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Suszyńska-Zajczyk J, Witucki Ł, Perła-Kaján J, Jakubowski H. Diet-induced hyperhomocysteinemia causes sex-dependent deficiencies in offspring musculature and brain function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1322844. [PMID: 38559811 PMCID: PMC10979824 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1322844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), characterized by elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels, is a known risk factor for cardiovascular, renal, and neurological diseases, as well as pregnancy complications. Our study aimed to investigate whether HHcy induced by a high-methionine (high-Met) diet exacerbates cognitive and behavioral deficits in offspring and leads to other breeding problems. Dietary HHcy was induced four weeks before mating and continued throughout gestation and post-delivery. A battery of behavioral tests was conducted on offspring between postnatal days (PNDs) 5 and 30 to assess motor function/activity and cognition. The results were correlated with brain morphometric measurements and quantitative analysis of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/autophagy markers. The high-Met diet significantly increased parental and offspring urinary tHcy levels and influenced offspring behavior in a sex-dependent manner. Female offspring exhibited impaired cognition, potentially related to morphometric changes observed exclusively in HHcy females. Male HHcy pups demonstrated muscle weakness, evidenced by slower surface righting, reduced hind limb suspension (HLS) hanging time, weaker grip strength, and decreased activity in the beaker test. Western blot analyses indicated the downregulation of autophagy and the upregulation of mTOR activity in HHcy cortexes. HHcy also led to breeding impairments, including reduced breeding rate, in-utero fetal death, lower pups' body weight, and increased mortality, likely attributed to placental dysfunction associated with HHcy. In conclusion, a high-Met diet impairs memory and cognition in female juveniles and weakens muscle strength in male pups. These effects may stem from abnormal placental function affecting early neurogenesis, the dysregulation of autophagy-related pathways in the cortex, or epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation triggered by HHcy during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Suszyńska-Zajczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Witucki
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Perła-Kaján
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, United States
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2
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Piechocka J, Głowacki R. One-pot sample preparation procedure for the determination of protein N-linked homocysteine by HPLC-FLD based method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1228:123835. [PMID: 37478723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The report presents robust and high throughput method, based on liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD), for the determination of total protein N-linked homocysteine (Hcy) in human plasma. The assay involves simultaneous proteins precipitation with perchloric acid and removal of any other form of Hcy, except protein N-linked Hcy, via disulfides reduction with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) and plasma protein pellet wash with perchloric acid followed by liberation of N-linked Hcy from proteins by hydrochloric acid hydrolysis, drying under vacuum and residue reconstitution in diluted hydrochloric acid. The chromatographic separation of resulting in this way Hcy-thiolactone (HTL) is achieved within 3 min at room temperature on PolymerX RP-1 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5.0 µm) column using isocratic elution with eluent, consisted of o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) in sodium hydroxide and acetonitrile (ACN), delivered at a flow rate 1 mL/min. The analyte is quantified by monitoring fluorescence at 480 nm using excitation at 370 nm, in a linear range from 0.25 to 10 µmol/L in plasma, while the limit of quantification (LOQ) equals 0.25 µmol/L. The method was successfully applied to plasma samples delivered by fifteen apparently healthy donors showing that the HPLC-FLD assay is suitable for screening of human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Piechocka
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, 163/165 Pomorska Str., 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Rafał Głowacki
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, 163/165 Pomorska Str., 90-236 Łódź, Poland
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3
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Rahali MA, Lakis R, Sauvage FL, Pinault E, Marquet P, Saint-Marcoux F, El Balkhi S. Posttranslational-modifications of human-serum-albumin analysis by a top-down approach validated by a comprehensive bottom-up analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1224:123740. [PMID: 37182409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The posttranslational modifications (PTM) of human serum albumin (HSA) can result in the development of isoforms that have been identified as potential biomarkers for advanced hepatic diseases. However, previous approaches using top-down (TD) analysis to identify isoforms based on molecular weight may have resulted in misidentifications. The nature of the identified isoforms has never been confirmed in previous works. Here, we aimed to critically evaluate TD for the characterization and determination of HSA isoforms in patients and make an inventory of HSA-PTM. Serum samples from control subjects and patients with liver dysfunctions were analyzed using both top-down (TD) and bottom-up (BU) approaches. TD analysis involved using a LC-TOF-MS system to obtain a multicharged spectrum of HSA, which was deconvoluted to identify isoforms. Spectra were then used for relative quantitation analysis of albumin isoform abundances based on trapezoidal integration. For BU analysis, serums were reduced +/- alkylated, digested with trypsin and analyzed in the Q-TOF, data-dependent acquisition (DDA) mode to generate a SWATH-MS high-resolution mass spectral library of all HSA peptides. Tryptic digests of another set of serum samples were then analyzed using data-independent acquisition (DIA) mode to confirm the presence of HSA isoforms and their modification sites. TD detected 15 isoforms corresponding to various modifications, including glycation, cysteinylation, nitrosylation, and oxidation (di- and tri-). In BU, the spectral library containing 127 peptides allowed for the characterization of the important isoforms with their modified sites, including some modifications that were only characterized in BU (carbamylation, deamidation, and amino-acid substitution). The method used for determining isoforms offered acceptable reproducibility (intra-/inter-assay CVs < 15%) for all isoforms present at relative abundances higher than 2%. Overall, the study found that several isoforms could be missed or misidentified by TD. However, all HSA isoforms identified by TD and reported to be relevant in liver dysfunctions were confirmed by BU. This critical evaluation of TD approach helped design an adequate and reliable method for the characterization of HSA isoforms in patients and offers the possibility to estimate isoform abundances within 3 min. These findings have significant implications for the diagnosis and treatment of liver dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad-Ali Rahali
- P&T, UMR1248, University of Limoges, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Limoges, France
| | - Roy Lakis
- P&T, UMR1248, University of Limoges, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Limoges, France
| | - François-Ludovic Sauvage
- P&T, UMR1248, University of Limoges, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Limoges, France
| | - Emilie Pinault
- P&T, UMR1248, University of Limoges, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Limoges, France
| | - Pierre Marquet
- P&T, UMR1248, University of Limoges, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Limoges, France; Department of pharmacology, toxicology and pharmacovigilance, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Franck Saint-Marcoux
- P&T, UMR1248, University of Limoges, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Limoges, France; Department of pharmacology, toxicology and pharmacovigilance, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Souleiman El Balkhi
- P&T, UMR1248, University of Limoges, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Limoges, France; Department of pharmacology, toxicology and pharmacovigilance, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France.
