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Zheng J, Su W, Cao S, Zhang Z, Du C, Jia H. TgMAP1c is involved in apicoplast biogenesis in Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:487-499. [PMID: 32380097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidases (MAPs), which remove the N-terminal methionine from newly synthesised proteins, are present in all life forms. Three type I MAPs and one type II MAP are encoded in the genome of Toxoplasma gondii. In this study, we found that the inducible knockdown of each type I TgMAP (TgMAP1a-c) reduced the growth and proliferation of the parasite significantly. Among them, TgMAP1c was found to be localised to the apicoplast of the parasite. Inducible knockdown of TgMAP1c led to a defect in the abundance of apicoplast-encoded transcripts, and a later reduction in the apicoplast genome copy number and loss of the apicoplast structure. This finding indicates that transcription of the apicoplast genome was impaired upon knockdown of TgMAP1c. We also found that the function of TgMAP1c in apicoplast biogenesis depends on its enzymatic domain. Expression of a recombinant protein in which the active domain of TgMAP1c was replaced with that of TgMAP1a or TgMAP1b could not restore the defective growth and replication phenotype caused by knockdown of TgMAP1c, indicating that these three enzymes have distinct substrate preferences. An in vitro analysis also revealed that TgMAP1c is an active enzyme that acts specifically on the substrate H-Met-p-NA. In addition, inducible knockdown of TgMAP1c reduced the virulence of T. gondii in mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that TgMAP1c plays a key role in the biogenesis and maintenance of the T. gondii apicoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zheng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 678 Haping Street, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Su
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 678 Haping Street, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Shinuo Cao
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 678 Haping Street, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 678 Haping Street, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Du
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 678 Haping Street, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Jia
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 678 Haping Street, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China.
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Arif A, Mohammed K, Nadeem MS. Biochemical and in silico evaluation of recombinant E. coli aminopeptidase and in vitro processed human interferon α-2b. Turk J Biol 2018; 42:240-249. [PMID: 30814886 PMCID: PMC6353284 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1801-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is an extensively used host for the production of recombinant proteins, making its N-terminal methionine aminopeptidase (MAP) an attractive candidate for studies on posttranslational protein processing. The present study describes the recombinant production and properties of MAP from the DH5α strain of E. coli. The soluble and active enzyme was produced in E. coli BL21 (DE3) RIL - codon plus cells under a T7 promoter system and purified by anion-exchange chromatography. It exhibited a molecular weight of 29,200.94 Da by MALDI-TOF analysis. The purified enzyme showed specific activity of 1.64 U/mg with methionylp-nitroanilide and 1.51 U/mg with synthetic tetrapeptide substrate 'MGMM' in a discontinuous HPLC-based assay. In vitro studies showed the processing of up to 36% of Met-INFα-2b in 40 min. In silico studies revealed that the ES-complex formation between the enzyme and interferon has a ΔG -683.07 kJ/mol. Molecular docking results showed that the processed INFα-2b has greater binding affinity with IFNAR2 receptor as indicated by ΔG -784.53 kJ/mol, significantly lower than that of methionine containing INFα-2b (ΔG -717.63 kJ/mol). These findings emphasize the functional superiority or better efficacy of N-terminal methionine processed recombinant interferon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Arif
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Kaleemuddin Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Shahid Nadeem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
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Arya T, Reddi R, Kishor C, Ganji RJ, Bhukya S, Gumpena R, McGowan S, Drag M, Addlagatta A. Identification of the molecular basis of inhibitor selectivity between the human and streptococcal type I methionine aminopeptidases. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2350-7. [PMID: 25699713 DOI: 10.1021/jm501790e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP) family is responsible for the cleavage of the initiator methionine from newly synthesized proteins. Currently, there are no small molecule inhibitors that show selectivity toward the bacterial MetAPs compared to the human enzyme. In our current study, we have screened 20 α-aminophosphonate derivatives and identified a molecule (compound 15) that selectively inhibits the S. pneumonia MetAP in low micromolar range but not the human enzyme. Further bioinformatics, biochemical, and structural analyses suggested that phenylalanine (F309) in the human enzyme and methionine (M205) in the S. pneumonia MetAP at the analogous position render them with different susceptibilities against the identified inhibitor. X-ray crystal structures of various inhibitors in complex with wild type and F309M enzyme further established the molecular basis for the inhibitor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Arya
