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Perticone A, Barbani D, Baldanzini N. An enhanced method for evaluating the effectiveness of protective devices for road safety application. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2024; 203:107615. [PMID: 38718663 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents an enhanced probabilistic approach to estimate the real-world safety performance of new device concepts for road safety applications from the perspective of Powered Two-Wheeler (PTW) riders who suffer multiple injuries in different body regions. The proposed method estimates the overall effectiveness of safety devices for PTW riders by correlating computer simulations with various levels of actual injuries collected worldwide from accident databases. The study further develops the methodology initially presented by Johnny Korner in 1989 by introducing a new indicator, Global Potential Damage (GPD), that overcomes the limitations of the original method, encompassing six biomechanical injury indices estimated in five body regions. A Weibull regression model was fit to the field data using the Maximum Likelihood Method with boundaries at the 90% confidence level for the construction of novel injury risk curves for PTW riders. The modified methodology was applied for the holistic evaluation of the effectiveness of a new safety system, the Belted Safety Jacket (BSJ), in head-on collisions across multiple injury indices, body regions, vehicle types, and speed pairs without sub-optimizing it at specific crash severities. A virtual multi-body environment was employed to reproduce a selected set of crashes. The BSJ is a device concept comprising a vest with safety belts to restrict the rider's movements relative to the PTW during crashes. The BSJ exhibited 59% effectiveness, with an undoubted benefit to the head, neck, chest, and lower extremities. The results show that the proposed methodology enables an overall assessment of the injuries, thus improving the protection of PTW users. The novel indicator supports a robust evaluation of safety systems, specifically relevant in the context of PTW accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Perticone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - D Barbani
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - N Baldanzini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy
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Useche SA, Faus M, Alonso F. "Cyclist at 12 o'clock!": a systematic review of in-vehicle advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) for preventing car-rider crashes. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1335209. [PMID: 38439758 PMCID: PMC10911092 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1335209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction While Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) have become a prominent topic in road safety research, there has been relatively little discussion about their effectiveness in preventing car collisions involving specific vulnerable road users, such as cyclists. Therefore, the primary objective of this systematic literature review is to analyze the available evidence regarding the effectiveness of in-vehicle ADAS in preventing vehicle collisions with cyclists. Methods To achieve this goal, this systematic review analyzed a selection of original research papers that examined the effectiveness of ADAS systems in preventing car-cyclist collisions. The review followed the PRISMA protocol, which led to the extraction of 21 eligible studies from an initial pool of 289 sources indexed in the primary scientific literature databases. Additionally, word community-based content analyses were used to examine the research topics and their links within the current scientific literature on the matter. Results Although the current number of studies available is still scarce (most sources focus on car-motorcyclist or car-pedestrian crashes), the overall quality of the available studies has been reasonably good, as determined by the selected evaluation methods. In terms of studies' outcomes, the literature supports the value of in-vehicle ADAS for preventing car-cyclist crashes. However, threatful side effects such as unrealistic expectations of these systems and users' overconfidence or desensitization are also highlighted, as well as the need to increase driver training and road user awareness. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that Advanced Driver Assistance Systems have significant potential to contribute to the prevention of driving crashes involving cyclists. However, the literature emphasizes the importance of concurrently enhancing user-related skills in both ADAS use and road-user interaction through educational and training initiatives. Future research should also address emerging issues, such as ADAS-related behavioral ergonomics, and conduct long-term effectiveness assessments of ADAS in preventing car-cycling crashes and their subsequent injuries. Systematic review registration PROSPERO, unique identifier CRD42024505492, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=505492.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A. Useche