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4
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The Cbs Locus Affects the Expression of Senescence Markers and mtDNA Copy Number, but not Telomere Dynamics in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072520. [PMID: 32260476 PMCID: PMC7177707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is a housekeeping enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the homocysteine to cysteine transsulfuration pathway. Homozygous deletion of the Cbs gene in mice causes severe hyperhomocysteinemia and reduces life span. Here, we examined a possible involvement of senescence, mitochondrial DNA, and telomeres in the reduced life span of Cbs-/- mice. We found that senescence-related p21, Pai-1, Mcp1, and Il-6 mRNAs were significantly upregulated (2-10-fold) in liver, while p21 was upregulated in the brain of Cbs-/- mice (n = 20) compared with control Cbs+/- siblings (n = 20) in a sex- and age-dependent manner. Telomere length in blood (n = 80), liver (n = 40), and brain (n = 40) was not affected by the Cbs-/- genotype, but varied with sex and/or age. Levels of mitochondrial DNA tended to be reduced in livers, but not brains and blood, of Cbs-/- females (n = 20-40). The Cbs-/- genotype significantly reduced Tert mRNA expression in brain, but not liver, in a sex- and age-dependent manner. Multiple regression analysis showed that the senescence-related liver (but not brain) mRNAs and liver (but not brain or blood) mitochondrial DNA were associated with the Cbs genotype. In contrast, telomere length in blood, brain, and liver was not associated with the Cbs genotype or hyperhomocysteinemia, but was associated with sex (in brain and liver) and age (in brain and blood). Taken together, these findings suggest that the changes in senescence marker expression and mtDNA levels, but not telomere shortening, could account for the reduced life span of Cbs-/- mice.
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5
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Sex affects N-homocysteinylation at lysine residue 212 of albumin in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2669. [PMID: 30804445 PMCID: PMC6389882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38784-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The modification of protein lysine residues by the thioester homocysteine (Hcy)-thiolactone has been implicated in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. However, only a handful of proteins carrying Hcy on specific lysine residues have been identified and quantified in humans or animals. In the present work, we developed a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry targeted assay, based on multiple reaction monitoring, for quantification of N-Hcy-Lys212 (K212Hcy) and N-Hcy-Lys525 (K525Hcy) sites in serum albumin in mice. Using this assay, we found that female (n = 20) and male (n = 13) Cbs−/− mice had significantly elevated levels of K212Hcy and K525Hcy modifications in serum albumin relative to their female (n = 19) and male (n = 17) Cbs+/− littermates. There was significantly more K212Hcy modification in Cbs−/− males than in Cbs−/− females (5.78 ± 4.21 vs. 3.15 ± 1.38 units, P = 0.023). Higher K212Hcy levels in males than in females were observed also in Cbs+/− mice (2.72 ± 0.81 vs. 1.89 ± 1.07 units, P = 0.008). In contrast, levels of the K525Hcy albumin modification were similar between males and females, both in Cbs−/− and Cbs+/− mice. These findings suggest that the sex-specific K212Hcy modification in albumin might have an important biological function in mice that is not affected by the Cbs genotype.
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6
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Jakubowski H. Homocysteine Modification in Protein Structure/Function and Human Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:555-604. [PMID: 30427275 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies established that elevated homocysteine, an important intermediate in folate, vitamin B12, and one carbon metabolism, is associated with poor health, including heart and brain diseases. Earlier studies show that patients with severe hyperhomocysteinemia, first identified in the 1960s, exhibit neurological and cardiovascular abnormalities and premature death due to vascular complications. Although homocysteine is considered to be a nonprotein amino acid, studies over the past 2 decades have led to discoveries of protein-related homocysteine metabolism and mechanisms by which homocysteine can become a component of proteins. Homocysteine-containing proteins lose their biological function and acquire cytotoxic, proinflammatory, proatherothrombotic, and proneuropathic properties, which can account for the various disease phenotypes associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. This review describes mechanisms by which hyperhomocysteinemia affects cellular proteostasis, provides a comprehensive account of the biological chemistry of homocysteine-containing proteins, and discusses pathophysiological consequences and clinical implications of their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health , Newark, New Jersey ; and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
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7
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Borowczyk K, Suliburska J, Jakubowski H. Demethylation of methionine and keratin damage in human hair. Amino Acids 2018; 50:537-546. [PMID: 29480334 PMCID: PMC5917003 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Growing human head hair contains a history of keratin and provides a unique model for studies of protein damage. Here, we examined mechanism of homocysteine (Hcy) accumulation and keratin damage in human hair. We found that the content of Hcy-keratin increased along the hair fiber, with levels 5-10-fold higher levels in older sections at the hair's tip than in younger sections at hair's base. The accumulation of Hcy led to a complete loss of keratin solubility in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The increase in Hcy-keratin was accompanied by a decrease in methionine-keratin. Levels of Hcy-keratin were correlated with hair copper and iron in older hair. These relationships were recapitulated in model experiments in vitro, in which Hcy generation from Met exhibited a similar dependence on copper or iron. Taken together, these findings suggest that Hcy-keratin accumulation is due to copper/iron-catalyzed demethylation of methionine residues and contributes to keratin damage in human hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Borowczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.,Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Łódź, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Suliburska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632, Poznań, Poland.
