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Okabayashi S, Kobayashi T, Saito E, Toyonaga T, Ozaki R, Sagami S, Nakano M, Tanaka J, Yagisawa K, Kuronuma S, Takeuchi O, Hibi T. Individualized treatment based on CYP3A5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms with tacrolimus in ulcerative colitis. Intest Res 2019; 17:218-226. [PMID: 30704156 PMCID: PMC6505090 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2018.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims The pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus (TAC) is known to be largely influenced by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP3A5. Patients starting TAC require careful dose adjustment, owing to the wide range of optimal dosages, depending on their CYP3A5 expression status. Here, we evaluated whether individualization of TAC dosages based on CYP3A5 SNPs would improve its therapeutic efficacy in ulcerative colitis. Methods Twenty-one patients were prospectively treated, with their initial dosage adjusted according to their CYP3A5 status (0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 mg/kg/day for CYP3A5*3/*3, CYP3A5*1/*3, and CYP3A5*1/*1, respectively). Their clinical outcomes were compared with those of patients treated with a fixed dose (0.1 mg/kg/day). Results The first blood trough level of CYP3A5 expressors, CYP3A5*1/*3 or CYP3A5*1/*1, and the overall rate in achieving the target blood trough level within a week in the individualized-dose group were significantly higher than those in the fixed-dose group (5.15±2.33 ng/mL vs. 9.63±0.79 ng/mL, P=0.035 and 12.5% vs. 66.7%, P=0.01). The remission rate at 2 weeks in the expressors was as high as that in the nonexpressors, CYP3A5*3/*3, in the individualized-dose group. Conclusions Individualized TAC treatment is effective against ulcerative colitis regardless of the CYP3A5 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Okabayashi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Department of Research, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Kobayashi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Department of Research, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiko Saito
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Department of Research, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Toyonaga
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Department of Research, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Ozaki
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Department of Research, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sagami
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Department of Research, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Nakano
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Department of Research, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Tanaka
- Department of Rheumatology, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Yagisawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuronuma
- Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Research, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Takeuchi
- Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Research, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Hibi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Department of Research, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Tsujikawa K, Senda J, Yasui K, Hasegawa Y, Hoshiyama M, Katsuno M, Sobue G. Distinctive distribution of brain volume reductions in MELAS and mitochondrial DNA A3243G mutation carriers: A voxel-based morphometric study. Mitochondrion 2016; 30:229-35. [PMID: 27558483 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the clinically latent brain atrophy of patients with mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) harboring a mitochondrial DNA A3243G mutation (A3243G) and A3243G carriers without stroke-like episodes (SEs). METHODS We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) with magnetic resonance imaging to investigate gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volume reductions in four MELAS patients and in five A3243G carriers compared to 16 healthy controls. In addition, we investigated the regions of previous SEs using conventional MRI. RESULTS All four MELAS patients showed significant GM volume reductions in the left superior parietal lobule (SPL), right precuneus, right middle temporal gyrus (MTG), and bilateral posterior lobes of the cerebellum. These areas of GM volume reduction were beyond the regions of previous SEs. As for A3243G carriers, GM volume reductions in the left SPL, right precuneus, right MTG, and bilateral posterior lobes of the cerebellum were detected in three, one, two, and five subjects, respectively. All four MELAS patients showed significant WM volume reductions in the bilateral or unilateral temporal sub-gyral regions, which were included in the regions of previous SEs. No A3243G carriers showed WM volume reductions. CONCLUSION The distribution patterns of GM volume reductions in VBM may reflect a common vulnerability of the brains among MELAS patients and A3243G carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyo Tsujikawa
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Neurology, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Joe Senda
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Neurology, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Japan
| | - Keizo Yasui
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hasegawa
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Minoru Hoshiyama
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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Abstract
Whole genome amplification (WGA) is a widely used molecular technique that is becoming increasingly necessary in genetic research on a range of sample types including individual cells, fossilized remains and entire ecosystems. Multiple methods of WGA have been developed, each with specific strengths and weaknesses, but with a common defect in that each method distorts the initial template DNA during the course of amplification. The type, extent, and circumstance of the bias vary with the WGA method and particulars of the template DNA. In this review, we endeavor to discuss the types of bias introduced, the susceptibility of common WGA techniques to these bias types, and the interdependence between bias and characteristics of the template DNA. Finally, we attempt to illustrate some of the criteria specific to the analytical platform and research application that should be considered to enable combination of the appropriate WGA method, template DNA, sequencing platform, and intended use for optimal results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John H Leamon
- CyVek Inc., 2 Barnes Industrial Road South, Wallingford, CT, 06492, USA.
