1
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Rastall RA, Diez-Municio M, Forssten SD, Hamaker B, Meynier A, Moreno FJ, Respondek F, Stah B, Venema K, Wiese M. Structure and function of non-digestible carbohydrates in the gut microbiome. Benef Microbes 2022; 13:95-168. [PMID: 35729770 DOI: 10.3920/bm2021.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Together with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of the macronutrients in the human diet. Digestible carbohydrates, such as starch, starch-based products, sucrose, lactose, glucose and some sugar alcohols and unusual (and fairly rare) α-linked glucans, directly provide us with energy while other carbohydrates including high molecular weight polysaccharides, mainly from plant cell walls, provide us with dietary fibre. Carbohydrates which are efficiently digested in the small intestine are not available in appreciable quantities to act as substrates for gut bacteria. Some oligo- and polysaccharides, many of which are also dietary fibres, are resistant to digestion in the small intestines and enter the colon where they provide substrates for the complex bacterial ecosystem that resides there. This review will focus on these non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC) and examine their impact on the gut microbiota and their physiological impact. Of particular focus will be the potential of non-digestible carbohydrates to act as prebiotics, but the review will also evaluate direct effects of NDC on human cells and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Rastall
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - M Diez-Municio
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - S D Forssten
- IFF Health & Biosciences, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - B Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009, USA
| | - A Meynier
- Nutrition Research, Mondelez France R&D SAS, 6 rue René Razel, 91400 Saclay, France
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Respondek
- Tereos, Zoning Industriel Portuaire, 67390 Marckolsheim, France
| | - B Stah
- Human Milk Research & Analytical Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K Venema
- Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation (HEFI), Maastricht University - campus Venlo, St. Jansweg 20, 5928 RC Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - M Wiese
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, the Netherlands
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2
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Szigeti M, Meszaros-Matwiejuk A, Molnar-Gabor D, Guttman A. Rapid capillary gel electrophoresis analysis of human milk oligosaccharides for food additive manufacturing in-process control. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:1595-1603. [PMID: 33558961 PMCID: PMC7921066 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Industrial production of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) represents a recently growing interest since they serve as key ingredients in baby formulas and are also utilized as dietary supplements for all age groups. Despite their short oligosaccharide chain lengths, HMO analysis is challenging due to extensive positional and linkage variations. Capillary gel electrophoresis primarily separates analyte molecules based on their hydrodynamic volume to charge ratios, thus, offers excellent resolution for most of such otherwise difficult-to-separate isomers. In this work, two commercially available gel compositions were evaluated on the analysis of a mixture of ten synthetic HMOs. The relevant respective separation matrices were then applied to selected analytical in-process control examples. The conventionally used carbohydrate separation matrix was applied for the in-process analysis of bacteria-mediated production of 3-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose, and lacto-N-neotetraose. The other example showed the suitability of the method for the in vivo in-process control of a shake flask and fermentation approach of 2′-fucosyllactose production. In this latter instance, borate complexation was utilized to efficiently separate the 2′- and 3-fucosylated lactose positional isomers. In all instances, the analysis of the HMOs of interest required only a couple of minutes with high resolution and excellent migration time and peak area reproducibility (average RSD 0.26% and 3.56%, respectively), features representing high importance in food additive manufacturing in-process control. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marton Szigeti
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.,Translational Glycomics Group, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, 8200, Hungary
| | | | | | - Andras Guttman
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary. .,Translational Glycomics Group, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, 8200, Hungary.
