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Kim SO, Park I, Vernet T, Moreau C, Hong S, Park TH. Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) Nanodisc-Based Biosensor for Detection of Staphylococcal Bicomponent Pore-Forming Leukocidins. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39007843 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an opportunistic infectious pathogen, which causes a high mortality rate during bloodstream infections. The early detection of virulent strains in patients' blood samples is of medical interest for rapid diagnosis. The main virulent factors identified in patient isolates include leukocidins that bind to specific membrane receptors and lyse immune cells and erythrocytes. Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) on the surface of specific cells is a main target of leukocidins such as gamma-hemolysin AB (HlgAB) and leukocidin ED (LukED). Among them, HlgAB is a conserved and critical leukocidin that binds to DARC and forms pores on the cell membranes, leading to cell lysis. Current methods are based on ELISA or bacterial culture, which takes hours to days. For detecting HlgAB with faster response and higher sensitivity, we developed a biosensor that combines single-walled carbon nanotube field effect transistors (swCNT-FETs) with immobilized DARC receptors as biosensing elements. DARC was purified from a bacterial expression system and successfully reconstituted into nanodiscs that preserve binding capability for HlgAB. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed an increase of the DARC-containing nanodisc size in the presence of HlgAB, indicating the formation of HlgAB prepore or pore complexes. We demonstrate that this sensor can specifically detect the leukocidins HlgA and HlgAB in a quantitative manner within the dynamic range of 1 fM to 100 pM with an LOD of 0.122 fM and an LOQ of 0.441 fM. The sensor was challenged with human serum spiked with HlgAB as simulated clinical samples. After dilution for decreasing nonspecific binding, it selectively detected the toxin with a similar detection range and apparent dissociation constant as in the buffer. This biosensor was demonstrated with remarkable sensitivity to detect HlgAB rapidly and has the potential as a tool for fundamental research and clinical applications, although this sensor cannot differentiate between HlgAB and LukED as both have the same receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ong Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyoung Park
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Thierry Vernet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | | | - Seunghun Hong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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Kim SO, Kim SG, Ahn H, Yoo J, Jang J, Park TH. Ni-rGO Sensor Combined with Human Olfactory Receptor-Embedded Nanodiscs for Detecting Gas-Phase DMMP as a Simulant of Nerve Agents. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3095-3103. [PMID: 37555584 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Nerve agents are organophosphorus toxic chemicals that can inhibit acetylcholinesterase, leading to paralysis of the nervous system and death. Early detection of nerve agents is important for safety issues. Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) is widely used as a simulant of nerve agents, and many studies have been conducted using DMMP as a substitute for detecting nerve agents. Despite many studies on sensors for detecting DMMP, they have limitations in sensitivity and selectivity. To overcome these limitations, a nickel-decorated reduced graphene oxide (Ni-rGO) sensor with human olfactory receptor hOR2T7 nanodiscs was utilized to create a bioelectronic nose platform for DMMP gas detection. hOR2T7 was produced and reconstituted into nanodiscs for enhancing the sensor's stability, especially for detection in a gas phase. It could detect DMMP gas selectively and repeatedly at a concentration of 1 ppb. This sensitive and selective bioelectronic nose can be applied as a practical tool for the detection of gaseous chemical warfare agents in military and safety fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ong Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gun Kim
- Samsung Electronics, San #16 Banwol-Dong, Hwasung, Gyeonggi-do 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyenjin Ahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yoo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jyongsik Jang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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Bibow S, Böhm R, Modaresi SM, Hiller S. Detergent Titration as an Efficient Method for NMR Resonance Assignments of Membrane Proteins in Lipid–Bilayer Nanodiscs. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7786-7793. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bibow
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Böhm
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Sebastian Hiller
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Bio-Inspired Strategies for Improving the Selectivity and Sensitivity of Artificial Noses: A Review. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20061803. [PMID: 32214038 PMCID: PMC7146165 DOI: 10.3390/s20061803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Artificial noses are broad-spectrum multisensors dedicated to the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Despite great recent progress, they still suffer from a lack of sensitivity and selectivity. We will review, in a systemic way, the biomimetic strategies for improving these performance criteria, including the design of sensing materials, their immobilization on the sensing surface, the sampling of VOCs, the choice of a transduction method, and the data processing. This reflection could help address new applications in domains where high-performance artificial noses are required such as public security and safety, environment, industry, or healthcare.