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Cheong KA, Kim NH, Noh M, Lee AY. Three new single nucleotide polymorphisms identified by a genome-wide association study in Korean patients with vitiligo. J Korean Med Sci 2013; 28:775-9. [PMID: 23678272 PMCID: PMC3653093 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.5.775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility is involved in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Association studies with a whole genome-based approach instead of a single or a few candidate genes may be useful for discovering new susceptible genes. Although the etiology of non-segmental and segmental types is different, the association between gene polymorphisms and vitiligo has been reported, without defining types or in non-segmental type. Whole genome-based single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were examined in patients with non-segmental and segmental types of vitiligo using the Affymetrix GeneChip 500K mapping array, and 10 functional classes of significant SNPs were selected. Genotyping and data analysis of selected 10 SNPs was performed using real-time PCR. Genotype and allele frequencies were significantly different between both types of vitiligo and three of the target SNPs, DNAH5 (rs2277046), STRN3 (rs2273171), and KIAA1005 (rs3213758). A stronger association was suggested between the mutation in KIAA1005 (rs3213758) and the segmental type compared to the non-segmental type of vitiligo. DNAH5 (rs2277046), STRN3 (rs2273171), and KIAA1005 (rs3213758) may be new vitiligo-related SNPs in Korean patients, either non-segmental or segmental type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ah Cheong
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Nan-Hyung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Minsoo Noh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
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Arneson N, Moreno J, Iakovlev V, Ghazani A, Warren K, McCready D, Jurisica I, Done SJ. Comparison of whole genome amplification methods for analysis of DNA extracted from microdissected early breast lesions in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:710692. [PMID: 22530150 PMCID: PMC3317021 DOI: 10.5402/2012/710692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
To understand cancer progression, it is desirable to study the earliest stages of its development, which are often microscopic lesions. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) is a valuable high-throughput molecular approach for discovering DNA copy number changes; however, it requires a relatively large amount of DNA, which is difficult to obtain from microdissected lesions. Whole genome amplification (WGA) methods were developed to increase DNA quantity; however their reproducibility, fidelity, and suitability for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples are questioned. Using aCGH analysis, we compared two widely used approaches for WGA: single cell comparative genomic hybridization protocol (SCOMP) and degenerate oligonucleotide primed PCR (DOP-PCR). Cancer cell line and microdissected FFPE breast cancer DNA samples were amplified by the two WGA methods and subjected to aCGH. The genomic profiles of amplified DNA were compared with those of non-amplified controls by four analytic methods and validated by quantitative PCR (Q-PCR). We found that SCOMP-amplified samples had close similarity to non-amplified controls with concordance rates close to those of reference tests, while DOP-amplified samples had a statistically significant amount of changes. SCOMP is able to amplify small amounts of DNA extracted from FFPE samples and provides quality of aCGH data similar to non-amplified samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nona Arneson
- Division of Applied Molecular Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9
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Umezu T, Ohyashiki K, Ohyashiki JH. Detection method for quantifying global DNA methylation by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Anal Biochem 2011; 415:145-50. [PMID: 21600184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A method for quantifying global DNA methylation using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has been established. The single-molecule methylation assay (SMMA) is based on two methodologies. One methodology, FCS, estimates the translational diffusion coefficient of molecules in solution, whereas the other methodology uses the high affinity of methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 (MBD2) to bind specifically to methylated DNA. We studied the specific binding rates of fluorescence-labeled MBD2 and methylated DNA from biological samples using the automated FCS system. Using a standard curve with methylated control DNA, we developed the SMMA index to assess the global DNA methylation level of the biological samples. A marked decrease in the SMMA index was observed when human leukemia cell lines (U937 and K562) were cultured with DNA demethylating agents. Our findings clearly indicate the applicability of SMMA as a simple and rapid tool for quantifying global DNA methylation. SMMA may prove useful for genome-wide comparative methylation analyses of malignancies and as an indicator of the demethylation effects of epigenetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Umezu
- Department of Molecular Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.
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Abstract
A multiple primer extension (MPEX) was originally developed for the hybridization, extension, and amplification of a DNA template on a planar substrate by Kinoshita et al. in 2006. Herein we present a modified MPEX method refined by our group for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection. In this method, hybridization and extension reactions are performed on a plastic S-BIO PrimeSurface substrate, with a biocompatible polymer. Its surface chemistry offers extraordinarily stable thermal properties, as well as chemical properties advantageous for enzymatic reactions on the surface. To visualize allele-specific PCR products on the surface, biotin-dUTP was incorporated into newly synthesized complementary strands during the extension reaction. The products were ultimately detected by carrying out a colorimetric reaction with a substrate solution containing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate/nitro blue tetrazolium. We have further successfully combined this method with multiplex PCR. We demonstrate the advantages of this combined method by analyzing representative SNPs on different linkage disequilibrium blocks of the micro opioid receptor gene (OPRM1), which is a marker gene for pain threshold.