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3
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Zhang C, Woolfork AG, Suh K, Ovbude S, Bi C, Elzoeiry M, Hage DS. Clinical and pharmaceutical applications of affinity ligands in capillary electrophoresis: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 177:112882. [PMID: 31542417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) is a separation technique that combines a biologically-related binding agent with the separating power and efficiency of capillary electrophoresis. This review will examine several classes of binding agents that have been used in ACE and applications that have been described for the resulting methods in clinical or pharmaceutical analysis. Binding agents that will be considered are antibodies, aptamers, lectins, serum proteins, carbohydrates, and enzymes. This review will also describe the various formats in which each type of binding agent has been used in CE, including both homogeneous and heterogeneous methods. Specific areas of applications that will be considered are CE-based immunoassays, glycoprotein/glycan separations, chiral separations, and biointeraction studies. The general principles and formats of ACE for each of these applications will be examined, along with the potential advantages or limitations of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
| | - Ashley G Woolfork
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
| | - Kyungah Suh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
| | - Susan Ovbude
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
| | - Cong Bi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
| | - Marawan Elzoeiry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
| | - David S Hage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA.
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4
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Milani C, Duranti S, Bottacini F, Casey E, Turroni F, Mahony J, Belzer C, Delgado Palacio S, Arboleya Montes S, Mancabelli L, Lugli GA, Rodriguez JM, Bode L, de Vos W, Gueimonde M, Margolles A, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. The First Microbial Colonizers of the Human Gut: Composition, Activities, and Health Implications of the Infant Gut Microbiota. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2017; 81:e00036-17. [PMID: 29118049 PMCID: PMC5706746 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00036-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 976] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota is engaged in multiple interactions affecting host health during the host's entire life span. Microbes colonize the neonatal gut immediately following birth. The establishment and interactive development of this early gut microbiota are believed to be (at least partially) driven and modulated by specific compounds present in human milk. It has been shown that certain genomes of infant gut commensals, in particular those of bifidobacterial species, are genetically adapted to utilize specific glycans of this human secretory fluid, thus representing a very intriguing example of host-microbe coevolution, where both partners are believed to benefit. In recent years, various metagenomic studies have tried to dissect the composition and functionality of the infant gut microbiome and to explore the distribution across the different ecological niches of the infant gut biogeography of the corresponding microbial consortia, including those corresponding to bacteria and viruses, in healthy and ill subjects. Such analyses have linked certain features of the microbiota/microbiome, such as reduced diversity or aberrant composition, to intestinal illnesses in infants or disease states that are manifested at later stages of life, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and metabolic disorders. Thus, a growing number of studies have reported on how the early human gut microbiota composition/development may affect risk factors related to adult health conditions. This concept has fueled the development of strategies to shape the infant microbiota composition based on various functional food products. In this review, we describe the infant microbiota, the mechanisms that drive its establishment and composition, and how microbial consortia may be molded by natural or artificial interventions. Finally, we discuss the relevance of key microbial players of the infant gut microbiota, in particular bifidobacteria, with respect to their role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sabrina Duranti
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Bottacini
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eoghan Casey
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Francesca Turroni
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Jennifer Mahony
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susana Delgado Palacio
- Departamento de Microbiologia y Bioquimica de Productos Lacteos, IPLA-CSIC, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Silvia Arboleya Montes
- Departamento de Microbiologia y Bioquimica de Productos Lacteos, IPLA-CSIC, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Leonardo Mancabelli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Andrea Lugli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Juan Miguel Rodriguez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Willem de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Bacteriology & Immunology, RPU Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Departamento de Microbiologia y Bioquimica de Productos Lacteos, IPLA-CSIC, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Departamento de Microbiologia y Bioquimica de Productos Lacteos, IPLA-CSIC, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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5
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Mantovani V, Galeotti F, Maccari F, Volpi N. Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis separation of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:179-189. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Mantovani
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Francesca Maccari
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Nicola Volpi
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
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6
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Analytical characterization of human milk oligosaccharides - potential applications in pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 146:168-178. [PMID: 28881314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human breast milk is the gold standard for infant feeding and the best possible nourishment a new-born could have. Breastfeeding is the natural way to provide optimal nutritional, immunological and emotional nurturing for the healthy growth and development of infants. Human milk is a complex and dynamic biofluid comprised of many hundreds to thousands of distinct bioactive structures, among which one of the most abundant substances are the non-conjugated complex carbohydrates referred to as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Due to their structural diversity and abundance, HMOs possess many beneficial biological functions. In order to understand human milk composition and HMO functions, state-of-the-art glycomic methods are inevitable. The industrial, large scale chemoenzymatic production of the most abundant HMOs became a reality in the last years and it evokes the need for straightforward and genuine analytical procedures to monitor the synthetic process and the quality of the products. It is obvious, that HMOs represent the next breakthrough in infant nutrition, as the addition of HMOs (such as 2'-fucosyllactose or lacto-N-neotetraose) to infant- and follow-on formulas, processed cereal-based food and baby foods for infants and young children etc. will revolutionize this field. This review highlights the potential applications of HMOs in the (bio)pharmaceutical industry, also summarizes the analytical methods available for the characterization of HMOs. An overview of the structure and function of HMOs along with their determination methods in complex matrices are provided. Various separation methods including liquid- and gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis for the characterization and novel approaches for the quantitation of HMOs are discussed.