- Research Institute on Traffic and Road Safety (INTRAS), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Sun Z, Lin M, Chen W, Dai B, Ying P, Zhou Q. A case study of unavoidable accidents of autonomous vehicles. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2023; 25:8-13. [PMID: 37722829 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2023.2255333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Autonomous driving technology eliminates human errors, and thus it is a promising solution for reducing road traffic fatalities and injuries. While future autonomous driving technology may be able to reduce the number of collision accidents, it will not be able to avoid all collision accidents. This study is aimed to demonstrate why some accidents will still be unavoidable even with advanced perceiving and controlling capabilities.Methods: Because fully autonomous vehicles are currently in the laboratory stage, we used the prospective method to study the unavoidable accident of autonomous vehicles. Suitable traffic accident cases were screened from the China In-Depth Accident Study (CIDAS). Videos of the accidents were analyzed and the accidents were reconstructed using PC-Crash software. We assumed that target vehicle possesses near-perfect autonomous driving capabilities. Unavoidable accidents were determined based on vehicle dynamics and traffic constraints. The time from perceiving hazard to collision was calculated for each accident.Results: Among the 112 accidents screened, 15 cases of unavoidable accidents were identified. Three typical cases are presented in detail in this study. Based on the reasons why the target vehicles cannot avoid the collisions, we classified the unavoidable accidents into time-limit type and space-limit type. Time-limit means that vehicle cannot stop or steer out of danger in time, and space-limit means that the traffic environment does not have sufficient space for vehicle to avoid collision.Conclusions: Collision accidents will still occur even with perfect autonomous driving technology. We used the prospective method to investigate scenarios and characteristics of unavoidable accidents of autonomous vehicles. The time-limit type and the space-limit type were identified as two categories of unavoidable accidents. For the time-limit unavoidable accidents, the time from perceiving hazard to collision is typically not longer than 1.5s. The characteristics of unavoidable accidents and the estimated pre-crash warning time can provide some reference for establishing future occupant protection strategies. This study also showed the limitations of active safety and the necessity of passive safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility, School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Lin
- China Automotive Technology & Research Center Co., Ltd, China
| | - Wentao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility, School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Dai
- China Automotive Technology & Research Center Co., Ltd, China
| | - Pengfei Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility, School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility, School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Kovaceva J, Bärgman J, Dozza M. On the importance of driver models for the development and assessment of active safety: A new collision warning system to make overtaking cyclists safer. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2022; 165:106513. [PMID: 34936932 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The total number of road crashes in Europe is decreasing, but the number of crashes involving cyclists is not decreasing at the same rate. When cars and bicycles share the same lane, cars typically need to overtake them, creating dangerous conflicts-especially on rural roads, where cars travel much faster than cyclists. In order to protect cyclists, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are being developed and introduced to the market. One of them is a forward collision warning (FCW) system that helps prevent rear-end crashes by identifying and alerting drivers of threats ahead. The objective of this study is to assess the relative safety benefit of a behaviour-based (BB) FCW system that protects cyclists in a car-to-cyclist overtaking scenario. Virtual safety assessments were performed on crashes derived from naturalistic driving data. A series of driver response models was used to simulate different driver reactions to the warning. Crash frequency in conjunction with an injury risk model was used to estimate the risk of cyclist injury and fatality. The virtual safety assessment estimated that, compared to no FCW, the BB FCW could reduce cyclists' fatalities by 53-96% and serious injuries by 43-94%, depending on the driver response model. The shorter the driver's reaction time and the larger the driver's deceleration, the greater the benefits of the FCW. The BB FCW also proved to be more effective than a reference FCW based on the Euro NCAP standard test protocol. The findings of this study demonstrate the BB FCW's great potential to avoid crashes and reduce injuries in car-to-cyclist overtaking scenarios, even when the driver response model did not exceed a comfortable rate of deceleration. The results suggest that a driver behaviour model integrated into ADAS collision threat algorithms can provide substantial safety benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordanka Kovaceva
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology.