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Oh J, Yang H, Jeong GE, Moon D, Kwon OS, Phyo S, Lee J, Song HS, Park TH, Jang J. Ultrasensitive, Selective, and Highly Stable Bioelectronic Nose That Detects the Liquid and Gaseous Cadaverine. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12181-12190. [PMID: 31478373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Field-effect transistor (FET) devices based on conductive nanomaterials have been used to develop biosensors. However, development of FET-based biosensors that allow efficient stability, especially in the gas phase, for obtaining reliable and reproducible responses remains a challenge. In this study, we developed a nanodisc (ND)-functionalized bioelectronic nose (NBN) based on a nickel (Ni)-decorated carboxylated polypyrrole nanoparticle (cPPyNP)-FET that offers the detection of liquid and gaseous cadaverine (CV). The TAAR13c, specifically binding to CV, which is an indicator of food spoilage, was successfully constructed in NDs. The NBN was fabricated by the oriented assembly of TAAR13c-embedded NDs (T13NDs) onto the transistor with Ni/cPPyNPs. The NBN showed high performance in selectivity and sensitivity for the detection of CV, with excellent stability in both aqueous and gas phases. Moreover, the NBN allowed efficient measurement of corrupted real-food samples. It demonstrates the ND-based device can allow the practical biosensor that provides high stability in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungkyun Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Heehong Yang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Go Een Jeong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dongseok Moon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Seok Kwon
- Infectious Disease Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyeol Phyo
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Song
- Sensor System Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea.,Division of Bioconvergence Analysis , Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Cheongju 28119 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jyongsik Jang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
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Slouka C, Kopp J, Spadiut O, Herwig C. Perspectives of inclusion bodies for bio-based products: curse or blessing? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:1143-1153. [PMID: 30569219 PMCID: PMC6394472 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium Escherichia coli is a major host for recombinant protein production of non-glycosylated products. Depending on the expression strategy, the recombinant protein can be located intracellularly, which often leads to protein aggregates inside of the cytoplasm, forming so the called inclusion bodies (IBs). When compared to other protein expression strategies, inclusion body formation allows high product titers and also the possibility of expressing proteins being toxic for the host. In the past years, the comprehension of inclusion bodies being only inactive protein aggregates changed, and the new term of non-classical inclusion bodies emerged. These inclusion bodies are believed to contain a reasonable amount of active protein within their structure. However, subsequent downstream processing, such as homogenisation of cells, centrifugation or solubilisation of IBs, is prone to variable process performance and is often known to result in low extraction yields. It is hypothesised that variations in IB quality attributes are responsible for those effects and that such attributes can be controlled by upstream process conditions. In this review, we address the impact of process design (process parameters) in the upstream on defined inclusion body quality attributes. The following topics are therefore addressed: (i) an overview of the range of inclusion body applications (including emerging technologies); (ii) analytical methods to determine quality attributes; and (iii) screws in process engineering to achieve the desired quality attributes for different inclusion body-based applications. Process parameters in the upstream can be used to trigger different quality attributes including protein activity, but are not exploited to a satisfying content yet. Design by quality approaches in the upstream are already considered for a multitude of existing processes. Further intensifying this approach may pave the industrial application for new IB-based products and improves IB processing, as discussed within this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Slouka
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße, 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Kopp
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße, 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße, 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße, 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße, 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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7
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Kwon OS, Song HS, Park TH, Jang J. Conducting Nanomaterial Sensor Using Natural Receptors. Chem Rev 2018; 119:36-93. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oh Seok Kwon
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Nanobiotechnology and Bioinformatics (Major), University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Song