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7
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Yamagami M, Matsui Y, Hayakawa T, Yamamoto S, Kinoshita M, Suzuki S. Plug-plug kinetic capillary electrophoresis for in-capillary exoglycosidase digestion as a profiling tool for the analysis of glycoprotein glycans. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1496:157-162. [PMID: 28356190 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An online exoglycosidase digestion was combined with a plug-plug kinetic mode of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the analysis of glycoprotein-derived oligosaccharides. An exoglycosidase solution and a solution of glycoprotein glycans derivatized with 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) were introduced to a neutrally coated capillary previously filled with electrophoresis buffer solution containing 0.5w/v% hydroxypropylcellulose. After immersion of both ends of the capillary in the buffer solutions, a negative voltage was applied for analysis. An APTS group of an oligosaccharide derivative has triply negative charges, which forced saccharide derivatives to anode with fast mobility and pass through the enzyme plug, which are detected at the anodic end. If the terminal monosaccharides of APTS-labeled oligosaccharides are released by the action of an exoglycosidase, the migration times of the oligosaccharides shift to those of digested oligosaccharides. We examined β-galactosidase, α-mannosidase, β-N-acetylhexosaminidase, α-neuraminidase, and α-fucosidase, and found only β-galactosidase and α-neuraminidase showed good reactivity toward APTS-labeled oligosaccharides; the reaction was completed by injecting a 3.6cm long plug of 200 and 50mU/mL concentration of exoglycosidases. In contrast, other exoglycosidases could not react with APTS labeled oligosaccharides at a concentration up to 5U/mL. The β-N-acetylhexosaminidase reaction was successively followed by the electrophoretic mobility of APTS oligosaccharides and stopped for 10min when saccharide derivatives were achieved in the enzyme plug. The reaction of α-fucosidase and α-mannosidase was completed by decreasing the electrophoretic voltage to -2kV when the APTS oligosaccharides were passing through an exoglycosidase plug. We established the CE conditions for all of the glycosidic linkage analysis of glycoprotein glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Yamagami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yurie Matsui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takao Hayakawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Sachio Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Kinoshita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan; Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Shigeo Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan; Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan.