| | - Jonas Bärgman
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology
| | - Marco Dozza
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology
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Schindler R, Flannagan C, Bálint A, Bianchi Piccinini G. Making a few talk for the many - Modeling driver behavior using synthetic populations generated from experimental data. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 162:106331. [PMID: 34563646 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding driver behavior is the basis for the development of many advanced driver assistance systems, and experimental studies are indispensable tools for constructing appropriate driver models. However, the high cost associated with testing is a serious obstacle in collecting large amounts of experimental data. This paper presents a methodology that can improve the reliability of results from experimental studies with a limited number of participants by creating a virtual population. Specifically, a methodology based on Bayesian inference has been developed, that generates synthetic cases that adhere to various real-world constraints and represent possible variations of the observed experimental data. The application of the framework is illustrated using data collected during a test-track experiment where truck drivers performed a right turn maneuver, with and without a cyclist crossing the intersection. The results show that, based on the speed profiles of the dataset and physical constraints, the methodology can produce synthetic speed profiles during braking that mimic the original curves but extend to other realistic braking patterns that were not directly observed. The models obtained from the proposed methodology have applications for the design of active safety systems and automated driving, demonstrating thereby that the developed framework has great promise for the automotive industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Schindler
- Division of Vehicle Safety, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Hörselgången 4, 41756 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Carol Flannagan
- University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 2901 Baxter Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2150, USA
| | - András Bálint
- Division of Vehicle Safety, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Hörselgången 4, 41756 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Giulio Bianchi Piccinini
- Division of Vehicle Safety, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Hörselgången 4, 41756 Göteborg, Sweden
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Liufu K, Liu Q, Lu Y, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Li Q. Multiobjective optimization on cooperative control of autonomous emergency steering and occupant restraint system for enhancing occupant safety. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 159:106302. [PMID: 34298469 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Occupant safety remains one of the most challenging and significant design considerations in the automotive and transportation industry. Nevertheless, independently developed active or passive safety systems may lead to unsatisfactory protective performance under the critical driving scenarios. This study aimed to conduct multiobjective optimization of the cooperative controls between autonomous emergency steering (AES) and occupant restraint system (ORS) to explore the potential occupant injury reduction capability as well as mechanisms subjected to a frontal collision. First, a multiple simulation approach comprising PreScan/Simulink, LS-DYNA, Madymo was used to correlate the control parameters of the safety systems and occupant injuries quantitatively. Then the control parameters of AES and ORS were selected as the design variables after sensitivity analysis, and injury responses of the sampling points were extracted by the multiple simulation approach. Surrogate models and multiobjective optimization algorithm were used to determine the optimum design in cooperative controls of AES and ORS maneuvers, from which in-depth effect mechanisms that contributed to the improvement of occupant protection were identified. Compared to the baseline design, the optimum control parameters of AES-ORS integration substantially decreased the occupant injuries of the head, chest and neck, and consequently led to a reduction of 33.02% in the overall injury risk. This study is anticipated to demonstrate a new design approach for the control system, thereby enhancing occupant safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangmin Liufu
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China; Lightweight Electric Vehicle and Parts Engineering Center of Guangdong Province, Dongguan City 523000, China.