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8
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Genoud V, Quintana PG, Gionco S, Baldessari A, Quintana I. Structural changes of fibrinogen molecule mediated by the N-homocysteinylation reaction. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2017; 45:66-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11239-017-1574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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Yin CX, Xiong KM, Huo FJ, Salamanca JC, Strongin RM. Fluorescent Probes with Multiple Binding Sites for the Discrimination of Cys, Hcy, and GSH. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13188-13198. [PMID: 28703457 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biothiols such as cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), and glutathione (GSH) play crucial roles in maintaining redox homeostasis in biological systems. This Minireview summarizes the most significant current challenges in the field of thiol-reactive probes for biomedical research and diagnostics, emphasizing the needs and opportunities that have been under-investigated by chemists in the selective probe and sensor field. Progress on multiple binding site probes to distinguish Cys, Hcy, and GSH is highlighted as a creative new direction in the field that can enable simultaneous, accurate ratiometric monitoring. New probe design strategies and researcher priorities can better help address current challenges, including the monitoring of disease states such as autism and chronic diseases involving oxidative stress that are characterized by divergent levels of GSH, Cys, and Hcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Xia Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Institute of Molecular Science,Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Kang-Ming Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Institute of Molecular Science,Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Fang-Jun Huo
- Research Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - James C Salamanca
- Department of Chemistry, Portland state University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Robert M Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland state University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
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Yin CX, Xiong KM, Huo FJ, Salamanca JC, Strongin RM. Fluoreszenzsonden mit mehreren Bindungsstellen unterscheiden zwischen Cys, Hcy und GSH. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Xia Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering des Bildungsministeriums, Institut für Molekularwissenschaften, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage der Provinz Shanxi; Universität Shanxi; Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Kang-Ming Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering des Bildungsministeriums, Institut für Molekularwissenschaften, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage der Provinz Shanxi; Universität Shanxi; Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Fang-Jun Huo
- Forschungsinstitut für Angewandte Chemie; Universität Shanxi; Taiyuan 030006 China
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Mei XY, He XD, Huang L, Qi DS, Nie J, Li Y, Si W, Zhao SM. Dehomocysteinylation is catalysed by the sirtuin-2-like bacterial lysine deacetylase CobB. FEBS J 2016; 283:4149-4162. [PMID: 27696686 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia, which is characterized by elevated blood levels of the non-protein amino acid homocysteine (Hcy), is an independent risk factor for many diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and birth defects. The incorporation of homocysteine into proteins, known as protein N-homocysteinylation, has been considered a major mechanism that contributes to hyperhomocysteinemia. However, the process of dehomocysteinylation, the N-homocysteinylation substrates and the regulatory enzyme(s) remain largely unknown. In this study, we observed that the dehomocysteinylation reaction is a spontaneous process that can be inhibited by blocking -SH groups, which have been demonstrated to be critical for non-enzymatic dehomocysteinylation reactions. We also report that CobB, a known Sir2-like bacterial lysine deacetylase, catalyzes lysine dehomocysteinylation reactions both in vitro and in vivo. Our work provides insight into how this non-enzymatic modification might be removed from affected proteins, supplies potential targets for developing identification methods for N-homocysteine proteins, and identifies CobB as the first prokaryotic dehomocysteinylation enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Mei
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Interdisciplinary Center on Biology and Chemistry and Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xia-Di He
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da-Shi Qi
- Department of Genetics, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ji Nie
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Si
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, China
| | - Shi-Min Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Comparison of Protein N-Homocysteinylation in Rat Plasma under Elevated Homocysteine Using a Specific Chemical Labeling Method. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091195. [PMID: 27617989 PMCID: PMC5292613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated blood concentrations of homocysteine have been well established as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and neuropsychiatric diseases, yet the etiologic relationship of homocysteine to these disorders remains poorly understood. Protein N-homocysteinylation has been hypothesized as a contributing factor; however, it has not been examined globally owing to the lack of suitable detection methods. We recently developed a selective chemical method to label N-homocysteinylated proteins with a biotin-aldehyde tag followed by Western blotting analysis, which was further optimized in this study. We then investigated the variation of protein N-homocysteinylation in plasma from rats on a vitamin B12 deficient diet. Elevated “total homocysteine” concentrations were determined in rats with a vitamin B12 deficient diet. Correspondingly, overall levels of plasma protein N-homocysteinylation displayed an increased trend, and furthermore, more pronounced and statistically significant changes (e.g., 1.8-fold, p-value: 0.03) were observed for some individual protein bands. Our results suggest that, as expected, a general metabolic correlation exists between “total homocysteine” and N-homocysteinylation, although other factors are involved in homocysteine/homocysteine thiolactone metabolism, such as the transsulfuration of homocysteine by cystathionine β-synthase or the hydrolysis of homocysteine thiolactone by paraoxonase 1 (PON1), may play more significant or direct roles in determining the level of N-homocysteinylation.
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13
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Jakubowski H. Quantification of urinary S- and N-homocysteinylated protein and homocysteine-thiolactone in mice. Anal Biochem 2016; 508:118-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Perła-Kajan J, Utyro O, Rusek M, Malinowska A, Sitkiewicz E, Jakubowski H. N-Homocysteinylation impairs collagen cross-linking in cystathionine β-synthase-deficient mice: a novel mechanism of connective tissue abnormalities. FASEB J 2016; 30:3810-3821. [PMID: 27530978 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency, a genetic disorder in homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism in humans, elevates plasma Hcy-thiolactone and leads to connective tissue abnormalities that affect the cardiovascular and skeletal systems. However, the underlying mechanism of these abnormalities is not understood. Hcy-thiolactone has the ability to form isopeptide bonds with protein lysine residues, which generates N-homocysteinylated protein. Because lysine residues are involved in collagen cross-linking, N-homocysteinylation of these lysines should impair cross-linking. Using a Tg-I278T Cbs-/- mouse model of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) which replicates the connective tissue abnormalities observed in CBS-deficient patients, we found that N-Hcy-collagen was elevated in bone, tail, and heart of Cbs-/- mice, whereas pyridinoline cross-links were significantly reduced. Plasma deoxypyridinoline cross-link and cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen were also significantly reduced in the Cbs-/- mice. Lysine oxidase activity and mRNA level were not reduced by the Cbs-/- genotype. We also showed that collagen carries S-linked Hcy bound to the thiol of N-linked Hcy. In vitro experiments showed that Hcy-thiolactone modifies lysine residues in collagen type I α-1 chain. Residue K160, located in the nonhelical N-telopeptide region and involved in pyridinoline cross-link formation, was also N-homocysteinylated in vivo Taken together, our findings showed that N-homocysteinylation of collagen in Cbs-/- mice impairs its cross-linking. These findings explain, at least in part, connective tissue abnormalities observed in HHcy.-Perła-Kajan, J., Utyro, O., Rusek, M., Malinowska, A., Sitkiewicz, E., Jakubowski, H. N-Homocysteinylation impairs collagen cross-linking in cystathionine β-synthase-deficient mice: a novel mechanism of connective tissue abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Perła-Kajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Olga Utyro