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8
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Yamamoto S, Kinoshita M, Suzuki S. Current landscape of protein glycosylation analysis and recent progress toward a novel paradigm of glycoscience research. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:273-300. [PMID: 27461579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the basics and some applications of methodologies for the analysis of glycoprotein glycans. Analytical techniques used for glycoprotein glycans, including liquid chromatography (LC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), mass spectrometry (MS), and high-throughput analytical methods based on microfluidics, were described to supply the essentials about biopharmaceutical and biomarker glycoproteins. We will also describe the MS analysis of glycoproteins and glycopeptides as well as the chemical and enzymatic releasing methods of glycans from glycoproteins and the chemical reactions used for the derivatization of glycans. We hope the techniques have accommodated most of the requests from glycoproteomics researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachio Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Kinoshita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeo Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
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9
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Mantovani V, Galeotti F, Maccari F, Volpi N. Recent advances on separation and characterization of human milk oligosaccharides. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1514-24. [PMID: 26801168 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Free human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are unique due to their highly complex nature and important emerging biological and protective functions during early life such as prebiotic activity, pathogen deflection, and epithelial and immune cell modulation. Moreover, four genetically determined heterogeneous HMO secretory groups are known to be based on their structure and composition. Over the years, several analytical techniques have been applied to characterize and quantitate HMOs, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high pH anion-exchange chromatography, off-line and on-line mass spectrometry (MS), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Even if these techniques have proven to be efficient and simple, most glycans have no significant UV absorption and derivatization with fluorophore groups prior to separation usually results in higher sensitivity and an improved chromatographic/electrophoretic profile. Consequently, the analysis by HPLC/CE of derivatized milk oligosaccharides with different chromophoric active tags has been developed. However, UV or fluorescence detection does not provide specific structural information and this is a key point in particular related to the highly complex nature of the milk glycan mixtures. As a consequence, for a specific determination of complex mixtures of oligomers, analytical separation is usually required with evaluation by means of MS, which has been successfully applied to HMOs, resulting in efficient compositional analysis and profiling in various milk samples. This review aims to give an overview of the current state-of-the-art techniques used in HMO analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Mantovani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Maccari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Nicola Volpi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Oliveira
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Whiteknights Reading RG6 6AP UK
- Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG); Unidade de Bioenergia; Edifício K2, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22 Lisboa 1649-036 Portugal
| | - R Andrew Wilbey
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Whiteknights Reading RG6 6AP UK
| | - Alistair S Grandison
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Whiteknights Reading RG6 6AP UK
| | - Luísa B Roseiro
- Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG); Unidade de Bioenergia; Edifício K2, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22 Lisboa 1649-036 Portugal
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11
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Abstract
An interaction or a binding event typically changes the electrophoretic properties of a molecule. Affinity electrophoresis methods detect changes in the electrophoretic pattern of molecules (mainly macromolecules) that occur as a result of biospecific interactions or complex formation. Lectin affinity electrophoresis is a very effective method for the detection and analysis of trace amounts of glycobiological substances. It is particularly useful for isolating and separating the glycoisomers of target molecules. Here, we describe a sensitive technique for the detection of glycoproteins separated by agarose gel-lectin affinity electrophoresis that uses antibody-affinity blotting. The technique is tested using α-fetoprotein with lectin (Lens culinaris agglutinin and Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin)-agarose gels.
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12
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Recent Advances in Studies on Milk Oligosaccharides of Cows and Other Domestic Farm Animals. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:455-66. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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13