| | - Yu Lu
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zeping Chen
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zengbo Zhang
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Gildea K, Hall D, Simms C. Configurations of underreported cyclist-motorised vehicle and single cyclist collisions: Analysis of a self-reported survey. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 159:106264. [PMID: 34274731 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lower severity cycling collisions, and single cyclist collisions (or single bicycle crashes) are significantly underreported in police statistics, introducing biases into the types of collisions that are available for analysis. Furthermore, many lower severity collisions do not appear in other collision data sources (e.g. hospital and insurance data). This in turn affects priorities for cyclist safety and puts an underemphasis on certain collision types. Due to an absence of data, little is known of the configurations of unreported collisions. In this paper, data from a recent self-reporting survey of cycling collisions in Ireland is used to provide details of cyclist collisions with motorised vehicles and single cyclist collisions, with the inclusion of unreported collision types. Pre-crash scenarios and impact configurations for cyclist collisions with bonnet-type vehicles, and collision factors and fall types for single cyclist collisions are coded. Injury patterns and police underreporting levels are compared, and representative collision scenarios are identified. This study highlights the relative importance of collisions resulting from the cyclist and vehicle travelling in the same direction, specifically, nearside-hook, vehicle lane changing, and overtaking manoeuvres are emphasised. Furthermore, cases involving the cyclist struck from the side by vehicle fronts comprise a smaller share than previous studies. Specifically, side to side impacts, impacts between the front of the cyclist/bicycle and the side of the vehicle, and impacts with open(ing) doors emerge as important impact configurations with the inclusion of self-reported cases. For single cyclist collisions, the importance of loss of traction of the tyres due to slippery road conditions and interactions with tram tracks and kerbs are emphasised. Fall types differ between single cyclist collision scenarios and are related to differences in injury severity. These findings add to existing knowledge for fatal and higher severity collisions, demonstrating that cyclist safety priorities change with inclusion of underreported, and lower severity collisions. The findings are particularly relevant to road infrastructural planners, as well as in the fields of injury biomechanics, and automated vehicle safety (ADAS). Representative scenarios for collisions with bonnet-type vehicles and single cyclist collisions have been identified, allowing for their future inclusion in development of collision and injury prevention strategies. The dataset generated in this study is available from the authors on reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Gildea
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Daniel Hall
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ciaran Simms
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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Schindler R, Bianchi Piccinini G. Truck drivers' behavior in encounters with vulnerable road users at intersections: Results from a test-track experiment. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 159:106289. [PMID: 34340136 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Crashes involving cyclists and pedestrians in Europe cause the deaths of about 7600 persons every year. Both cyclists and pedestrians are especially exposed in crashes with motorized vehicles and collisions with trucks can lead to severe injury outcomes. The two most frequent crash scenarios between trucks and these vulnerable road users (VRU) are: a) when the truck wants to turn right at an intersection, with a cyclist riding parallel and planning to cross the intersection and b) when a pedestrian crosses in front of the truck in perpendicular direction to the movement of the truck. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)-that are expected to prevent or mitigate these crashes-benefit from detailed information about the behavior of truck drivers. This study is a first exploration of this research area, with the aim to assess how drivers negotiate the encounters with VRUs in the two scenarios described above. Thirteen participants drove an instrumented truck on a test-track. After some baseline recordings, the drivers experienced two laps where they encountered a cyclist target and a pedestrian target crossing their path. The results show that the truck drivers adapted their kinematic and visual behavior in the laps where the VRU targets were crossing the intersection, compared to the baseline laps. The speed profiles of the drivers diverged approximately 30 m from the intersection and glances were directed more often towards front right and right, during the scenario with the cyclist in comparison to baseline laps. For the scenario with the pedestrian crossing, the drivers changed their speed about 14 m from the intersection and glances were directed more often towards the front center, compared to baseline laps. As a result, both the speed and distance from the intersection at the end of the maneuver were significantly different between VRU and baseline laps. Overall, the findings provide valuable information for the design of ADAS that warn the drivers about the presence of a cyclist travelling in parallel direction or that intervene to avoid a collision with a cyclist or pedestrian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Schindler
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Vehicle Safety, Chalmers University of Technology, Hörselgången 4, 41756 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Giulio Bianchi Piccinini
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Vehicle Safety, Chalmers University of Technology, Hörselgången 4, 41756 Göteborg, Sweden
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Tan H, Zhao F, Hao H, Liu Z. Evidence for the Crash Avoidance Effectiveness of Intelligent and Connected Vehicle Technologies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9228. [PMID: 34501825 PMCID: PMC8431415 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Intelligent and Connected Vehicle (ICV) is regarded as a high-tech solution to reducing road traffic crashes in many countries across the world. However, it is not clear how effective these technologies are in avoiding crashes. This study sets out to summarize the evidence for the crash avoidance effectiveness of technologies equipped on ICVs. In this study, three common methods for safety benefit evaluation were identified: Field operation test (FOT), safety impact methodology (SIM), and statistical analysis methodology (SAM). The advantages and disadvantages of the three methods are compared. In addition, evidence for the crash avoidance effectiveness of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication Systems (V2V) are presented in the paper. More specifically, target crash scenarios and the effectiveness of technologies including FCW/AEB, ACC, LDW/LDP, BSD, IMA, and LTA are different. Overall, based on evidence from the literature, technologies on ICVs could significantly reduce the number of crashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (H.T.); (F.Z.); (H.H.)
