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Bogomolovas J, Gravenhorst P, Mayans O. Production and analysis of titin kinase: Exploiting active/inactive kinase homologs in pseudokinase validation. Methods Enzymol 2022; 667:147-181. [PMID: 35525541 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein pseudokinases are key regulators of the eukaryotic cell. Understanding their unconventional molecular mechanisms relies on deciphering their putative potential to perform phosphotransfer, their scaffolding properties and the nature of their regulation. Titin pseudokinase (TK) is the defining member of a family of poorly characterized muscle-specific kinases thought to act as sensors and transducers of mechanical signals in the sarcomere. The functional mechanisms of TK remain obscure due to the challenges posed by its production and analysis. Here, we provide guidelines and tailored research approaches for the study of TK, including profiting from its close structure-function relationship to the catalytically active homolog twitchin kinase (TwcK) from C. elegans. We describe a methodological pipeline to produce recombinant TK and TwcK samples; design, prioritize and validate mutated and truncated variants; assess sample stability and perform activity assays. The strategy is exportable to other pseudokinase members of the TK-like kinase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Bogomolovas
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Olga Mayans
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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Abstract
Kinases catalyze protein phosphorylation to regulate cell signaling events. However, identifying kinase substrates is challenging due to the often low abundance and dynamic nature of protein phosphorylation. Development of novel techniques to identify kinase substrates is necessary. Here, we report kinase-catalyzed biotinylation with inactivated lysates for discovery of substrates (K-BILDS) as a tool to identify direct substrates of a kinase. As a proof of concept, K-BILDS was applied to cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) with HeLa cell lysates. Subsequent enrichment and MS/MS analysis identified 279 candidate PKA substrates, including 56 previously known PKA substrates. Of the candidate substrates, nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein (NASP), BCL2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3), and 14-3-3 protein Tau (YWHAQ) were validated as novel PKA substrates. K-BILDS provides a valuable tool to identify direct substrates of any protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Maheeka Embogama
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Mary Kay H Pflum
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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Rahmanto AS, Morgan PE, Hawkins CL, Davies MJ. Cellular effects of photogenerated oxidants and long-lived, reactive, hydroperoxide photoproducts. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1505-15. [PMID: 20708682 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of radicals and singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) with proteins results in both direct damage and the formation of long-lived reactive hydroperoxides. Elevated levels of protein hydroperoxide-derived products have been detected in multiple human pathologies, suggesting that these secondary oxidants contribute to tissue damage. Previous studies have provided evidence for protein hydroperoxide-mediated inhibition of thiol-dependent enzymes and modulation of signaling processes in isolated systems. In this study (1)O(2) and hydroperoxides have been generated in J774A.1 macrophage-like cells using visible light and the photosensitizer rose bengal, with the consequences of oxidant formation examined both immediately and after subsequent (dark-phase) incubation. Significant losses of GSH (≤50%), total thiols (≤20%), and activity of thiol-dependent proteins (GAPDH, thioredoxin, protein tyrosine phosphatases, creatine kinase, and cathepsins B and L; 10-50% inhibition) were detected after 1 or 2 min photo-oxidation. Non-thiol-dependent enzymes were not affected. In contrast, NADPH levels increased, together with the activity of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and thioredoxin reductase; these increases may be components of a rapid global cytoprotective cellular response to stress. Neither oxidized thioredoxin nor radical-mediated protein oxidation products were detected at significant levels. Further decreases in thiol levels and enzyme activity occurred during dark-phase incubation, with this accompanied by decreased cell viability. These secondary events are ascribed to the reactions of long-lived hydroperoxides, generated by (1)O(2)-mediated reactions. Overall, this study provides novel insights into early cellular responses to photo-oxidative damage and indicates that long-lived hydroperoxides can play a significant role in cellular damage.
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Gander S, Martin D, Hauri S, Moes S, Poletto G, Pagano MA, Marin O, Meggio F, Jenoe P. A Modified KESTREL Search Reveals a Basophilic Substrate Consensus for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Npr1 Protein Kinase. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:5305-16. [DOI: 10.1021/pr9005469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gander
- Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Gene Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 München, Germany, and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Dietmar Martin
- Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Gene Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 München, Germany, and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Simon Hauri
- Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Gene Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 München, Germany, and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Suzette Moes
- Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Gene Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 München, Germany, and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgia Poletto
- Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Gene Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 München, Germany, and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Mario A. Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Gene Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 München, Germany, and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Oriano Marin
- Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Gene Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 München, Germany, and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Flavio Meggio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Gene Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 München, Germany, and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Paul Jenoe
- Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Gene Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 München, Germany, and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy
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Pharmacogenetic analysis reveals a post-developmental role for Rac GTPases in Caenorhabditis elegans GABAergic neurotransmission. Genetics 2009; 183:1357-72. [PMID: 19797046 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.109.106880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nerve-cell cytoskeleton is essential for the regulation of intrinsic neuronal activity. For example, neuronal migration defects are associated with microtubule regulators, such as LIS1 and dynein, as well as with actin regulators, including Rac GTPases and integrins, and have been thought to underlie epileptic seizures in patients with cortical malformations. However, it is plausible that post-developmental functions of specific cytoskeletal regulators contribute to the more transient nature of aberrant neuronal activity and could be masked by developmental anomalies. Accordingly, our previous results have illuminated functional roles, distinct from developmental contributions, for Caenorhabditis elegans orthologs of LIS1 and dynein in GABAergic synaptic vesicle transport. Here, we report that C. elegans with function-altering mutations in canonical Rac GTPase-signaling-pathway members demonstrated a robust behavioral response to a GABA(A) receptor antagonist, pentylenetetrazole. Rac mutants also exhibited hypersensitivity to an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, aldicarb, uncovering deficiencies in inhibitory neurotransmission. RNA interference targeting Rac hypomorphs revealed synergistic interactions between the dynein motor complex and some, but not all, members of Rac-signaling pathways. These genetic interactions are consistent with putative Rac-dependent regulation of actin and microtubule networks and suggest that some cytoskeletal regulators cooperate to uniquely govern neuronal synchrony through dynein-mediated GABAergic vesicle transport in C. elegans.
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