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Mehra R, Barile D, Marotta M, Lebrilla CB, Chu C, German JB. Novel high-molecular weight fucosylated milk oligosaccharides identified in dairy streams. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96040. [PMID: 24810963 PMCID: PMC4014476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligosaccharides are the third largest component in human milk. This abundance is remarkable because oligosaccharides are not digestible by the newborn, and yet they have been conserved and amplified during evolution. In addition to encouraging the growth of a protective microbiota dominated by bifidobacteria, oligosaccharides have anti-infective activity, preventing pathogens from binding to intestinal cells. Although it would be advantageous adding these valuable molecules to infant milk formula, the technologies to reproduce the variety and complexity of human milk oligosaccharides by enzymatic/organic synthesis are not yet mature. Consequently, there is an enormous interest in alternative sources of these valuable oligosaccharides. Recent research has demonstrated that bovine milk and whey permeate also contain oligosaccharides. Thus, a thorough characterization of oligosaccharides in bovine dairy streams is an important step towards fully assessing their specific functionalities. In this study, bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMOs) were concentrated by membrane filtration from a readily available dairy stream called “mother liquor”, and analyzed by high accuracy MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry. The combination of HPLC and accurate mass spectrometry allowed the identification of ideal processing conditions leading to the production of Kg amount of BMO enriched powders. Among the BMOs identified, 18 have high-molecular weight and corresponded in size to the most abundant oligosaccharides present in human milk. Notably 6 oligosaccharides contained fucose, a sugar monomer that is highly abundant in human milk, but is rarely observed in bovine milk. This work shows that dairy streams represent a potential source of complex milk oligosaccharides for commercial development of unique dairy ingredients in functional foods that reproduce the benefits of human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Mehra
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Caroline Chu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - J. Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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14
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Galeotti F, Coppa GV, Zampini L, Maccari F, Galeazzi T, Padella L, Santoro L, Gabrielli O, Volpi N. Capillary electrophoresis separation of human milk neutral and acidic oligosaccharides derivatized with 2-aminoacridone. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:811-8. [PMID: 24338619 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is a unique fluid in glycobiology due to the presence of many free structurally complex oligosaccharides emerging as important dietary factors during early life and having many biological and protective functions. Methods that allow accurate profiling of oligosaccharide mixtures in this complex biological fluid with quantification of the four known genetically determined groups are welcomed. A high-voltage CE separation and detection at 254 nm of 17 neutral and acidic human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) standard along with lactose derivatized with 2-aminoacridone, using a BGE containing 20% methanol as an organic modifier and borate, able to form on-capillary anionic borate-polyol complexes, is reported. This CE approach was able to separate both neutral HMOs and acidic HMOs, with the sialic acid residue, also in the presence of lactose in high content. This method was applied to the four secretory groups individually extracted by a rapid and simple preparative step. LODs were found ranging from ∼50 to 700 fmol. We were able to measure HMO content also in the presence of excess fluorophore, or interference from proteins, peptides, salts, and other impurities normally present in this complex biological fluid. Overall, CE equipped with a UV detector is a common analytical approach and this simple CE separation offers high resolution and sensitivity for the differentiation of human milk samples related to genetic groups and days of lactation by considering that important changes in HMO content are a reflection of the lactation day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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15
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Kinoshita M, Kakehi K. Capillary-based lectin affinity electrophoresis for interaction analysis between lectins and glycans. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1200:131-146. [PMID: 25117231 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1292-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Capillary affinity electrophoresis (CAE) is a powerful technique for glycan analysis, and one of the analytical approaches for analyzing the interaction between lectins and glycans. The method is based on the high-resolution separation of fluorescently labeled glycans by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser-induced fluorescence detection (LIF) in the presence of lectins (or glycan binding proteins). CAE allows simultaneous determination of glycan structures in a complex mixture of glycans. In addition, we can calculate the binding kinetics on a specific glycan in the complex mixture of glycans with a lectin. Here, we show detailed procedures for capillary affinity electrophoresis of fluorescently labeled glycans with lectins using CE-LIF apparatus. Its application to screening a sialic acid binding protein in plant barks is also shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Kinoshita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of pharmacy, Kinki University, Kowakae3-4-1, Higashi-osaka, 577-8502, Japan
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16
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Viborg AH, Katayama T, Abou Hachem M, Andersen MC, Nishimoto M, Clausen MH, Urashima T, Svensson B, Kitaoka M. Distinct substrate specificities of three glycoside hydrolase family 42 -galactosidases from Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697. Glycobiology 2013; 24:208-16. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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17