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jyongsik Jang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Park SJ, Yang H, Lee SH, Song HS, Park CS, Bae J, Kwon OS, Park TH, Jang J. Dopamine Receptor D1 Agonism and Antagonism Using a Field-Effect Transistor Assay. ACS NANO 2017; 11:5950-5959. [PMID: 28558184 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The field-effect transistor (FET) has been used in the development of diagnostic tools for several decades, leading to high-performance biosensors. Therefore, the FET platform can provide the foundation for the next generation of analytical methods. A major role of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is in the transfer of external signals into the cell and promoting human body functions; thus, their principle application is in the screening of new drugs. The research community uses efficient systems to screen potential GPCR drugs; nevertheless, the need to develop GPCR-conjugated analytical devices remains for next-generation new drug screening. In this study, we proposed an approach for studying receptor agonism and antagonism by combining the roles of FETs and GPCRs in a dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1)-conjugated FET system, which is a suitable substitute for conventional cell-based receptor assays. DRD1 was reconstituted and purified to mimic native binding pockets that have highly discriminative interactions with DRD1 agonists/antagonists. The real-time responses from the DRD1-nanohybrid FET were highly sensitive and selective for dopamine agonists/antagonists, and their maximal response levels were clearly different depending on their DRD1 affinities. Moreover, the equilibrium constants (K) were estimated by fitting the response levels. Each K value indicates the variation in the affinity between DRD1 and the agonists/antagonists; a greater K value corresponds to a stronger DRD1 affinity in agonism, whereas a lower K value in antagonism indicates a stronger dopamine-blocking effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Joo Park
- Harzards Monitoring Bionano Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heehong Yang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Song
- Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Park
- Harzards Monitoring Bionano Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonwon Bae
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women's University , Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Seok Kwon
- Harzards Monitoring Bionano Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jyongsik Jang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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9
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Milić D, Veprintsev DB. Large-scale production and protein engineering of G protein-coupled receptors for structural studies. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:66. [PMID: 25873898 PMCID: PMC4379943 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural studies of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) gave insights into molecular mechanisms of their action and contributed significantly to molecular pharmacology. This is primarily due to technical advances in protein engineering, production and crystallization of these important receptor targets. On the other hand, NMR spectroscopy of GPCRs, which can provide information about their dynamics, still remains challenging due to difficulties in preparation of isotopically labeled receptors and their low long-term stabilities. In this review, we discuss methods used for expression and purification of GPCRs for crystallographic and NMR studies. We also summarize protein engineering methods that played a crucial role in obtaining GPCR crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor Milić
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen Switzerland
| | - Dmitry B Veprintsev
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen Switzerland ; Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich Switzerland
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Kahaki FA, Babaeipour V, Memari HR, Mofid MR. High overexpression and purification of optimized bacterio-opsin from Halobacterium Salinarum R1 in E. coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:1558-1571. [PMID: 25123363 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purple membrane of Halobacterium Salinarum carries out a protein, bacteriorhodopsin (bR), which is a model for structure-function studies of membrane proteins. The heterologous expression of integral membrane proteins (IMPS) is difficult. In this study, we reported the heterologous overexpression of bacterio-opsin (bO) in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Bacterio-opsin expression is facilitated by using mistic, a membrane protein from Bacillus subtilis in E. coli BL21 (DE3) membranes. The optimized bO gene was cloned in fusion to the C-terminus of mistic in pET 30a (+) and contains an oct-histidine in C-terminal to facilitate purification. Different medium, temperature, and induction time were used to optimize protein overexpression. The highest expression was obtained from the Terrific Broth (TB) medium at 18 °C with an IPTG concentration of 0.1 mM. The final purified bR was 192 ± 1 mg/L which has an important value for the production of membrane proteins in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abarghooi Kahaki
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Valiollah Babaeipour
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Rajabi Memari
- Center of Biotechnology and Life Sciences and School of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mofid
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Cohen LS, Fracchiolla KE, Becker J, Naider F. Invited review GPCR structural characterization: Using fragments as building blocks to determine a complete structure. Biopolymers 2014; 102:223-43. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah S. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry; The College of Staten Island, City University of New York (CUNY); Staten Island NY 10314