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Kawabata Y, Ikegami H, Awata T, Imagawa A, Maruyama T, Kawasaki E, Tanaka S, Shimada A, Osawa H, Kobayashi T, Hanafusa T, Tokunaga K, Makino H. Differential association of HLA with three subtypes of type 1 diabetes: fulminant, slowly progressive and acute-onset. Diabetologia 2009; 52:2513-21. [PMID: 19812988 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS We sought to clarify similarities and differences in the contribution of HLA to genetic susceptibility to three subtypes of type 1 diabetes: acute-onset, fulminant and slowly progressive. METHODS We genotyped 545 Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes (338 acute-onset, 80 fulminant, 127 slowly progressive) and 396 control participants at HLA-DRB1, -DQB1, -A, -B and -C, and at 101 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in an 8.5 Mb region of the extended HLA. RESULTS DRB1*0405-DQB1*0401, DRB1*0802-DQB1*0302 and DRB1*0901-DQB1*0303 were associated with acute-onset type 1 diabetes, with the DRB1*0405-DQB1*0401/DRB1*0802-DQB1*0302 genotype achieving the highest odds ratio of 42.7. DRB1*1501-DQB1*0602 and DRB1*1502-DQB1*0601 were negatively associated with acute-onset type 1 diabetes. A similar tendency was observed for slowly progressive type 1 diabetes. In contrast, only DRB1*0405-DQB1*0401 was associated with fulminant type 1 diabetes, with the DRB1*0405-DQB1*0401/DRB1*0405-DQB1*0401 genotype showing the highest odds ratio of 11.2. DRB1*0802-DQB1*0302, DRB1*0405-DQB1*0401/DRB1*0802-DQB1*0302 and DRB1*1501-DQB1*0602 were not associated with fulminant type 1 diabetes. The association of class I alleles and a panel of SNPs in an extended HLA region with fulminant type 1 diabetes was also different from that seen for the acute-onset and slowly progressive forms. The presence of both one and two susceptible haplotypes conferred susceptibility to slowly progressive type 1 diabetes, whereas the presence of two susceptible haplotypes was required to confer susceptibility to acute-onset and fulminant type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data suggest that HLA associations with fulminant type 1 diabetes are qualitatively different from those with other subtypes of type 1 diabetes, whereas the HLA contribution to slowly progressive type 1 diabetes is qualitatively similar to, but quantitatively different from, that in acute-onset type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kawabata
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Kinki University School of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
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Construction of a prediction model for type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Japanese population based on 11 genes with strong evidence of the association. J Hum Genet 2009; 54:236-41. [PMID: 19247372 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2009.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of the disease status is one of the most important objectives of genetic studies. To select the genes with strong evidence of the association with type 2 diabetes mellitus, we validated the associations of the seven candidate loci extracted in our earlier study by genotyping the samples in two independent sample panels. However, except for KCNQ1, the association of none of the remaining seven loci was replicated. We then selected 11 genes, KCNQ1, TCF7L2, CDKAL1, CDKN2A/B, IGF2BP2, SLC30A8, HHEX, GCKR, HNF1B, KCNJ11 and PPARG, whose associations with diabetes have already been reported and replicated either in the literature or in this study in the Japanese population. As no evidence of the gene-gene interaction for any pair of the 11 loci was shown, we constructed a prediction model for the disease using the logistic regression analysis by incorporating the number of the risk alleles for the 11 genes, as well as age, sex and body mass index as independent variables. Cumulative risk assessment showed that the addition of one risk allele resulted in an average increase in the odds for the disease of 1.29 (95% CI=1.25-1.33, P=5.4 x 10(-53)). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, an estimate of the power of the prediction model, was 0.72, thereby indicating that our prediction model for type 2 diabetes may not be so useful but has some value. Incorporation of data from additional risk loci is most likely to increase the predictive power.
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Yasuda K, Miyake K, Horikawa Y, Hara K, Osawa H, Furuta H, Hirota Y, Mori H, Jonsson A, Sato Y, Yamagata K, Hinokio Y, Wang HY, Tanahashi T, Nakamura N, Oka Y, Iwasaki N, Iwamoto Y, Yamada Y, Seino Y, Maegawa H, Kashiwagi A, Takeda J, Maeda E, Shin HD, Cho YM, Park KS, Lee HK, Ng MCY, Ma RCW, So WY, Chan JCN, Lyssenko V, Tuomi T, Nilsson P, Groop L, Kamatani N, Sekine A, Nakamura Y, Yamamoto K, Yoshida T, Tokunaga K, Itakura M, Makino H, Nanjo K, Kadowaki T, Kasuga M. Variants in KCNQ1 are associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Genet 2009; 40:1092-7. [PMID: 18711367 DOI: 10.1038/ng.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We carried out a multistage genome-wide association study of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese individuals, with a total of 1,612 cases and 1,424 controls and 100,000 SNPs. The most significant association was obtained with SNPs in KCNQ1, and dense mapping within the gene revealed that rs2237892 in intron 15 showed the lowest Pvalue (6.7 x 10(-13), odds ratio (OR) = 1.49). The association of KCNQ1 with type 2 diabetes was replicated in populations of Korean, Chinese and European ancestry as well as in two independent Japanese populations, and meta-analysis with a total of 19,930 individuals (9,569 cases and 10,361 controls) yielded a P value of 1.7 x 10(-42) (OR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.34-1.47) for rs2237892. Among control subjects, the risk allele of this polymorphism was associated with impairment of insulin secretion according to the homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function or the corrected insulin response. Our data thus implicate KCNQ1 as a diabetes susceptibility gene in groups of different ancestries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Yasuda
- Department of Metabolic Disorder, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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Mead S, Poulter M, Beck J, Uphill J, Jones C, Ang CE, Mein CA, Collinge J. Successful amplification of degraded DNA for use with high-throughput SNP genotyping platforms. Hum Mutat 2008; 29:1452-8. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.20782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Cunningham JM, Sellers TA, Schildkraut JM, Fredericksen ZS, Vierkant RA, Kelemen LE, Gadre M, Phelan CM, Huang Y, Meyer JG, Pankratz VS, Goode EL. Performance of amplified DNA in an Illumina GoldenGate BeadArray assay. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:1781-9. [PMID: 18628432 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole genome amplification (WGA) offers a means to enrich DNA quantities for epidemiologic studies. We used an ovarian cancer study of 1,536 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 2,368 samples to assess performance of multiple displacement amplification (MDA) WGA using an Illumina GoldenGate BeadArray. Initial screening revealed successful genotyping for 93.4% of WGA samples and 99.3% of genomic samples, and 93.2% of SNPs for WGA samples and 96.3% of SNPs for genomic samples. SNP failure was predicted by Illumina-provided designability rank, %GC (P < or = 0.002), and for WGA only, distance to telomere and Illumina-provided SNP score (P < or = 0.002). Distance to telomere and %GC were highly correlated; adjustment for %GC removed the association between distance to telomere and SNP failure. Although universally high, per-SNP call rates were related to designability rank, SNP score, %GC, minor allele frequency, distance to telomere (P < or = 0.01), and, for WGA only, Illumina-provided validation class (P < 0.001). We found excellent concordance generally (>99.0%) among 124 WGA:genomic replicates, 15 WGA replicates, 88 replicate aliquots of the same WGA preparation, and 25 genomic replicates. Where there was discordance, it was across WGA:genomic replicates but limited to only a few samples among other replicates suggesting the introduction of error. Designability rank and SNP score correlated with WGA:genomic concordance (P < 0.001). In summary, use of MDA WGA DNA is feasible; however, caution is warranted regarding SNP selection and analysis. We recommend that biological SNP characteristics, notably distance to telomere and GC content (<50% GC recommended), as well as Illumina-provided metrics be considered in the creation of GoldenGate assays using MDA WGA DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Cunningham
- Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Kohara K, Tabara Y, Nakura J, Imai Y, Ohkubo T, Hata A, Soma M, Nakayama T, Umemura S, Hirawa N, Ueshima H, Kita Y, Ogihara T, Katsuya T, Takahashi N, Tokunaga K, Miki T. Identification of hypertension-susceptibility genes and pathways by a systemic multiple candidate gene approach: the millennium genome project for hypertension. Hypertens Res 2008; 31:203-12. [PMID: 18360038 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.31.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A multiple candidate-gene approach was used to investigate not only candidate genes, but also candidate pathways involved in the regulation of blood pressure. We evaluated 307 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 307 genes and performed an association study between 758 cases and 726 controls. Genes were selected from among those encoding components of signal transduction pathways, including receptors, soluble carrier proteins, binding proteins, channels, enzymes, and G-proteins, that are potentially related to blood pressure regulation. In total, 38 SNPs were positively (p<0.05) associated with hypertension. Replication of the findings and possible polygenic interaction was evaluated in five G-protein-related positive genes (GNI2, GNA14, RGS2, RGS19, RGS20) in a large cohort population (total n=9,700, 3,305 hypertensives and 3,827 normotensive controls). In RGS20 and GNA14, dominant models for the minor allele were significantly associated with hypertension. Multiple dimension reduction (MDR) analysis revealed the presence of gene-gene interaction between GNA14 and RGS20. The MDR-proved combination of two genotypes showed a significant association with hypertension (chi2=9.93, p=0.0016) with an odds ratio of the high-risk genotype of 1.168 (95% confidence interval [CI] [1.061-1.287]). After correction for all possible confounding parameters, the MDR-proved high-risk genotype was still a risk for hypertension (p=0.0052). Furthermore, the high-risk genotype was associated with a significantly higher systolic blood pressure (133.08+/-19.46 vs. 132.25+/-19.19 mmHg, p=0.04) and diastolic blood pressure (79.65+/-11.49 vs. 79.01+/-11.32 mmHg, p=0.019) in the total population. In conclusion, a systemic multiple candidate gene approach can be used to identify not only hypertension-susceptibility genes but also hypertension-susceptibility pathways in which related genes may synergistically collaborate through gene-gene interactions to predispose to hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Kohara
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan.
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Ohyashiki K, Hori K, Makino T, Ohyashiki JH. Automated JAK2V617F quantification using a magnetic filtration system and sequence-specific primer-single molecule fluorescence detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 179:19-24. [PMID: 17981210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We established an automated mutational analysis detection system using magnetic filtration and the sequence-specific primer-single molecule fluorescence detection (SSP-SMFD) assay to identify the janus activating kinase-2 (JAK2)(V617F). DNA was extracted from 100 microL of whole blood automatically by a magnetic filtration system. The JAK2 1849G-->T mutation occurs in chronic myeloproliferative disorder (CMPD), and the detection of this change has diagnostic potential. To detect and semiquantitate this mutation, we used two artificial oligonucleotides (wild-type specific and mutated-type specific) and performed the SSP-SMFD assay using an automated fluorescence cell sorter measuring device. The SSP-SMFD assay can detect the presence of a minimum of 5% of the mutated artificial oligonucleotide, thus indicating that this technique is available in detecting contamination of at least 5% cells with the homozygous JAK2(V617F) mutation. Based on this technique, we analyzed 94 patients with CMPD and compared with the results obtained by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-direct sequence. Two homozygous JAK2(V617F) patients were identified as heterozygous JAK2(V617F) by the PCR-direct sequence, and four patients judged as wild-type JAK2 by the PCR-direct sequence were identified as heterozygous JAK2(V617F) by the SSP-SMFD method. Our automated system is simple and suitable for high-throughput analysis in detecting JAK2(V617F) with a threshold detection limit of 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Ohyashiki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0023, Japan
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Arneson N, Hughes S, Houlston R, Done S. Whole-Genome Amplification by Degenerate Oligonucleotide Primed PCR (DOP-PCR). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2008:pdb.prot4919. [PMID: 21356673 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot4919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONPCR-based whole-genome amplification (WGA) has the goal of generating microgram quantities of genome-representative DNA from picogram or nanogram amounts of starting material. This amplification should introduce little, or ideally no, representational bias. Unlike other techniques for WGA, PCR-based methods are generally less affected by DNA quality and are more applicable to DNA extracted from various sources (fixed and fresh tissues). The degenerate-oligonucleotide-primed PCR (DOP-PCR) method described here allows complete genome coverage in a single reaction. In contrast to the pairs of target-specific primer sequences used in traditional PCR, only a single primer, which has defined sequences at its 5'-end (containing an XhoI restriction site) and 3'-end and a random hexamer sequence between them, is used here. DOP-PCR comprises two different cycling stages. In stage 1 (low stringency), low-temperature annealing and extension in the first five to eight cycles occurs at many binding sites in the genome. The 3'-end of the primer binds at sites in the genome complementary to the 6-bp well-defined sequence at the 3'-end of the primer (~10(6) sites in the human genome). The adjacent random hexamer sequence (displaying all possible combinations of the nucleotides A, G, C, and T) can then anneal and tags these sequences with the DOP primer. In stage 2 (high stringency; >25 cycles), the PCR annealing temperature is raised, which increases priming specificity during amplification of the tagged sequence. DOP-PCR generates a smear of DNA fragments (200-1000 bp) that are visible on an agarose gel.