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SUZUKI S. Recent Developments in Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis for the Analysis of Glycoprotein Glycans. ANAL SCI 2013; 29:1117-28. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.29.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Galeotti F, Coppa GV, Zampini L, Maccari F, Galeazzi T, Padella L, Santoro L, Gabrielli O, Volpi N. On-line high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry profiling of human milk oligosaccharides derivatized with 2-aminoacridone. Anal Biochem 2012; 430:97-104. [PMID: 22885238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A high-resolution normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry separation and structural characterization of the main oligosaccharides along with lactose from human milk samples is described. A total of 22 commercially available oligosaccharides were fluorotagged with 2-aminoacridone and separated on an amide column and identified on the basis of their retention times and mass spectra. Derivatized species having mass lower than approximately 800 to 900 exhibited mainly [M-H](-1) anions, oligomers with mass up to approximately 1000 to 1100 were represented by both [M-H](-1) and [M-2H](-2) anions, and oligomers greater than approximately 1200 to 1300 were characterized by a charge state of -3. Furthermore, the retention times were directly related to the glycans' molecular mass. Human milk samples from the four groups of donors (Se±/Le±) were analyzed for their composition and amount of free oligosaccharides after rapid and simple prepurification and derivatization steps also in the presence of lactose in high content. This analytical approach enabled us to perform the determination of species not detected by traditional techniques, such as sialic acid, as well as of species present in low content easily mistaken with other peaks. Finally, labeled human milk oligosaccharides were analyzed without any interference from excess fluorophore or interference from proteins, peptides, salts, and other impurities normally present in this complex biological fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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19
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Partial filling affinity capillary electrophoresis using large-volume sample stacking with an electroosmotic flow pump for sensitive profiling of glycoprotein-derived oligosaccharides. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1246:84-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a family of structurally diverse unconjugated glycans that are highly abundant in and unique to human milk. Originally, HMOs were discovered as a prebiotic "bifidus factor" that serves as a metabolic substrate for desired bacteria and shapes an intestinal microbiota composition with health benefits for the breast-fed neonate. Today, HMOs are known to be more than just "food for bugs". An accumulating body of evidence suggests that HMOs are antiadhesive antimicrobials that serve as soluble decoy receptors, prevent pathogen attachment to infant mucosal surfaces and lower the risk for viral, bacterial and protozoan parasite infections. In addition, HMOs may modulate epithelial and immune cell responses, reduce excessive mucosal leukocyte infiltration and activation, lower the risk for necrotizing enterocolitis and provide the infant with sialic acid as a potentially essential nutrient for brain development and cognition. Most data, however, stem from in vitro, ex vivo or animal studies and occasionally from association studies in mother-infant cohorts. Powered, randomized and controlled intervention studies will be needed to confirm relevance for human neonates. The first part of this review introduces the pioneers in HMO research, outlines HMO structural diversity and describes what is known about HMO biosynthesis in the mother's mammary gland and their metabolism in the breast-fed infant. The second part highlights the postulated beneficial effects of HMO for the breast-fed neonate, compares HMOs with oligosaccharides in the milk of other mammals and in infant formula and summarizes the current roadblocks and future opportunities for HMO research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Bode
- Division of Neonatology and Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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21
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Yamamoto S, Suzuki S, Suzuki S. Microchip electrophoresis of oligosaccharides using lectin-immobilized preconcentrator gels fabricated by in situ photopolymerization. Analyst 2012; 137:2211-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an16015c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Zhang P, Zhang Y, Xue X, Wang C, Wang Z, Huang L. Relative quantitation of glycans using stable isotopic labels 1-(d0/d5) phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone by mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2011; 418:1-9. [PMID: 21803021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A deuterium reagent, 1-(d5) phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (d5-PMP), has been synthesized and used for relative quantitative analysis of oligosaccharides by mass spectrometry (MS) using d0/d5-PMP stable isotopic labeling. Previously reported permethylation-based isotopic labels generate variable mass differences, and reductive amination-based isotopic labels cause a loss of some acid-labile groups in carbohydrates. In contrast, d0/d5-PMP stable isotopic labeling is performed at the reducing end of glycans under basic conditions without desialylation, and the mass difference (Δm=10 Da) between the heavy form (d5-PMP derivative) and light form (d0-PMP derivative) of each glycan is invariable. When the two derivative forms of a glycan are mixed in equimolar amounts, a pair of peaks with a 10-Da mass differences is observed in the MS profile. The difference at relative intensity between the d0- and d5-PMP derivatives reflects the difference in quantity of glycans in two samples, making it possible to carry out both qualitative and relative quantitative analyses of glycans in glycomic studies. Application of this method on DP(2) to DP(6) maltodextrin oligosaccharides and N-linked glycans released from ribonuclease B and bovine fetuin demonstrates a 10-fold relative quantitative dynamic range, a satisfying reproducibility (coefficient of variation [CV] ≤ 8.34%), and good accuracy (relative error [RE] ≤ 5.1%) of the method. The suggested technique has been successfully applied for comparative quantitative analysis of free oligosaccharides in human and bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Educational Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Life Science College, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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23