| | - Katrina E. Fracchiolla
- Department of Chemistry; The College of Staten Island, City University of New York (CUNY); Staten Island NY 10314
| | - Jeff Becker
- Department of Microbiology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN 37996
| | - Fred Naider
- Department of Chemistry; The College of Staten Island, City University of New York (CUNY); Staten Island NY 10314
- Department of Biochemistry; The Graduate Center; CUNY NY 10016-4309
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Park SJ, Song HS, Kwon OS, Chung JH, Lee SH, An JH, Ahn SR, Lee JE, Yoon H, Park TH, Jang J. Human dopamine receptor nanovesicles for gate-potential modulators in high-performance field-effect transistor biosensors. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4342. [PMID: 24614248 PMCID: PMC3949245 DOI: 10.1038/srep04342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of molecular detection that allows rapid responses with high sensitivity and selectivity remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate the strategy of novel bio-nanotechnology to successfully fabricate high-performance dopamine (DA) biosensor using DA Receptor-containing uniform-particle-shaped Nanovesicles-immobilized Carboxylated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (CPEDOT) NTs (DRNCNs). DA molecules are commonly associated with serious diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. For the first time, nanovesicles containing a human DA receptor D1 (hDRD1) were successfully constructed from HEK-293 cells, stably expressing hDRD1. The nanovesicles containing hDRD1 as gate-potential modulator on the conducting polymer (CP) nanomaterial transistors provided high-performance responses to DA molecule owing to their uniform, monodispersive morphologies and outstanding discrimination ability. Specifically, the DRNCNs were integrated into a liquid-ion gated field-effect transistor (FET) system via immobilization and attachment processes, leading to high sensitivity and excellent selectivity toward DA in liquid state. Unprecedentedly, the minimum detectable level (MDL) from the field-induced DA responses was as low as 10 pM in real- time, which is 10 times more sensitive than that of previously reported CP based-DA biosensors. Moreover, the FET-type DRNCN biosensor had a rapid response time (<1 s) and showed excellent selectivity in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Joo Park
- 1] World Class University program of Chemical Convergence for Energy & Environment, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 151-742, Korea [2]
| | - Hyun Seok Song
- 1] School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea [2] Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [3]
| | - Oh Seok Kwon
- 1] World Class University program of Chemical Convergence for Energy & Environment, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 151-742, Korea [2] Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ji Hyun Chung
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun An
- World Class University program of Chemical Convergence for Energy & Environment, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 151-742, Korea
| | - Sae Ryun Ahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Yoon
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- 1] School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea [2] Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 443-270, Korea
| | - Jyongsik Jang
- World Class University program of Chemical Convergence for Energy & Environment, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 151-742, Korea
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Expression and functional characterization of membrane-integrated mammalian corticotropin releasing factor receptors 1 and 2 in Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84013. [PMID: 24465390 PMCID: PMC3894963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors (CRFRs) are class B1 G-protein-coupled receptors, which bind peptides of the corticotropin releasing factor family and are key mediators in the stress response. In order to dissect the receptors' binding specificity and enable structural studies, full-length human CRFR1α and mouse CRFR2β as well as fragments lacking the N-terminal extracellular domain, were overproduced in E. coli. The characteristics of different CRFR2β-PhoA gene fusion products expressed in bacteria were found to be in agreement with the predicted ones in the hepta-helical membrane topology model. Recombinant histidine-tagged CRFR1α and CRFR2β expression levels and bacterial subcellular localization were evaluated by cell fractionation and Western blot analysis. Protein expression parameters were assessed, including the influence of E. coli bacterial hosts, culture media and the impact of either PelB or DsbA signal peptide. In general, the large majority of receptor proteins became inserted in the bacterial membrane. Across all experimental conditions significantly more CRFR2β product was obtained in comparison to CRFR1α. Following a detergent screen analysis, bacterial membranes containing CRFR1α and CRFR2β were best solubilized with the zwitterionic detergent FC-14. Binding of different peptide ligands to CRFR1α and CRFR2β membrane fractions were similar, in part, to the complex pharmacology observed in eukaryotic cells. We suggest that our E. coli expression system producing functional CRFRs will be useful for large-scale expression of these receptors for structural studies.