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marta Rusek
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, International Center for Public Health, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA; and
| | - Agata Malinowska
- Proteomics Laboratory, Biophysics Department, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sitkiewicz
- Proteomics Laboratory, Biophysics Department, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland; .,Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, International Center for Public Health, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA; and
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15
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Stroylova YY, Semenyuk PI, Asriyantz RA, Gaillard C, Haertlé T, Muronetz VI. Creation of catalytically active particles from enzymes crosslinked with a natural bifunctional agent--homocysteine thiolactone. Biopolymers 2016; 101:975-84. [PMID: 24912753 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The current study describes an approach to creation of catalytically active particles with increased stability from enzymes by N-homocysteinylation, a naturally presented protein modification. Enzymatic activities and properties of two globular tetrameric enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were studied before and after N-homocysteinylation. Modification of these proteins concerns the accessible lysine residues and introduces an average of 2-2,5 homocysteine residues per protein monomer. Formation of a range of aggregates was observed for both enzymes, which assemble via formation of intermolecular noncovalent bonds and by disulfide bonds. It was demonstrated that both studied enzymes retain their catalytic activities on modification and the subsequent formation of oligomeric forms. At low concentrations of homocysteine thiolactone, modification of GAPDH leads not only to prevention of spontaneous inactivation but also increases thermal stability of this enzyme on heating to 80°C. A moderate reduction of the activity of GAPDH observed in case of its crosslinking with 50-fold excess of homocysteine thiolactone per lysine is probably caused by hindered substrate diffusion. Spherical particles of 100 nm and larger diameters were observed by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscope techniques after modification of GAPDH with different homocysteine thiolactone concentrations. In case of LDH, branched fibril-like aggregates were observed under the same conditions. Interestingly, crosslinked samples of both proteins were found to have reversible thermal denaturation profiles, indicating that modification with homocysteine thiolactone stabilizes the spatial structure of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Y Stroylova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia
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Eksin E, Erdem A. Electrochemical detection of N-homocysteinylated BSA in the fetal bovine serum medium. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13303j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The immobilization of bovine serum albumin (BSA), homocysteine-thiolactone (HTL) andN-homocysteinylated BSA (N-Hcy-BSA) onto the surface of each PGE was performed by passive adsorption and the electrochemical detection of these components was investigated individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Eksin
- Ege University
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Analytical Chemistry Department
- Izmir
- Turkey
| | - Arzum Erdem
- Ege University
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Analytical Chemistry Department
- Izmir
- Turkey
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17
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Eksin E, Erdem A. Electrochemical Determination of Homocysteine at Disposable Graphite Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Suszyńska-Zajczyk J, Utyro O, Jakubowski H. Methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia and bleomycin hydrolase deficiency alter the expression of mouse kidney proteins involved in renal disease. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 112:339-46. [PMID: 24913063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) induced by dietary or genetic factors is linked to kidney disease. Bleomycin hydrolase (Blmh) metabolizes Hcy-thiolactone to Hcy. We aimed to explain the role of dietary HHcy in kidney disease. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined kidney proteome in dietary HHcy and Blmh-knockout mouse models using 2D IEF/SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. We found that the kidney proteome was altered by dietary HHcy and the Blmh(-/-) genotype. Proteins involved in metabolism of lipoprotein (ApoA1), amino acid and protein (Acy1, Hspd1), carbohydrate (Pdhb, Fbp1-isoform 1, Eno1), and energy metabolism (Ndufs8, Ldhd) were down-regulated. Proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism (Fbp1-isoform 2), oxidative stress response (Prdx2), and detoxification (Glod4) were up-regulated. The Blmh(-/-) genotype down-regulated Glod4 isoform 3 mRNA but did not affect isoform 1 mRNA expression in mouse kidneys, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation of the Glod4 protein by the Blmh(+/+) genotype. Responses of ApoA1, Acy1, Hspd1, Ndufs8, Fbp1, Eno1, and Prdx2 to HHcy and/or Blmh deficiency mimic their responses to renal disease. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that Blmh interacts with diverse cellular processes--lipoprotein, amino acid and protein, carbohydrate, and energy metabolisms, detoxification, antioxidant defenses--that are essential for normal kidney homeostasis and that deregulation of these processes can account for the involvement of HHcy in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Utyro
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Poznan, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Poznan, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Suszyńska-Zajczyk J, Wróblewski J, Utyro O, Luczak M, Marczak L, Jakubowski H. Bleomycin hydrolase and hyperhomocysteinemia modulate the expression of mouse proteins involved in liver homeostasis. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1471-80. [PMID: 24633403 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the major contributor to homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism and fatty liver disease is associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. Bleomycin hydrolase (Blmh) is an aminohydrolase that also participates in Hcy metabolism by hydrolyzing Hcy-thiolactone. To gain insight into hepatic functions of Blmh, we analyzed the liver proteome of Blmh(-/-) and Blmh(+/+) mice in the absence and presence of diet-induced (high methionine) hyperhomocysteinemia using 2D IEF/SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. We identified eleven liver proteins whose expression was significantly altered as a result of the Blmh gene inactivation. The differential expression (Blmh(-/-) vs. Blmh(+/+)) of four liver proteins was lower, of two proteins was higher, and was further modified in mice fed with a hyperhomocysteinemic high-Met diet. The down-regulated proteins are involved in lipoprotein metabolism (ApoA1, ApoE), antigen processing (Psme1), energy metabolism (Atp5h, Gamt), methylglyoxal detoxification (Glo1), oxidative stress response (Sod1), and inactivation of catecholamine neurotransmitters (Comt). The two up-regulated proteins are involved in nitric oxide generation (Ddah1) and xenobiotic detoxification (Sult1c1). We also found that livers of Blmh(-/-) mice expressed a novel variant of glyoxalase domain-containing protein 4 (Glod4) by a post-transcriptional mechanism. Our findings suggest that Blmh interacts with diverse cellular processes-from lipoprotein metabolism, nitric oxide regulation, antigen processing, and energy metabolism to detoxification and antioxidant defenses-that are essential for liver homeostasis and that modulation of these interactions by hyperhomocysteinemia underlies the involvement of Hcy in fatty liver disease.