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Miyake K, Horikawa Y, Hara K, Yasuda K, Osawa H, Furuta H, Hirota Y, Yamagata K, Hinokio Y, Oka Y, Iwasaki N, Iwamoto Y, Yamada Y, Seino Y, Maegawa H, Kashiwagi A, Yamamoto K, Tokunaga K, Takeda J, Makino H, Nanjo K, Kadowaki T, Kasuga M. Association of TCF7L2 polymorphisms with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in 4,087 Japanese subjects. J Hum Genet 2007; 53:174-180. [DOI: 10.1007/s10038-007-0231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Imai K, Ogai Y, Nishizawa D, Kasai S, Ikeda K, Koga H. A novel SNP detection technique utilizing a multiple primer extension (MPEX) on a phospholipid polymer-coated surface. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2007; 3:547-53. [PMID: 17639130 DOI: 10.1039/b701645j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for detecting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including direct DNA sequencing, pyrosequencing, and melting curve analysis, are to a great extent limited by their requirement for particular detection instruments. To overcome this limitation, we established a novel SNP detection technique utilizing multiple primer extension (MPEX) on a phospholipid polymer-coated surface. This technique is based on the development of a new plastic S-BIO PrimeSurface with a biocompatible polymer; its surface chemistry offers extraordinarily stable thermal properties, as well as chemical properties advantageous for enzymatic reactions on the surface. To visualize allele-specific PCR products on the surface, biotin-dUTP was incorporated into newly synthesized PCR products during the extension reaction. The products were ultimately detected by carrying out a colorimetric reaction with substrate solution containing 4-nitro-blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (BCIP). We demonstrated the significance of this novel SNP detection technique by analyzing representative SNPs on 4 LD blocks of the micro opioid receptor gene. We immobilized 20 allele-specific oligonucleotides on this substrate, and substantially reproduced the results previously obtained by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Imai
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Department of Human Genome Technology, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
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Shimizu M, Sasaki S, Kinjo M. Triplet fraction buildup effect of the DNA-YOYO complex studied with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Anal Biochem 2007; 366:87-92. [PMID: 17490596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA fragments of various lengths and YOYO-1 iodide (YOYO) were mixed at various ratios, and fluorescence was measured using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. The number of substantially emitting YOYO molecules binding to the DNA and the binding intervals between the YOYO molecules were estimated for DNA-YOYO complexes of various lengths. In the present study, we found an interesting phenomenon: triplet buildup. Because fluorophores that fall into the triplet state do not emit fluorescence, a part of the dark period can be recovered by emitting photons from other excited YOYO molecules in the same DNA strings in the confocal elements. The remaining dark period can be considered to be the total miss-emission rate. Estimates of the total miss-emission rate are important for calculation of the length and amount of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Shimizu
- School of Bionics, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan.
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Tochigi M, Zhang X, Ohashi J, Hibino H, Otowa T, Rogers M, Kato T, Okazaki Y, Kato N, Tokunaga K, Sasaki T. Association study between the TNXB locus and schizophrenia in a Japanese population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:305-9. [PMID: 17192952 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The chromosome 6p21-24 region, which contains the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, has been suggested as an important locus for a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. Recently, a significant association between schizophrenia and the TNXB locus, located immediately telomeric of the NOTCH4 locus in the HLA region, was observed. Few studies have further investigated the region in schizophrenia. In the present study, we investigated the region in a Japanese population. Subjects included 241 patients with schizophrenia and 290 controls. Twenty-six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the corresponding haplotypes were analyzed. As a result, exactly the same SNPs in the TNXB locus (rs1009382 and rs204887) as in the previous study were associated with schizophrenia (P = 0.034 and 0.034, respectively, uncorrected). A SNP (rs2071287) in the NOTCH4 locus and haplotype around it were also suggested to associate with the disease, consistent with another previous study (P = 0.041 and permutation P = 0.024, respectively, uncorrected). Although these associations became insignificant after Bonferroni correction, the findings might provide support for the association of the TNXB locus or its adjacent region of the NOTCH4 locus with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Tochigi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Peng W, Takabayashi H, Ikawa K. Whole genome amplification from single cells in preimplantation genetic diagnosis and prenatal diagnosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007; 131:13-20. [PMID: 17157976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The literature on whole genome amplification (WGA) techniques and their application to preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and prenatal diagnosis is reviewed. General polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fails to provide adequate information from limited cells in PGD and non-invasive prenatal diagnosis. Therefore several WGA techniques, such as primer extension preamplification (PEP) and degenerate oligonucleotide primed PCR (DOP-PCR), have been developed and successfully applied to clinical work during the past decade, especially in PGD and prenatal diagnosis. These techniques can provide ample amplification of genetic sequences from single cells for a series of subsequent PCR analyses such as restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), thus opening up a new area for prenatal diagnosis. However, several problems have been reported in the application of these techniques. The ideal WGA technique should have high yield, faithful representation of the original template, complete coverage of the genome, and simply performed procedure. In order to make good use of these techniques in future research and clinical work, it is undoubtedly necessary for an extensive understanding of the merits and pitfalls of these recently developed techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250021, China; Division of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Haruo Takabayashi
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Kazumi Ikawa
- Cytogenetic Laboratory, Ishikawa Health Service Association, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0365, Japan