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Targeting chemokines and chemokine receptors with antibodies. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2013; 9:e227-314. [PMID: 24063738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kocherla H, Marino J, Shao X, Graf J, Zou C, Zerbe O. Biosynthesis and spectroscopic characterization of 2-TM fragments encompassing the sequence of a human GPCR, the Y4 receptor. Chembiochem 2012; 13:818-28. [PMID: 22438305 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a divide-and-conquer approach towards obtaining solution structures of G protein-coupled receptors. The human Y4 receptor was dissected into two to three transmembrane helix fragments, which were individually studied by solution NMR. We systematically compared various biosynthetic routes for the expression of the fragments in Escherichia coli and discuss purification strategies. In particular, we have compared the production of transmembrane (TM) fragments as inclusion bodies by using the ΔTrp leader sequence, with membrane-directed expression by using Mistic as the fusion partner, and developed methods for enzymatic cleavage. In addition, direct expression of two-TM fragments into inclusion bodies is a successful route in some cases. With the exception of TM13, we could produce all fragments in isotope-labeled form in quantities sufficient for NMR studies. Almost complete backbone resonance assignment was obtained for the first two helices, as well as for helices 5 and 7, and a high degree was obtained for TM6, while conformational exchange processes resulted in the disappearance of many signals from TM4. In addition, complete assignments were obtained for all residues of the N-terminal domain, as well as the extracellular and cytosolic loops (with the exception of an undecapeptide segment in the second extracellular loop, EC2) and for the complete cytosolic C-terminal tail. In total, backbone resonances of 78 % of all residues were assigned for the Y4 receptor. Predictions of secondary structure based on backbone chemical shifts indicate that most residues from the TM regions adopt helical conformations, with exception of those around polar residues or prolines. However, the domain boundaries differ slightly from those predicted for homology models. We suggest that the obtained chemical shifts might be useful in assigning the full-length receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Kocherla
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Park SH, Casagrande F, Chu M, Maier K, Kiefer H, Opella SJ. Optimization of purification and refolding of the human chemokine receptor CXCR1 improves the stability of proteoliposomes for structure determination. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1818:584-91. [PMID: 22024025 PMCID: PMC3777732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human chemokine receptor CXCR1 is a G-protein coupled receptor that has been successfully expressed in E. coli as inclusion bodies, and purified and refolded in multi-milligram quantities required for structural studies. Expression in E. coli enables selective and uniform isotopic labeling with (13)C and (15)N for NMR studies. Long-term chemical and conformational stability and oligomeric homogeneity of CXCR1 in phospholipid bilayers are crucial for structural studies under physiological conditions. Here we describe substantial refinements in our previously described purification and reconstitution procedures for CXCR1 in phospholipid bilayers. These refinements have led to the preparation of highly purified, completely monomeric, proteoliposome samples that are stable for months at 35°C while subject to the high power radiofrequency irradiations of solid-state NMR experiments. The principal changes from the previously described methods include: 1) ensure that CXCR1 is pure and homogeneously monomeric within the limits of detection (>98%); 2) monitor and control the pH at all times especially following the addition of TCEP, which serves as a reducing agent but also changes the pH; 3) slowly refold CXCR1 with the complete removal of all traces of SDS using a KCl precipitation/dialysis method; and 4) ensure that the molar ratio between the CXCR1 and the phospholipids does not change during refolding and detergent removal. NMR samples prepared with these protocols yield reproducible results over a period of many months at 35°C. This purification and refolding protocol is likely to be applicable with minimal changes to other GPCRs as well as other membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ho Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307, USA
| | - Fabio Casagrande
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307, USA
| | - Mignon Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307, USA
| | - Klaus Maier
- Membrane Receptor Technologies, San Diego, CA 92121-3832, USA
| | | | - Stanley J. Opella
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307, USA