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Identification of N-homocysteinylation sites in plasma proteins. Amino Acids 2013; 46:235-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Jakubowski H. The Mechanism and Consequences of Homocysteine Incorporation Into Protein in Humans. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2012.736104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- a Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School , International Center for Public Health , Newark , NJ , USA
- b Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology , University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
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Stroylova YY, Chobert JM, Muronetz VI, Jakubowski H, Haertlé T. N-homocysteinylation of ovine prion protein induces amyloid-like transformation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 526:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lai YJ, Tseng WL. Gold nanoparticle extraction followed by o-phthaldialdehyde derivatization for fluorescence sensing of different forms of homocysteine in plasma. Talanta 2012; 91:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Borowczyk K, Tisończyk J, Jakubowski H. Metabolism and neurotoxicity of homocysteine thiolactone in mice: protective role of bleomycin hydrolase. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1339-48. [PMID: 22227865 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic or nutritional disorders in homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism elevate Hcy-thiolactone and cause heart and brain diseases. Hcy-thiolactone has been implicated in these diseases because it has the ability to modify protein lysine residues and generate toxic N-Hcy-proteins with auto-immunogenic, pro-thrombotic, and amyloidogenic properties. Bleomycin hydrolase (Blmh) has the ability to hydrolyze L-Hcy-thiolactone (but not D-Hcy-thiolactone) to Hcy in vitro, but whether this reflects a physiological function has been unknown. Here, we show that Blmh (-/-) mice excreted in urine 1.8-fold more Hcy-thiolactone than wild-type Blmh (+/+) animals (P = 0.02). Hcy-thiolactone was elevated 2.3-fold in brains (P = 0.004) and 2.0-fold in kidneys (P = 0.047) of Blmh (-/-) mice relative to Blmh (+/+) animals. Plasma N-Hcy-protein was elevated in Blmh (-/-) mice fed a normal (2.3-fold, P < 0.001) or hyperhomocysteinemic diet (1.5-fold, P < 0.001), compared with Blmh (+/+) animals. More intraperitoneally injected L-Hcy-thiolactone was recovered in plasma in Blmh (-/-) mice than in wild-type Blmh (+/+) animals (83.1 vs. 39.3 μM, P < 0.0001). In Blmh (+/+) mice injected intraperitoneally with D-Hcy-thiolactone, D,L-Hcy-thiolactone, or L-Hcy-thiolactone, 88, 47, or 6.3%, respectively, of the injected dose was recovered in plasma. The incidence of seizures induced by L-Hcy-thiolactone injections (3,700 nmol/g body weight) was higher in Blmh (-/-) than in Blmh (+/+) mice (93.8 vs. 29.5%, P < 0.001). Using the Blmh null mice, we provide the first direct evidence that a specific Hcy metabolite, Hcy-thiolactone, rather than Hcy itself, is neurotoxic in vivo. Taken together, our findings indicate that Blmh protects mice against L-Hcy-thiolactone toxicity by metabolizing it to Hcy and suggest a mechanism by which Blmh might protect against neurodegeneration associated with hyperhomocysteinemia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Borowczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, International Center for Public Health, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
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25
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Human serum albumin: from bench to bedside. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 33:209-90. [PMID: 22230555 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1174] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant protein in plasma, is a monomeric multi-domain macromolecule, representing the main determinant of plasma oncotic pressure and the main modulator of fluid distribution between body compartments. HSA displays an extraordinary ligand binding capacity, providing a depot and carrier for many endogenous and exogenous compounds. Indeed, HSA represents the main carrier for fatty acids, affects pharmacokinetics of many drugs, provides the metabolic modification of some ligands, renders potential toxins harmless, accounts for most of the anti-oxidant capacity of human plasma, and displays (pseudo-)enzymatic properties. HSA is a valuable biomarker of many diseases, including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, ischemia, post-menopausal obesity, severe acute graft-versus-host disease, and diseases that need monitoring of the glycemic control. Moreover, HSA is widely used clinically to treat several diseases, including hypovolemia, shock, burns, surgical blood loss, trauma, hemorrhage, cardiopulmonary bypass, acute respiratory distress syndrome, hemodialysis, acute liver failure, chronic liver disease, nutrition support, resuscitation, and hypoalbuminemia. Recently, biotechnological applications of HSA, including implantable biomaterials, surgical adhesives and sealants, biochromatography, ligand trapping, and fusion proteins, have been reported. Here, genetic, biochemical, biomedical, and biotechnological aspects of HSA are reviewed.