- Tsinghua Automotive Strategy Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fuquan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (H.T.); (F.Z.); (H.H.)
- Tsinghua Automotive Strategy Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Han Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (H.T.); (F.Z.); (H.H.)
- Tsinghua Automotive Strategy Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zongwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (H.T.); (F.Z.); (H.H.)
- Tsinghua Automotive Strategy Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Leledakis A, Lindman M, Östh J, Wågström L, Davidsson J, Jakobsson L. A method for predicting crash configurations using counterfactual simulations and real-world data. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 150:105932. [PMID: 33341681 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Traffic safety technologies revolve around two principle ideas; crash avoidance and injury mitigation for inevitable crashes. The development of relevant vehicle injury mitigating technologies should consider the interaction of those two technologies, ensuring that the inevitable crashes can be adequately managed by the occupant and vulnerable road user (VRU) protection systems. A step towards that is the accurate description of the expected crashes remaining when crash-avoiding technologies are available in vehicles. With the overall objective of facilitating the assessment of future traffic safety, this study develops a method for predicting crash configurations when introducing crash-avoiding countermeasures. The predicted crash configurations are one important factor for prioritizing the evaluation and development of future occupant and VRU protection systems. By using real-world traffic accident data to form the baseline and performing counterfactual model-in-the-loop (MIL) pre-crash simulations, the change in traffic situations (vehicle crashes) provided by vehicles with crash-avoiding technologies can be predicted. The method is built on a novel crash configuration definition, which supports further analysis of the in-crash phase. By clustering and grouping the remaining crashes, a limited number of crash configurations can be identified, still representing and covering the real-world variation. The developed method was applied using Swedish national- and in-depth accident data related to urban intersections and highway driving, and a conceptual Autonomous Emergency Braking system (AEB) computational model. Based on national crash data analysis, the conflict situations Same-Direction rear-end frontal (SD-ref) representing 53 % of highway vehicle-to-vehicle (v2v) crashes, and Straight Crossing Path (SCP) with 21 % of urban v2v intersection crashes were selected for this study. Pre-crash baselines, for SD-ref (n = 1010) and SCP (n = 4814), were prepared based on in-depth accident data and variations of these. Pre-crash simulations identified the crashes not avoided by the conceptual AEB, and the clustering of these revealed 5 and 52 representative crash configurations for the highway SD-ref and urban intersection SCP conflict situations, respectively, to be used in future crashworthiness studies. The results demonstrated a feasible way of identifying, in a predictive way, relevant crash configurations for in-crash testing of injury prevention capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Leledakis
- Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden; Volvo Car Corporation, SE-405 31, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | - Jonas Östh
- Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden; Volvo Car Corporation, SE-405 31, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Davidsson
- Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lotta Jakobsson
- Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden; Volvo Car Corporation, SE-405 31, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Schachner M, Sinz W, Thomson R, Klug C. Development and evaluation of potential accident scenarios involving pedestrians and AEB-equipped vehicles to demonstrate the efficiency of an enhanced open-source simulation framework. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 148:105831. [PMID: 33125925 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces a method that allows the generation and safety evaluation of a scenario catalog derived from potential car-pedestrian conflict situations. It is based on open-source software components and uses the road layout standard OpenDRIVE to derive participants' motion profiles with the support of available accident data. The method was implemented upon the open-source framework openPASS and can simulate results for different active safety system setups and facilitates the prediction of system capabilities to decrease the relative impact velocities and collision configurations such as the point of impact. A demonstration case was performed where the scenario catalog was derived and used to evaluate pedestrian collisions with and without a generic autonomous emergency braking (AEB) system. The AEB system aims to intervene in the event of an impending collision and might affect the outcome of a baseline scenario. The study indicated a change in the collision configuration and identified conflict situations less affected by the system. A particularly interesting finding was that some scenarios even led to a higher number of collisions (at lower impact) for the AEB intervention in comparison to the baseline cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schachner