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Bosse M, Thomas L, Hassert R, Beck-Sickinger AG, Huster D, Schmidt P. Assessment of a fully active class A G protein-coupled receptor isolated from in vitro folding. Biochemistry 2011; 50:9817-25. [PMID: 21999704 DOI: 10.1021/bi201320e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We provide a protocol for the preparation of fully active Y2 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Although a valuable target for pharmaceutical research, information about the structure and dynamics of these molecules remains limited due to the difficulty in obtaining sufficient amounts of homogeneous and fully active receptors for in vitro studies. Recombinant expression of GPCRs as inclusion bodies provides the highest protein yields at lowest costs. But this strategy can only successfully be applied if the subsequent in vitro folding results in a high yield of active receptors and if this fraction can be isolated from the nonactive receptors in a homogeneous form. Here, we followed that strategy to provide large quantities of the human neuropeptide Y receptor type 2 and determined the folding yield before and after ligand affinity chromatography using a radioligand binding assay. Directly after folding, we achieved a proportion of ~25% active receptor. This value could be increased to ~96% using ligand affinity chromatography. Thus, a very homogeneous sample of the Y2 receptor could be prepared that exhibited a K(D) value of 0.1 ± 0.05 nM for the binding of polypeptide Y, which represents one of the natural ligands of the Y2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Bosse
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
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18
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High-throughput protein expression screening and purification in Escherichia coli. Methods 2011; 55:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Asada H, Uemura T, Yurugi-Kobayashi T, Shiroishi M, Shimamura T, Tsujimoto H, Ito K, Sugawara T, Nakane T, Nomura N, Murata T, Haga T, Iwata S, Kobayashi T. Evaluation of the Pichia pastoris expression system for the production of GPCRs for structural analysis. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:24. [PMID: 21513509 PMCID: PMC3094209 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various protein expression systems, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris), insect cells and mammalian cell lines, have been developed for the synthesis of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for structural studies. Recently, the crystal structures of four recombinant human GPCRs, namely β2 adrenergic receptor, adenosine A2a receptor, CXCR4 and dopamine D3 receptor, were successfully determined using an insect cell expression system. GPCRs expressed in insect cells are believed to undergo mammalian-like posttranscriptional modifications and have similar functional properties than in mammals. Crystal structures of GPCRs have not yet been solved using yeast expression systems. In the present study, P. pastoris and insect cell expression systems for the human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 subtype (CHRM2) were developed and the quantity and quality of CHRM2 synthesized by both expression systems were compared for the application in structural studies. Results The ideal conditions for the expression of CHRM2 in P. pastoris were 60 hr at 20°C in a buffer of pH 7.0. The specific activity of the expressed CHRM2 was 28.9 pmol/mg of membrane protein as determined by binding assays using [3H]-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB). Although the specific activity of the protein produced by P. pastoris was lower than that of Sf9 insect cells, CHRM2 yield in P. pastoris was 2-fold higher than in Sf9 insect cells because P. pastoris was cultured at high cell density. The dissociation constant (Kd) for QNB in P. pastoris was 101.14 ± 15.07 pM, which was similar to that in Sf9 insect cells (86.23 ± 8.57 pM). There were no differences in the binding affinity of CHRM2 for QNB between P. pastoris and Sf9 insect cells. Conclusion Compared to insect cells, P. pastoris is easier to handle, can be grown at lower cost, and can be expressed quicker at a large scale. Yeast, P. pastoris, and insect cells are all effective expression systems for GPCRs. The results of the present study strongly suggested that protein expression in P. pastoris can be applied to the structural and biochemical studies of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetsugu Asada