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Jakubowski H, Głowacki R. Chemical biology of homocysteine thiolactone and related metabolites. Adv Clin Chem 2011; 55:81-103. [PMID: 22126025 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387042-1.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein-related homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism produces Hcy-thiolactone, N-Hcy-protein, and N epsilon-homocysteinyl-lysine (N epsilon-Hcy-Lys). Hcy-thiolactone is generated in an error-editing reaction in protein biosynthesis when Hcy is erroneously selected in place of methionine by methionyl-tRNA synthetase. Hcy-thiolactone, an intramolecular thioester, is chemically reactive and forms isopeptide bonds with protein lysine residues in a process called N-homocysteinylation, which impairs or alters the protein's biological function. The resulting protein damage is exacerbated by a thiyl radical-mediated oxidation. N-Hcy-proteins undergo structural changes leading to aggregation and amyloid formation. These structural changes generate proteins, which are toxic and which induce an autoimmune response. Proteolytic degradation of N-Hcy-proteins generates N epsilon-Hcy-Lys. Levels of Hcy-thiolactone, N-Hcy-protein, and N epsilon-Hcy-Lys increase under pathological conditions in humans and mice and have been linked to cardiovascular and brain disorders. This chapter reviews fundamental biological chemistry of Hcy-thiolactone, N-Hcy-protein, and N epsilon-Hcy-Lys and discusses their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
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Jakubowski H. The role of paraoxonase 1 in the detoxification of homocysteine thiolactone. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 660:113-27. [PMID: 20221875 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-350-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The thioester homocysteine (Hcy)-thiolactone, product of an error-editing reaction in protein biosynthesis, forms when Hcy is mistakenly selected by methionyl-tRNA synthetase. Accumulating evidence suggests that Hcy-thiolactone plays an important role in atherothrombosis. The thioester chemistry of Hcy-thiolactone underlies its ability to form isopeptide bonds with protein lysine residues, which impairs or alters protein function and has pathophysiological consequences including activation of an autoimmune response and enhanced thrombosis. Mammalian organisms, including human, have evolved the ability to eliminate Hcy-thiolactone. One such mechanism involves paraoxonase 1 (PON1), which has the ability to hydrolyze Hcy-thiolactone. This article outlines Hcy-thiolactone pathobiology and reviews evidence documenting the role of PON1 in minimizing Hcy-thiolactone and N-Hcy-protein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
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Cation exchange HPLC analysis of desmosines in elastin hydrolysates. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2473-9. [PMID: 21887606 PMCID: PMC3184222 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Desmosine crosslinks are responsible for the elastic properties of connective tissues in lungs and cardiovascular system and are often compromised in disease states. We developed a new, fast, and simple cation exchange HPLC assay for the analysis of desmosine and isodesmosine in animal elastin. The method was validated by determining linearity, accuracy, precision, and desmosines stability and was applied to measure levels of desmosines in porcine and murine organs. The detection and quantification limits were 2 and 4 pmol, respectively. The run-time was 8 min. Our cation exchange column does not separate desmosine and isodesmosine, but their level can be quantified from absorbance at different wavelengths. Using this assay, we found that desmosines levels were significantly lower in elastin isolated from various organs of immunodeficient severe combined immunodeficiency mice compared with wild-type animals. We also found that desmosines levels were lower in lung elastin isolated from hyperhomocysteinemic Pcft(-/-) mice deficient in intestinal folate transport compared with wild-type Pcft(+/+) animals.
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Chubarov AS, Shakirov MM, Koptyug IV, Sagdeev RZ, Knorre DG, Godovikova TS. Synthesis and characterization of fluorinated homocysteine derivatives as potential molecular probes for 19 F magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4050-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Stroylova YY, Zimny J, Yousefi R, Chobert JM, Jakubowski H, Muronetz VI, Haertlé T. Aggregation and structural changes of α(S1)-, β- and κ-caseins induced by homocysteinylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:1234-45. [PMID: 21689790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Elevated homocysteine levels are resulting in N-homocysteinylation of lysyl residues in proteins and they correlate with a number of human pathologies. However, the role of homocysteinylation of lysyl residues is still poorly known. In order to study the features of homocysteinylation of intrinsically unstructured proteins (IUP) bovine caseins were used as a model. α(S1)-, β- and κ-caseins, showing different aggregations and micelle formation, were modified with homocysteine-thiolactone and their physico-chemical properties were studied. Efficiency of homocysteine incorporation was estimated to be about 1.5, 2.1 and 1.3 homocysteyl residues per one β-, α(S1)-, and κ-casein molecule, respectively. Use of intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescent markers such as Trp, thioflavin T and ANS, reveal structural changes of casein structures after homocysteinylation reflected by an increase in beta-sheet content, which in some cases may be characteristic of amyloid-like transformations. CD spectra also show an increase in beta-sheet content of homocysteinylated caseins. Casein homocysteinylation leads in all cases to aggregation. The sizes of aggregates and aggregation rates were dependent on homocysteine thiolactone concentration and temperature. DLS and microscopic studies have revealed the formation of large aggregates of about 1-3μm. Homocysteinylation of α(S1)- and β-caseins results in formation of regular spheres. Homocysteinylated κ-casein forms thin unbranched fibrils about 400-800nm long. In case of κ-casein amyloidogenic effect of homocysteinylation was confirmed by Congo red spectra. Taken together, data indicate that N-homocysteinylation provokes significant changes in properties of native caseins. A comparison of amyloidogenic transformation of 3 different casein types, belonging to the IUP protein family, shows that the efficiency of amyloidogenic transformation upon homocysteinylation depends on micellization capacity, additional disulphide bonds and other structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Y Stroylova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Analysis of site-specific N-homocysteinylation of human serum albumin in vitro and in vivo using MALDI-ToF and LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry. J Proteomics 2011; 74:967-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Zaąbczyk M, Głowacki R, Machnik A, Heród P, Kazek G, Jakubowski H, Undas A. Elevated concentrations of Nɛ-homocysteinyl-lysine isopeptide in acute myocardial infarction: links with ADMA formation. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:729-35. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Direct monitoring of albumin lysine-525 N-homocysteinylation in human serum by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2010; 405:132-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ishimine N, Usami Y, Nogi S, Sumida T, Kurihara Y, Matsuda K, Nakamura K, Yamauchi K, Okumura N, Tozuka M. Identification of N-homocysteinylated apolipoprotein AI in normal human serum. Ann Clin Biochem 2010; 47:453-9. [DOI: 10.1258/acb.2010.010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background In human serum, a portion of homocysteine (Hcy) exists as an N-linked form to the ε-amino group of protein lysine residues. N-homocysteinylated proteins differ structurally and functionally from native proteins. The present study strives to develop detection and potential semi-quantification methods for N-homocysteinylated apolipoprotein AI ( N-Hcy-apoAI) in human serum. Methods Serum treated with or without cysteamine was supplied to isoelectric focusing (IEF) followed by an immunoblot using an anti-apoAI antibody. Cysteamine treatment increased the isoelectric point for N-Hcy-apoAI, but not for unmodified apoAI, due to the presence of -SH group(s) derived from Hcy and the absence of a cysteine residue in the apoAI molecule. N-Hcy-apoAI was semi-quantified from the scanned immunoblot pattern via a computer. Results After cysteamine treatment, N-Hcy-apoAI in the serum was identified by IEF at the position with a higher pI value compared with intact apoAI. The reproducibility (between assays) of the semi-quantification method was 19.1% CV (coefficient of variation) for an average ratio 5.9% of N-Hcy-apoAI to the whole apoAI in the serum. Approximately 1.0–7.4% of apoAI was N-homocysteinylated in the serum obtained from 27 healthy subjects. Neither the ratio of N-Hcy-apoAI nor its concentration, calculated by total apoAI concentration, indicated correlation with the so-called total (free and S-linked) Hcy concentration. Conclusions We directly found that a portion of apoAI in the serum undergoes homocysteinylation in an N-linkage manner, and used this to develop a potential semi-quantification method for N-Hcy-apoAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ishimine