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Yamamoto S, Shinohara C, Fukushima E, Kakehi K, Hayakawa T, Suzuki S. Partial-filling affinity capillary electrophoresis of glycoprotein oligosaccharides derivatized with 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4772-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Recent advances in the analysis of carbohydrates for biomedical use. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:702-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Marino K, Lane JA, Abrahams JL, Struwe WB, Harvey DJ, Marotta M, Hickey RM, Rudd PM. Method for milk oligosaccharide profiling by 2-aminobenzamide labeling and hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Glycobiology 2011; 21:1317-30. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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26
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Abstract
Glycan microarrays are emerging as increasingly used screening tools with a high potential for unraveling protein-carbohydrate interactions: probing hundreds or even thousands of glycans in parallel, they provide the researcher with a vast amount of data in a short time-frame, while using relatively small amounts of analytes. Natural glycan microarrays focus on the glycans' repertoire of natural sources, including both well-defined structures as well as still-unknown ones. This article compares different natural glycan microarray strategies. Glycan probes may comprise oligosaccharides from glycoproteins as well as glycolipids and polysaccharides. Oligosaccharides may be purified from scarce biological samples that are of particular relevance for the carbohydrate-binding protein to be studied. We give an overview of strategies for glycan isolation, derivatization, fractionation, immobilization and structural characterization. Detection methods such as fluorescence analysis and surface plasmon resonance are summarized. The importance of glycan density and multivalency is discussed. Furthermore, some applications of natural glycan microarrays for studying lectin and antibody binding are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Lonardi
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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27
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for the period 2005-2006. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1-100. [PMID: 20222147 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fourth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2006. The review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, method developments, and applications of the technique to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, glycolipids from bacteria, glycosides, and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing, a section on industrial processes, particularly the development of biopharmaceuticals and a section on the use of MALDI-MS to monitor products of chemical synthesis of carbohydrates. Large carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers are highlighted in this final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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28
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Niñonuevo MR, Lebrilla CB. Mass spectrometric methods for analysis of oligosaccharides in human milk. Nutr Rev 2010; 67 Suppl 2:S216-26. [PMID: 19906226 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing the analytical platforms for characterizing human milk oligosaccharides is important to fully assess their specific functionalities. The characterization of these biomolecules, however, is still considered challenging, owing to their overall complexity and diversity. Addressed here are the technical difficulties with an emphasis on the application of mass spectrometry to rapidly profile and quantify human milk oligosaccharides. Fundamental concepts and improvements in instrumentation and an overview of the biological functions and structures of these compounds are also discussed. Results reveal that small-chain oligosaccharides, evident in abundance in the early stage of lactation, are selectively consumed by specific stains of Bifidobacterium longum biovar, infantis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milady R Niñonuevo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA.
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29
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Determination of foodborne pathogenic bacteria by multiplex PCR-microchip capillary electrophoresis with genetic algorithm-support vector regression optimization. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 643:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Capillary lectin-affinity electrophoresis for glycan analysis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2009. [PMID: 19277533 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-022-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most important post-translational events for proteins, affecting their functions in health and disease, and plays significant roles in various information trafficking for intercellular and intracellular biological events. The glycans which show such important effects are generally present as quite complex mixtures in minute amounts. The approach described here makes it possible to profile glycans for the analysis of post-translational modification of proteins with carbohydrates. The method is based on high-resolution separation of fluorescent-labeled carbohydrates by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescent detection in the presence of carbohydrate-binding proteins at different concentrations. The technique affords simultaneous determination of glycans having similar structures even in complex mixtures.
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