5 % were talking. Among the stopped drivers, 14.5 % were texting and 6.3 % were talking. In the stopped-vehicle set, gender and vehicle type were not associated with significant differences in device usage, but having a front seat passenger and using seatbelts were. CONCLUSIONS Device usage is markedly higher among drivers temporarily at rest compared with those in motion, and the presence of a front seat passenger, who may help alleviate boredom or reprimand bad behavior, is associated with lower device usage rates among vehicles stopped at a light. These observations may help identify suitable steps to decrease distracted driving and thereby minimize traffic trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Bernstein
- 424 Stemmler Hall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA.
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Farmer CM, Klauer SG, McClafferty JA, Guo F. Relationship of Near-Crash/Crash Risk to Time Spent on a Cell Phone While Driving. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2015; 16:792-800. [PMID: 25793747 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2015.1019614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to examine in a naturalistic driving setting the dose-response relationship between cell phone usage while driving and risk of a crash or near crash. How is the increasing use of cell phones by drivers associated with overall near-crash/crash risk (i.e., during driving times both on and off the phone)? METHODS Day-to-day driving behavior of 105 volunteer subjects was monitored over a period of 1 year. A random sample was selected comprised of 4 trips from each month that each driver was in the study, and in-vehicle video was used to classify driver behavior. The proportion of driving time spent using a cell phone was estimated for each 3-month period and correlated with overall crash and near-crash rates for each period. Thus, it was possible to test whether changes in an individual driver's cell phone use over time were associated with changes in overall near-crash/crash risk. RESULTS Drivers in the study spent 11.7% of their driving time interacting with a cell phone, primarily talking on the phone (6.5%) or simply holding the phone in their hand or lap (3.7%). The risk of a near-crash/crash event was approximately 17% higher when the driver was interacting with a cell phone, due primarily to actions of reaching for/answering/dialing, which nearly triples risk (relative risk = 2.84). However, the amount of driving time spent interacting with a cell phone did not affect a driver's overall near-crash/crash risk. Vehicle speeds within 6 s of the beginning of each call on average were 5-6 mph lower than speeds at other times. CONCLUSIONS Results of this naturalistic driving study are consistent with the observation that increasing cell phone use in the general driving population has not led to increased crash rates. Although cell phone use can be distracting and crashes have occurred during this distraction, overall crash rates appear unaffected by changes in the rate of cell phone use, even for individual drivers. Drivers compensate somewhat for the distraction by conducting some of the more demanding tasks, such as reaching for or dialing a cell phone, at lower speeds. It is also possible that cell phones and other electronic devices in cars are changing how drivers manage their attention to various tasks and/or changing the kinds of secondary tasks in which they engage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Farmer
- a Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Research , Arlington , Virginia
| | - Sheila G Klauer
- b Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Center for Automotive Safety , Blacksburg , Virginia
| | - Julie A McClafferty
- b Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Center for Automotive Safety , Blacksburg , Virginia
| | - Feng Guo
- c Virginia Tech, Statistics, Virginia Tech Transportation Institute , Blacksburg , Virginia
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Effect of an Educational Program Based on the Health Belief Model to Reduce Cell Phone Usage During Driving in Taxi drivers. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY HEALTH 2014. [DOI: 10.20286/jech-010256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Simons-Morton B, Guo F, Klauer SG, Ehsani JP, Pradhan AK. Keep your eyes on the road: young driver crash risk increases according to duration of distraction. J Adolesc Health 2014; 54:S61-7. [PMID: 24759443 PMCID: PMC3999409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Secondary task engagement that distracts the driver is a contributing factor to motor vehicle crashes among adults. However, the association between eye glance duration and crash risk with novice teenage drivers has not been determined. METHODS Vehicles of 42 newly licensed teenage drivers were instrumented with cameras, accelerometers, Global Positioning System(s) (GPS), and other devices. Data were collected continuously for 18 months. Crashes and near crashes (CNCs) were identified by examining highly elevated gravitational force events. Video footage of the 6 seconds prior to each CNC and randomly sampled non-CNC road segments were coded for the duration of eye glances off the forward roadway and the presence of secondary task engagement. The likelihood (odds ratios) of CNC due to eye glance behavior was calculated by comparing the prevalence of secondary task engagement and duration of eyes off road prior to CNC with the prevalence and duration of eyes off road during non-CNC road segments. RESULTS Crash risk increased with the duration of single longest glance during all secondary tasks (OR=3.8 for >2 s) and wireless secondary task engagement (OR=5.5 for >2 s). Single longest glance provided a more consistent estimate of crash risk than total time eyes off the forward roadway. CONCLUSIONS Those eye glances away from the forward roadway involving secondary tasks increased the likelihood of CNC. The longer the duration of eye glance away from the road the greater the risk, regardless of type of secondary task. Education and policy discouraging secondary task engagement, particularly for prolonged periods, is warranted.
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Romer D, Lee YC, McDonald CC, Winston FK. Adolescence, attention allocation, and driving safety. J Adolesc Health 2014; 54:S6-15. [PMID: 24759442 PMCID: PMC3999412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.10.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Motor vehicle crashes are the leading source of morbidity and mortality in adolescents in the United States and the developed world. Inadequate allocation of attention to the driving task and to driving hazards are important sources of adolescent crashes. We review major explanations for these attention failures with particular focus on the roles that brain immaturity and lack of driving experience play in causing attention problems. The review suggests that the potential for overcoming inexperience and immaturity with training to improve attention to both the driving task and hazards is substantial. Nevertheless, there are large individual differences in both attentional abilities and risky driving tendencies that pose challenges to novice driver policies. Research that can provide evidence-based direction for such policies is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Romer
- Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Yi-Ching Lee
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Catherine C. McDonald
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Flaura K. Winston
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,The Division of General Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Leonard Davis Institute for Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Cazzulino F, Burke RV, Muller V, Arbogast H, Upperman JS. Cell phones and young drivers: a systematic review regarding the association between psychological factors and prevention. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2014; 15:234-242. [PMID: 24372495 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2013.822075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cell phone use among young drivers has become increasingly common in recent years. Young people are the most likely to accept the use of new technology and least likely to understand the risks associated with cell phone use while driving (CPWD; defined here as talking on the phone only) and texting while driving (TextWD). Due to inexperience, young drivers are the most at risk when using cell phones while driving and therefore should be the target of the majority of prevention strategies. The intent of this review is to determine factors that influence young drivers to engage in CPWD and TextWD and suggest a basis for prevention campaigns and strategies that can effectively prevent current and future generations from using cell phones while driving. METHODS We conducted a search for original articles in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. All abstracts were reviewed and for those that met the inclusion criteria, full articles were obtained and assessed. RESULTS Four hundred and twelve articles were identified in the search and, of those, 37 full-text articles were obtained. A total of 29 articles about the frequency of CPWD and the psychological effects influencing young driver's tendency to engage in CPWD were included. There was a high frequency of both CPWD and TextWD despite a high perceived risk of both behaviors. This discrepancy was explained by a high perceived controllability, the effect of social norms, call importance, and lack of effective law enforcement. The intervention strategies reviewed were also found to be ineffective over the long term. CONCLUSIONS The systematic review reveals that young drivers are an at-risk group for distracted driving. We propose preventative strategies based on identifying factors that influence drivers to engage in CPWD and TextWD as well as by reviewing strategies found in the reviewed articles. Further research is necessary to determine the effectiveness of these proposed strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cazzulino
- a Division of Pediatric Surgery , Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California
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