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Noguchi E, Ohtsuki Y, Tokunaga K, Yamaoka-Sageshima M, Ichikawa K, Aoki T, Shibasaki M, Arinami T. ADAM33 polymorphisms are associated with asthma susceptibility in a Japanese population. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:602-8. [PMID: 16650044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is the most common chronic disorder in childhood, and asthma exacerbation is an important cause of childhood morbidity and hospitalization. Asthma is believed to be a complex disorder involving genetic and environmental factors, and several asthma susceptibility loci have been identified through genome-wide screening. A disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 (ADAM33) was the first asthma susceptibility gene to be discovered by positional cloning in 2002. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ADAM33 are associated with childhood asthma in the Japanese population. METHODS Twenty-three ADAM33 SNPs were genotyped by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy with the use of DNA from 155 families (538 members) identified through children with atopic asthma. The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) was performed for family-based association study. RESULTS TDT revealed that minor alleles of S+1, ST+4, and T2 SNPs were over-transmitted to asthma-affected offspring (P<0.05). According to the haplotype TDT, no haplotype of ADAM33 was transmitted preferentially to asthmatic offspring. CONCLUSION Our results confirm the involvement of ADAM33 in the development of childhood asthma among the Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Noguchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
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Pinard R, de Winter A, Sarkis GJ, Gerstein MB, Tartaro KR, Plant RN, Egholm M, Rothberg JM, Leamon JH. Assessment of whole genome amplification-induced bias through high-throughput, massively parallel whole genome sequencing. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:216. [PMID: 16928277 PMCID: PMC1560136 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole genome amplification is an increasingly common technique through which minute amounts of DNA can be multiplied to generate quantities suitable for genetic testing and analysis. Questions of amplification-induced error and template bias generated by these methods have previously been addressed through either small scale (SNPs) or large scale (CGH array, FISH) methodologies. Here we utilized whole genome sequencing to assess amplification-induced bias in both coding and non-coding regions of two bacterial genomes. Halobacterium species NRC-1 DNA and Campylobacter jejuni were amplified by several common, commercially available protocols: multiple displacement amplification, primer extension pre-amplification and degenerate oligonucleotide primed PCR. The amplification-induced bias of each method was assessed by sequencing both genomes in their entirety using the 454 Sequencing System technology and comparing the results with those obtained from unamplified controls. RESULTS All amplification methodologies induced statistically significant bias relative to the unamplified control. For the Halobacterium species NRC-1 genome, assessed at 100 base resolution, the D-statistics from GenomiPhi-amplified material were 119 times greater than those from unamplified material, 164.0 times greater for Repli-G, 165.0 times greater for PEP-PCR and 252.0 times greater than the unamplified controls for DOP-PCR. For Campylobacter jejuni, also analyzed at 100 base resolution, the D-statistics from GenomiPhi-amplified material were 15 times greater than those from unamplified material, 19.8 times greater for Repli-G, 61.8 times greater for PEP-PCR and 220.5 times greater than the unamplified controls for DOP-PCR. CONCLUSION Of the amplification methodologies examined in this paper, the multiple displacement amplification products generated the least bias, and produced significantly higher yields of amplified DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pinard
- 454 Life Sciences, 20 Commercial Street, Branford CT 06405, USA
| | - Alex de Winter
- 454 Life Sciences, 20 Commercial Street, Branford CT 06405, USA
| | - Gary J Sarkis
- 454 Life Sciences, 20 Commercial Street, Branford CT 06405, USA
| | - Mark B Gerstein
- MB&B Department, Yale University, 266 Whitney Ave., New Haven CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Ramona N Plant
- 454 Life Sciences, 20 Commercial Street, Branford CT 06405, USA
| | - Michael Egholm
- 454 Life Sciences, 20 Commercial Street, Branford CT 06405, USA
| | | | - John H Leamon
- 454 Life Sciences, 20 Commercial Street, Branford CT 06405, USA
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25
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Lovmar L, Syvänen AC. Multiple displacement amplification to create a long-lasting source of DNA for genetic studies. Hum Mutat 2006; 27:603-14. [PMID: 16786504 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In many situations there may not be sufficient DNA collected from patient or population cohorts to meet the requirements of genome-wide analysis of SNPs, genomic copy number polymorphisms, or acquired copy number alternations. When the amount of available DNA for genotype analysis is limited, high performance whole-genome amplification (WGA) represents a new development in genetic analysis. It is especially useful for analysis of DNA extracted from stored histology slides, tissue samples, buccal swabs, or blood stains collected on filter paper. The multiple displacement amplification (MDA) method, which relies on isothermal amplification using the DNA polymerase of the bacteriophage phi29, is a recently developed technique for high performance WGA. This review addresses new trends in the technical performance of MDA and its applications to genetic analyses. The main challenge of WGA methods is to obtain balanced and faithful replication of all chromosomal regions without the loss of or preferential amplification of any genomic loci or allele. In multiple comparisons to other WGA methods, MDA appears to be most reliable for genotyping, with the most favorable call rates, best genomic coverage, and lowest amplification bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovisa Lovmar
- Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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26
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Panelli S, Damiani G, Espen L, Micheli G, Sgaramella V. Towards the analysis of the genomes of single cells: Further characterisation of the multiple displacement amplification. Gene 2006; 372:1-7. [PMID: 16564650 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of methods for the analysis and comparison of the nucleic acids contained in single cells is an ambitious and challenging goal that may provide useful insights in many physiopathological processes. We review here some of the published protocols for the amplification of whole genomes (WGA). We focus on the reaction known as Multiple Displacement Amplification (MDA), which probably represents the most reliable and efficient WGA protocol developed to date. We discuss some recent advances and applications, as well as some modifications to the reaction, which should improve its use and enlarge its range of applicability possibly to degraded genomes, and also to RNA via complementary DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Panelli
- CERSA/Fondazione Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein 2, Lodi, Italy.