- Analytical Laboratory Chemistry, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto
| | - Y Usami
- Analytical Laboratory Chemistry, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo
| | - S Nogi
- Analytical Laboratory Chemistry, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo
| | - T Sumida
- Analytical Laboratory Chemistry, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo
| | - Y Kurihara
- Analytical Laboratory Chemistry, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo
| | - K Matsuda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto
| | - K Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo
| | - K Yamauchi
- Clinical Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba
| | - N Okumura
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - M Tozuka
- Analytical Laboratory Chemistry, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo
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Identification and origin of Nε-homocysteinyl-lysine isopeptide in humans and mice. Amino Acids 2010; 39:1563-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Głowacki R, Bald E, Jakubowski H. An on-column derivatization method for the determination of homocysteine-thiolactone and protein N-linked homocysteine. Amino Acids 2010; 41:187-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0521-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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On-column derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde for fast determination of homocysteine in human urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2363-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3456-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sibrian-Vazquez M, Escobedo JO, Lim S, Samoei GK, Strongin RM. Homocystamides promote free-radical and oxidative damage to proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:551-4. [PMID: 20080717 PMCID: PMC2818928 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909737107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of homocysteine are associated with several major diseases. However, it is not clear whether homocysteine is a marker or a causative agent. The majority (ca. 80%) of the homocysteine present in humans is protein bound. The study of the posttranslational modification of proteins by homocysteine and its cyclic congener, homocysteine thiolactone, is emerging as an area of great current interest for unraveling the ongoing "mediator/marker controversy" [Jacobsen DW (2009) Clin Chem 55:1-2]. Interestingly, many of the pathologies associated with homocysteine are also linked to oxidative stress. In the current study, chemical evidence for a causal relationship between homocysteine-bound proteins and oxidative damage is presented. For example, a reproducible increase in protein carbonyl functionality occurs as a consequence of the reaction of human serum albumin with homocysteine thiolactone. This occurs at physiological temperature upon exposure to air without any added oxidants or free-radical initiators. Alpha-amino acid carbon-centered radicals, well-known precursors of protein carbonyls, are shown to form via a hydrogen atom transfer process involving thiolactone-derived homocystamides. Model peptides in buffer as well as native proteins in human blood plasma additionally exhibit properties in keeping with the homocystamide-facilitated hydrogen atom transfer and resultant carbon-centered radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge O. Escobedo
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201
| | - Soojin Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201
| | - George K. Samoei
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201
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Zang T, Dai S, Chen D, Lee BWK, Liu S, Karger BL, Zhou ZS. Chemical methods for the detection of protein N-homocysteinylation via selective reactions with aldehydes. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9065-71. [PMID: 19874060 PMCID: PMC2771319 DOI: 10.1021/ac9017132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Elevated blood levels of homocysteine (Hcy), hyperhomocysteinemia or homocystinuria, have been associated with various diseases and conditions. Homocysteine thiolactone (Hcy TL) is a metabolite of Hcy and reacts with amine groups in proteins to form stable amides, homocystamides, or N-homocysteinylated proteins. It has been proposed that protein N-homocysteinylation contributes to the cytotoxicity of elevated Hcy. Due to its heterogeneity and relatively low abundance, detection of this posttranslational modification remains challenging. On the other hand, the gamma-aminothiol group in homocystamides imparts different chemical reactivities than the native proteins. Under mildly acidic conditions, gamma-aminothiols irreversibly and stoichiometrically react with aldehydes to form stable 1,3-thiazines, whereas the reversible Schiff base formation between aldehydes and amino groups in native proteins is markedly disfavored due to protonation of amines. As such, we have developed highly selective chemical methods to derivatize N-homocysteinylated proteins with various aldehyde tags, thereby facilitating the subsequent analyses. For instance, fluorescent or biotin tagging coupled with gel electrophoresis permits quantification and global profiling of complex biological samples, such as hemoglobin and plasma from rat, mouse and human; affinity enrichment with aldehyde resins drastically reduces sample complexity. In addition, different reactivities of lysine residues in hemoglobin toward Hcy TL were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Zang
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Shujia Dai
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Dajun Chen
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Bobby W. K. Lee
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Suli Liu
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Barry L. Karger
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Zhaohui Sunny Zhou
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Perla‐Kaján J, Jakubowski H. Paraoxonase 1 protects against protein
N
‐homocysteinylation in humans. FASEB J 2009; 24:931-6. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-144410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Perla‐Kaján
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey‐New Jersey Medical SchoolInternational Center for Public HealthNewarkNew JerseyUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and BiotechnologyUniversity of Life SciencesPoznanPoland
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey‐New Jersey Medical SchoolInternational Center for Public HealthNewarkNew JerseyUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and BiotechnologyUniversity of Life SciencesPoznanPoland
- Institute of Bioorganic ChemistryPoznanPoland
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41