- Vehicle Safety Institute, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23/I, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang Sinz
- Vehicle Safety Institute, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23/I, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Robert Thomson
- Division of Vehicle Safety, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Corina Klug
- Vehicle Safety Institute, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23/I, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Jeppsson H, Lubbe N. Simulating Automated Emergency Braking with and without Torricelli Vacuum Emergency Braking for cyclists: Effect of brake deceleration and sensor field-of-view on accidents, injuries and fatalities. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 142:105538. [PMID: 32470821 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study estimates how many additional cyclist accidents, injuries or fatalities are avoided or mitigated by adding a system which increases braking levels, the Torricelli Vacuum Emergency Brake (VEB), to a state-of-the-art Automated Emergency Braking (AEB) system. To obtain a realistic state-of-the-art AEB system, the AEB parameter settings were defined to fulfil but not exceed the performance necessary to achieve a full score in the European New Car Assessment Program (Euro NCAP). The systems are simulated in a simple but realistic simulation model in MATLAB with varying brake deceleration and sensor field-of-view (FoV). This study utilised data from the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS), released in January 2019, and the related Pre-Crash Matrix (PCM), released in February 2019. Cyclist Injury Risk Curves were created from 2,662 GIDAS accidents involving a passenger car and a cyclist. The sample of cyclist accidents from the GIDAS-PCM database used in the final simulations comprised 1,340 collisions between the front of a passenger car and a cyclist. Both data samples were weighted to be representative of Germany as a whole. Adding the VEB was found to avoid over 20% more accidents than the AEB alone. Although increasing the FoV from 75° to 180° for the AEB system increases its accident avoidance rate to a level comparable to the VEB, the VEB remains about 8-20% more effective in reducing fatalities and injuries, and thus offers greater safety benefits than simply increasing AEB FoV. While the initial accidents in the representative simulation sample are fairly evenly distributed over the vehicle front, the remaining accidents (those that cannot be prevented by AEB or VEB) are more concentrated at the vehicle corners and are further characterized by high cyclist speeds. High cyclist speeds and impact to the vehicle corners potentially increase the relative frequency of head impacts to the stiff A-pillars. We therefore recommend that, for passenger cars, VEB and other advanced AEB systems should be combined with in-crash protection, especially in the A-pillar area, to best protect cyclists from injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Jeppsson
- Autoliv Research, Wallentinsvägen 22, 44783 Vårgårda, Sweden.
| | - Nils Lubbe
- Autoliv Research, Wallentinsvägen 22, 44783 Vårgårda, Sweden
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Abstract
In recent years, the smart car sector has been increasing enormously in the Internet of Things (IoT) market. Furthermore, the number of smart cars seems set to increase over the next few years. This goal will be achieved because the application of recent IoT technologies to the automotive sector opens up innovative opportunities for the mobility of the future, in which connected cars will be more and more prominent in smart cities. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current status and future perspectives of smart cars, taking into account technological, transport, and social features. An analysis concerning the approaches to making smart a generic car, the possible evolutions that could occur in the coming decades, the characteristics of 5G, ADAS (advanced driver assistance systems), and the power sources is carried out in this paper.
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