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27
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Kell DB. Theodor Bücher Lecture. Metabolomics, modelling and machine learning in systems biology - towards an understanding of the languages of cells. Delivered on 3 July 2005 at the 30th FEBS Congress and the 9th IUBMB conference in Budapest. FEBS J 2006; 273:873-94. [PMID: 16478464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The newly emerging field of systems biology involves a judicious interplay between high-throughput 'wet' experimentation, computational modelling and technology development, coupled to the world of ideas and theory. This interplay involves iterative cycles, such that systems biology is not at all confined to hypothesis-dependent studies, with intelligent, principled, hypothesis-generating studies being of high importance and consequently very far from aimless fishing expeditions. I seek to illustrate each of these facets. Novel technology development in metabolomics can increase substantially the dynamic range and number of metabolites that one can detect, and these can be exploited as disease markers and in the consequent and principled generation of hypotheses that are consistent with the data and achieve this in a value-free manner. Much of classical biochemistry and signalling pathway analysis has concentrated on the analyses of changes in the concentrations of intermediates, with 'local' equations - such as that of Michaelis and Menten v=(Vmax x S)/(S+K m) - that describe individual steps being based solely on the instantaneous values of these concentrations. Recent work using single cells (that are not subject to the intellectually unsupportable averaging of the variable displayed by heterogeneous cells possessing nonlinear kinetics) has led to the recognition that some protein signalling pathways may encode their signals not (just) as concentrations (AM or amplitude-modulated in a radio analogy) but via changes in the dynamics of those concentrations (the signals are FM or frequency-modulated). This contributes in principle to a straightforward solution of the crosstalk problem, leads to a profound reassessment of how to understand the downstream effects of dynamic changes in the concentrations of elements in these pathways, and stresses the role of signal processing (and not merely the intermediates) in biological signalling. It is this signal processing that lies at the heart of understanding the languages of cells. The resolution of many of the modern and postgenomic problems of biochemistry requires the development of a myriad of new technologies (and maybe a new culture), and thus regular input from the physical sciences, engineering, mathematics and computer science. One solution, that we are adopting in the Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre (http://www.mib.ac.uk/) and the Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology (http://www.mcisb.org/), is thus to colocate individuals with the necessary combinations of skills. Novel disciplines that require such an integrative approach continue to emerge. These include fields such as chemical genomics, synthetic biology, distributed computational environments for biological data and modelling, single cell diagnostics/bionanotechnology, and computational linguistics/text mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, Faraday Building, The University of Manchester, UK.
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28
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OHASHI JUN, NAKA IZUMI, KIMURA RYOSUKE, TOKUNAGA KATSUSHI, NAKAZAWA MINATO, ATAKA YUJI, OHTSUKA RYUTARO, INAOKA TSUKASA, MATSUMURA YASUHIRO. HLA-DRB1 polymorphism on Ha'ano island of the Kingdom of Tonga. ANTHROPOL SCI 2006. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.050907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JUN OHASHI
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - IZUMI NAKA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - RYOSUKE KIMURA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - KATSUSHI TOKUNAGA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - MINATO NAKAZAWA
- Socio-Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University
| | - YUJI ATAKA
- School of Policy Studies, Kwansei Gakuin University
| | | | - TSUKASA INAOKA
- Department of Environmental Sociology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University
| | - YASUHIRO MATSUMURA
- Division of Health Informatics and Education, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo
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29
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Shimizu M, Sasaki S, Tsuruoka M. DNA length evaluation using cyanine dye and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:2703-7. [PMID: 16153109 DOI: 10.1021/bm0501813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To develop a high-performance method for measuring the length of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) fragments, the capability of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) was examined. To omit troublesome and time-consuming labeling operations such as PCR with fluorescently labeled mononucleotides or primers, intercalation of dimeric cyanine dye YOYO-1 iodide (YOYO) to dsDNA was utilized as a simple labeling method. Various lengths of dsDNA fragments were prepared and mixed with YOYO prior to FCS, and the dependence of the diffusion time of a dsDNA-YOYO complex on the length of dsDNA fragment and the dsDNA/YOYO ratio was investigated. It was successfully demonstrated that the dsDNA length can be measured using YOYO and FCS, and the calibration curve was developed taking into account the rewinding and expansion of the dsDNA fragment caused by YOYO intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Shimizu
- School of Bionics, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
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30
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Hanson EK, Ballantyne J. Whole genome amplification strategy for forensic genetic analysis using single or few cell equivalents of genomic DNA. Anal Biochem 2005; 346:246-57. [PMID: 16212929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 08/07/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Evidentiary items sometimes contain an insufficient quantity of DNA for routine forensic genetic analysis. These so-called low copy number DNA samples (< 100 pg of genomic DNA) often fall below the sensitivity limitations of routine DNA analysis methods. Theoretically, one way of making such intractable samples amenable to analysis would be to increase the number of starting genomes available for subsequent STR (short tandem repeat) analysis by a whole genome amplification strategy (WGA). Although numerous studies employing WGA have focused primarily on clinical applications, few in-depth studies have been conducted to evaluate the potential usefulness of these methods in forensic casework. After an initial evaluation of existing methods, a modified WGA strategy was developed that appears to have utility for low copy number forensic casework specimens. The method employs a slight, but important, modification of the "improved primer extension preamplification PCR" method (I-PEP-PCR), which we term mIPEP (modified-I-PEP-PCR). Complete autosomal STR and Y-STR (Y chromosome short tandem repeat) profiles were routinely obtained with 5 pg of template DNA, which is equivalent to 1-2 diploid cells. Remarkably, partial Y- and autosomal STR profiles were obtained from mIPEP-treated DNA recovered from bloodstains exposed to the outside environment for 1 year whereas non-mIPEP-treated samples did not produce profiles. STR profiles were obtained from contact DNA from single dermal ridge fingerprints when the DNA was subjected to prior mIPEP amplification but not when the mIPEP step was omitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Hanson