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Zu Y. Molecular and nanoparticle postcolumn reagents for assay of low-molecular-mass biothiols using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3358-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Gates AT, Moore L, Sylvain MR, Jones CM, Lowry M, El-Zahab B, Robinson JW, Strongin RM, Warner IM. Mechanistic investigation of N-homocysteinylation-mediated protein-gold nanoconjugate assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:9346-51. [PMID: 19719226 PMCID: PMC2833329 DOI: 10.1021/la900798q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the use of protein-gold nanoconjugate (PGNs) as probes for elucidating mechanistic events involved in protein homocystamide detection with gold nanoparticles (GNPs), as was previously reported by our laboratory. Three different PGN probes are synthesized by direct adsorption of cytochrome c, albumin, or human serum onto citrate-capped GNPs. The PGNs are subsequently purified and treated to confer N-homocysteinylation. Individual PGN systems are evaluated to assess the effect of modification on (1) surface plasmon resonance (SPR), (2) protein structural conformation, and (3) assembly-association. The degree of PGN assembly and colorimetric signal observed postmodification varies based on the type of conjugated protein. For example, results of time-resolved dynamic light scattering studies indicate that modification of cytochrome c-PGNs yields rapid formation of macroscopic nanoparticle assemblies that eventually precipitate from solution. In contrast, albumin and human serum PGNs exhibit higher stability toward modification. Additionally, findings from circular dichroism studies indicate significant modification-induced denaturation, which is what may initiate assembly via electrosteric destabilization of PGNs. The results of electrophoretic studies appear to confirm that the process of N-homocysteinylation-mediated PGN assembly culminates in covalent interparticle association by disulfide cross-linking among modified proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arther T. Gates
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Leonard Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Monica R. Sylvain
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Christina M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Mark Lowry
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Bilal El-Zahab
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - James W. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Robert M. Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207
| | - Isiah M. Warner
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
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43
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Sikora M, Jakubowski H. Homocysteine editing and growth inhibition in Escherichia coli. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:1858-1865. [PMID: 19383686 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.026609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In Escherichia coli homocysteine (Hcy) is metabolically converted to the thioester Hcy-thiolactone in ATP-consuming reactions catalysed by methionyl-, isoleucyl- and leucyl-tRNA synthetases. Here we show that growth inhibition caused by supplementation of E. coli cultures with Hcy is accompanied by greatly increased accumulation of Hcy-thiolactone. Energy dissipation for Hcy editing increases 100-fold in the presence of exogenous Hcy and reaches one mole of ATP unproductively dissipated for Hcy-thiolactone synthesis per each mole of ATP that is consumed for methionine activation. Inhibiting Hcy-thiolactone synthesis with isoleucine, leucine or methionine accelerates bacterial growth in Hcy-supplemented cultures. Growth rates in Hcy-inhibited cultures are inversely related to the accumulation of Hcy-thiolactone. We also show that the levels of protein N-linked Hcy modestly increase in E. coli cells in Hcy-supplemented cultures. The results suggest that Hcy editing restrains bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sikora
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
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Jakubowski H, Perla-Kaján J, Finnell RH, Cabrera RM, Wang H, Gupta S, Kruger WD, Kraus JP, Shih DM. Genetic or nutritional disorders in homocysteine or folate metabolism increase protein N-homocysteinylation in mice. FASEB J 2009; 23:1721-7. [PMID: 19204075 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-127548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic disorders of homocysteine (Hcy) or folate metabolism or high-methionine diets elevate plasma Hcy and its atherogenic metabolite Hcy-thiolactone. In humans, severe hyperhomocysteinemia due to genetic alterations in cystathionine beta-synthase (Cbs) or methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (Mthfr) results in neurological abnormalities and premature death from vascular complications. In mouse models, dietary or genetic hyperhomocysteinemia results in liver or brain pathological changes and accelerates atherosclerosis. Hcy-thiolactone has the ability to form isopeptide bonds with protein lysine residues, which generates modified proteins (N-Hcy-protein) with autoimmunogenic and prothrombotic properties. Our aim was to determine how N-Hcy-protein levels are affected by genetic or nutritional disorders in Hcy or folate metabolism in mice. We found that plasma N-Hcy-protein was elevated 10-fold in mice fed a high-methionine diet compared with the animals fed a normal commercial diet. We also found that inactivation of Cbs, Mthfr, or the proton-coupled folate transporter (Pcft) gene resulted in a 10- to 30-fold increase in plasma or serum N-Hcy-protein levels. Liver N-Hcy-protein was elevated 3.4-fold in severely and 11-fold in extremely hyperhomocysteinemic Cbs-deficient mice, 3.6-fold in severely hyperhomocysteinemic Pcft mice, but was not elevated in mildly hyperhomocysteinemic Mthfr-deficient animals, suggesting that mice have a capacity to prevent accumulation of N-Hcy-protein in their organs. These findings provide evidence that N-Hcy-protein is an important metabolite associated with Hcy pathophysiology in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren St., Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA.
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45
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Gerasimova YV, Knorre DD, Shakirov MM, Godovikova TS. Human serum albumin as a catalyst of RNA cleavage: N-homocysteinylation and N-phosphorylation by oligonucleotide affinity reagent alter the reactivity of the protein. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5396-8. [PMID: 18829313 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic parameters for the cleavage of UpA site in an oligonucleotide in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA) or one of its clinically relevant modification were measured. The RNA-hydrolyzing activity of HSA was decreased by its nonenzymatic N-homocysteinylation. According to (31)P NMR data, Lys and Tyr residues were the labeling targets when a phosphorylating analog of oligoribonucleotide substrate was employed. The site of tyrosine modification was slowly dephosphorylated. Lys-directed affinity labeling suppressed oligonucleotide cleavage indicating that lysines took part in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya V Gerasimova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentyev Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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46
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Jakubowski H, Boers GHJ, Strauss KA. Mutations in cystathionine beta-synthase or methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene increase N-homocysteinylated protein levels in humans. FASEB J 2008; 22:4071-6. [PMID: 18708589 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-112086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Severely elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels observed in genetic disorders of Hcy metabolism are associated with pathologies in multiple organs and lead to premature death due to vascular complications. In addition to elevating plasma Hcy, mutations in cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) or methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene lead to markedly elevated levels of circulating Hcy-thiolactone. The thiooester chemistry of Hcy-thiolactone underlies its ability to form isopeptide bonds with protein lysine residues (N-Hcy-protein), which may impair or alter the protein's function. However, it was not known whether genetic deficiencies in Hcy metabolism affect N-Hcy-protein levels in humans. Here we show that plasma N-Hcy-protein levels are significantly elevated in CBS- and MTHFR-deficient patients. We also show that CBS-deficient patients have significantly elevated plasma levels of prothrombotic N-Hcy-fibrinogen. These results provide a possible explanation for increased atherothrombosis observed in CBS-deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren St., Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA.
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