- Centre for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500 007, India
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Reddi R, Arya T, Kishor C, Gumpena R, Ganji RJ, Bhukya S, Addlagatta A. Selective targeting of the conserved active site cysteine ofMycobacterium tuberculosismethionine aminopeptidase with electrophilic reagents. FEBS J 2014; 281:4240-8. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar Reddi
- Center for Chemical Biology; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad Telengana India
| | - Tarun Arya
- Center for Chemical Biology; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad Telengana India
| | - Chandan Kishor
- Center for Chemical Biology; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad Telengana India
| | - Rajesh Gumpena
- Center for Chemical Biology; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad Telengana India
| | - Roopa J. Ganji
- Center for Chemical Biology; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad Telengana India
| | - Supriya Bhukya
- Center for Chemical Biology; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad Telengana India
| | - Anthony Addlagatta
- Center for Chemical Biology; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad Telengana India
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Kishor C, Arya T, Reddi R, Chen X, Saddanapu V, Marapaka AK, Gumpena R, Ma D, Liu JO, Addlagatta A. Identification, Biochemical and Structural Evaluation of Species-Specific Inhibitors against Type I Methionine Aminopeptidases. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5295-305. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400395p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kishor
- Center for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka,
Hyderabad AP-500 007, India
| | - Tarun Arya
- Center for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka,
Hyderabad AP-500 007, India
| | - Ravikumar Reddi
- Center for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka,
Hyderabad AP-500 007, India
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West
Baltimore, Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Venkateshwarlu Saddanapu
- Center for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka,
Hyderabad AP-500 007, India
| | - Anil Kumar Marapaka
- Center for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka,
Hyderabad AP-500 007, India
| | - Rajesh Gumpena
- Center for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka,
Hyderabad AP-500 007, India
| | - Dawei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354
Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun O. Liu
- Departments of Pharmacology
and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland
21205, United States
| | - Anthony Addlagatta
- Center for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka,
Hyderabad AP-500 007, India
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Huguet F, Melet A, Alves de Sousa R, Lieutaud A, Chevalier J, Maigre L, Deschamps P, Tomas A, Leulliot N, Pages JM, Artaud I. Hydroxamic Acids as Potent Inhibitors of FeIIand MnIIE. coliMethionine Aminopeptidase: Biological Activities and X-ray Structures of Oxazole Hydroxamate-EcMetAP-Mn Complexes. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1020-30. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Biochemical characterization of recombinant methionine aminopeptidases (MAPs) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 365:191-202. [PMID: 22466806 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidase (MAP) performs the essential post-translational N-terminal methionine excision (NME) of nascent polypeptides during protein synthesis. To characterize MAP from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, two homolgues, mapA (Rv0734) and mapB (Rv2861c), were over expressed and purified as recombinant proteins in E. coli. In vitro activity assay of apo-MtbMAPs using L-Met-p-nitro anilide as substrate revealed MtbMAP A to be catalytically more efficient compared to MtbMAP B. Ni(2+) was the best activator of apo-MtbMAP A, whereas Ni(2+) and Co(2+) activated apo-MtbMAP B equally. MtbMAP B showed higher thermo-stability, but was feedback inhibited by higher concentrations of L-methionine. Aminopeptidase inhibitors like actinonin and bestatin inhibited both MtbMAPs, more prominently MtbMAP B. Among the site-directed mutants of MtbMAP B, substitution of metal-binding residue D142 completely abolished enzyme activity, whereas substitution of residues forming S1' pocket, C105S and T94C, had only moderate effects on substrate hydrolysis. Present study identified a specific insertion region in MtbMAP A sequence which differentiates it from other bacterial and eukaryotic MAPs. A deletion mutant lacking amino acids from this insertion region (MtbMAP A-∆164-176) was constructed to probe into their structural and functional role in activity and stability of MtbMAP A. The limited success in soluble expression of this deletion mutant suggests further optimizations of expression conditions or alternative bioinformatics approaches for further characterization of this deletion mutant of MtbMAP A.