- Graduate Program in Biomolecular Science, University of Central Florida, PO Box 162366, Orlando, FL 32816-2366, USA
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31
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Noguchi E, Yokouchi Y, Zhang J, Shibuya K, Shibuya A, Bannai M, Tokunaga K, Doi H, Tamari M, Shimizu M, Shirakawa T, Shibasaki M, Ichikawa K, Arinami T. Positional identification of an asthma susceptibility gene on human chromosome 5q33. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:183-8. [PMID: 15879417 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200409-1223oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Asthma is a common respiratory disease with complex genetic components. We previously reported strong evidence for linkage between mite-sensitive asthma and markers on chromosome 5q33. This area of linkage includes a region homologous to a mouse area that contains a locus involved in regulation of airway hyperreactivity. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study is to identify asthma susceptibility genes on chromosome 5q33. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed mutation screening and association analyses of genes in the 9.4-Mb human linkage region. Transmission disequilibrium test analysis of 105 polymorphisms in 155 families with asthma revealed that six polymorphisms in cytoplasmic fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP)-interacting protein 2 gene were associated significantly with the development of asthma (p = 0.000075; odds ratio, 5.9). These six polymorphisms were in complete linkage disequilibrium. In real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, subjects homozygous for the haplotype overtransmitted to asthma-affected offspring showed significantly increased level of cytoplasmic FMRP interacting protein 2 gene expression in lymphocytes compared with ones heterozygous for the haplotype (p = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that cytoplasmic FMRP interacting protein 2 are associated with the development of atopic asthma in humans, and that targeting cytoplasmic FMRP interacting protein 2 could be a novel strategy for treating atopic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Noguchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki-ken, 305-8577, Japan.
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32
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Foster SJ, Monahan BJ. Whole genome amplification from filamentous fungi using Phi29-mediated multiple displacement amplification. Fungal Genet Biol 2005; 42:367-75. [PMID: 15809002 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Revised: 01/06/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The availability of genomic DNA of sufficient quality and quantity is fundamental to molecular genetic analysis. Many filamentous fungi are slow growing or even unculturable and current DNA isolation methods are often unsatisfactory. We have used multiple displacement amplification (MDA) to amplify whole genomes for two fungal species, Penicillium paxilli and the slow growing endophyte of grasses Epichloe festucae. Up to 10 microg of high molecular weight DNA was routinely amplified from less than 10 ng of template DNA obtained using glass bead-mediated disruption of fungal spores or alkaline lysis of mycelium. PCR was possible from MDA-generated DNA and amplicons up to 10 kb were successfully amplified. RFLP analysis was successful, with bands of up to 5 kb routinely detected. Hybridization of MDA-amplified DNA to a cosmid library illustrated that the MDA product amplified from E. festucae is representative of the genome. MDA is a reliable method that could be applied to applications ranging from high-throughput screening of deletion mutants to genomic library construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Foster
- Centre for Functional Genomics, Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 5321, New Zealand.
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Akesaka T, Lee SG, Ohashi J, Bannai M, Tsuchiya N, Yoon Y, Tokunaga K, Song K. Comparative study of the haplotype structure and linkage disequilibrium of chromosome 1p36.2 region in the Korean and Japanese populations. J Hum Genet 2004; 49:603-609. [PMID: 15480877 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-004-0195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the human genome provide important information for disease gene mapping. LDs may vary depending on chromosomal regions and populations. We have compared LD and haplotypes defined by SNPs in the chromosome 1p36.2 region of the Korean and Japanese populations. Fifty-eight SNPs in about 418 kb ranging from tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2:TNFRSF1B) to procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase (PLOD) gene were examined in 96 healthy Koreans and Japanese each by direct sequencing and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy combined with the PCR-sequence specific primer method (PCR-SSP-FCS), respectively. Upon pair-wise LD analysis, a total of 25 and 16 out of 58 SNPs greater than MAF 10% were included in LD blocks, encompassing almost 81 kb and 55 kb in total, in Koreans and Japanese, respectively. Both similarities and differences were observed in LD strength and haplotype frequencies between the populations. Considerable similarities were observed in the telomeric region where a long-range block of approximately 80 kb including three genes was found to have strong LDs in both Koreans and Japanese. Significant difference in LD strength was present near the TNFR2 region between the Japanese and Korean populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamao Akesaka
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seong-Gene Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jun Ohashi
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Bannai
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yongsook Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | | | - Kyuyoung Song
- Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea.
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