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Shapiro AB, Gao N, Thresher J, Walkup GK, Whiteaker J. A high-throughput absorbance-based assay for methionine produced by methionine aminopeptidase using S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:494-505. [PMID: 21402755 DOI: 10.1177/1087057111398934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidase (MAP) (E.C. 3.4.11.18) is a metallopeptidase that cleaves the N-terminal methionine (Met) residue from some proteins. MAP is essential for growth of several bacterial pathogens, making it a target for antibacterial drug discovery. MAP enzymes are also present in eukaryotic cells, and one is a target for antiangiogenic cancer therapy. To screen large compound libraries for MAP inhibitors as the starting point for drug discovery, a high-throughput-compatible assay is valuable. Here the authors describe a novel assay, which detects the Met product of MAP-catalyzed peptide cleavage by coupling it to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent production of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) and inorganic phosphate (P(i)) by SAM synthetase (MetK) combined with inorganic pyrophosphatase. The three P(i) ions produced for each Met consumed are detected using Malachite Green/molybdate reagent. This assay can use any unmodified peptide MAP substrate with an N-terminal Met. The assay was used to measure kinetic constants for Escherichia coli MAP using Mn(2+) as the activator and the peptide Met-Gly-Met-Met as the substrate, as well as to measure the potency of a MAP inhibitor. A Mn(2+) buffer is described that can be used to prevent free Mn(2+) depletion by chelating compounds from interfering in screens for MAP inhibitors.
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Use of thermal melt curves to assess the quality of enzyme preparations. Anal Biochem 2009; 399:268-75. [PMID: 20018159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 12/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to determine whether the quality of enzyme preparations can be determined from their melting curves, which may easily be obtained using a fluorescent probe and a standard reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) machine. Thermal melt data on 31 recombinant enzymes from Plasmodium parasites were acquired by incrementally heating them to 90 degrees C and measuring unfolding with a fluorescent dye. Activity assays specific to each enzyme were also performed. Four of the enzymes were denatured to varying degrees with heat and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) prior to the thermal melt and activity assays. In general, melting curve quality was correlated with enzyme activity; enzymes with high-quality curves were found almost uniformly to be active, whereas those with lower quality curves were more varied in their catalytic performance. Inspection of melting curves of bovine xanthine oxidase and Entamoeba histolytica cysteine protease 1 allowed active stocks to be distinguished from inactive stocks, implying that a relationship between melting curve quality and activity persists over a wide range of experimental conditions and species. Our data suggest that melting curves can help to distinguish properly folded proteins from denatured ones and, therefore, may be useful in selecting stocks for further study and in optimizing purification procedures for specific proteins.
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Pícha J, Buděšínský M, Hančlová I, Šanda M, Fiedler P, Vaněk V, Jiráček J. Efficient synthesis of phosphonodepsipeptides derived from norleucine. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mitra S, Bennett B, Holz RC. Mutation of H63 and its catalytic affect on the methionine aminopeptidase from Escherichia coli. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2009; 1794:137-143. [PMID: 18952013 PMCID: PMC2674292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to gain insight into the mechanistic role of a flexible exterior loop near the active site, made up of Y62, H63, G64, and Y65, that has been proposed to play an important role in substrate binding and recognition in the methionyl aminopeptidase from Escherichia coli (EcMetAP-I), the H63A enzyme was prepared. Mutation of H63 to alanine does not affect the ability of the enzyme to bind divalent metal ions. The specific activity of H63A EcMetAP-I was determined using four different substrates of varying lengths, namely, l-Met-p-NA, MAS, MGMM and MSSHRWDW. For the smallest/shortest substrate (l-Met-p-NA) the specific activity decreased nearly seven fold but as the peptide length increased, the specific activity also increased and became comparable to WT EcMetAP-I. This decrease in specific activity is primarily due to a decrease in the observed k(cat) values, which decreases nearly sixty-fold for l-Met-p-NA while only a four-fold decrease is observed for the tri- and tetra-peptide substrates. Interestingly, no change in k(cat) was observed when the octa-peptide MSSHRWDW was used as a substrate. These data suggest that H63 affects the hydrolysis of small peptide substrates whereas large peptides can overcome the observed loss in binding energy, as predicted from K(m) values, by additional hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghamitra Mitra
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215-2521, USA
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Pícha J, Buděšínský M, Šanda M, Jiráček J. Synthesis of norleucine-derived phosphonopeptides. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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