- Iwata Human Receptor Crystallography project, ERATO, JST, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Banères JL, Popot JL, Mouillac B. New advances in production and functional folding of G-protein-coupled receptors. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:314-22. [PMID: 21497924 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of integral membrane proteins, participate in the regulation of many physiological functions and are the targets of approximately 30% of currently marketed drugs. However, knowledge of the structural and molecular bases of GPCR functions remains limited owing to difficulties related to their overexpression, purification and stabilization. The development of new strategies aimed at obtaining large amounts of functional GPCRs is therefore crucial. Here, we review the most recent advances in the production and functional folding of GPCRs from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies. Major breakthroughs open exciting perspectives for structural and dynamic investigations of GPCRs. In particular, combining targeting to bacterial inclusion bodies with amphipol-assisted folding is emerging as a highly powerful strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Banères
- CNRS, UMR-5247, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, F-34000 Montpellier, France
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Oh EH, Song HS, Park TH. Recent advances in electronic and bioelectronic noses and their biomedical applications. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 48:427-37. [PMID: 22113013 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Significant effort has been made in the development of an artificial nose system for various applications. Advances in sensor technology have facilitated the development of high-performance electronic and bioelectronic noses. Numerous articles describe the advantages of artificial nose systems for biomedical applications. Recent advances in the development of electronic and bioelectronic noses and their biomedical applications are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hae Oh
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hyun Seok, Park TH. Integration of biomolecules and nanomaterials: Towards highly selective and sensitive biosensors. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:1310-6. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Altamura N, Calamita G. Systems for Production of Proteins for Biomimetic Membrane Devices. BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL PHYSICS, BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2184-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Schröder-Tittmann K, Bosse-Doenecke E, Reedtz-Runge S, Ihling C, Sinz A, Tittmann K, Rudolph R. Recombinant expression, in vitro refolding, and biophysical characterization of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. Biochemistry 2010; 49:7956-65. [PMID: 20690636 DOI: 10.1021/bi101159s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) upon ligand binding leads to the release of insulin from pancreatic cells. This strictly glucose-dependent process renders the receptor and its ligands useful in the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. To enable a biophysical characterization in vitro, we expressed the human full-length GLP-1R in the cytosol of Escherichia coli as inclusion bodies. After purification, refolding of the SDS-solubilized receptor was achieved by the exchange of SDS against the detergent Brij78 using an artificial chaperone system. Far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopic studies revealed that the receptor adopts a characteristic alpha-helical structure in Brij78 micelles. Ligand binding of the renatured protein was quantified by fluorescence quenching and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. In the presence of Brij micelles, the refolded receptor binds the agonist exendin-4 with an apparent dissociation constant of approximately 100 nM in a reversible one-step mechanism. To demonstrate that the detected ligand binding activity is not only due to an autonomously functional N-terminal domain (nGLP-1R) but also due to additional contacts with the juxtamembrane part, we separately expressed and refolded the extracellular domain relying on identical protocols established for the full-length GLP-1R. In support of the suggested multidomain binding mode, the nGLP-1R binds exendin-4 with a lower affinity (K(app) in the micromolar range) and a different kinetic mechanism. The lower ligand affinity of the nGLP-1R results entirely from a decreased kinetic stability of the receptor-ligand complex, dissociation of which is approximately 40-fold faster in the case of the nGLP-1R compared to the full-length GLP-1R. In summary, a framework was developed to produce functional human full-length GLP-1R by recombinant expression in E. coli as a prerequisite for eventual structure determination and a rigorous biophysical characterization including protein variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schröder-Tittmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
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25
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Mammalian G protein-coupled receptor expression in Escherichia coli: II. Refolding and biophysical characterization of mouse cannabinoid receptor 1 and human parathyroid hormone receptor 1. Anal Biochem 2010; 401:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Gautier A, Mott HR, Bostock MJ, Kirkpatrick JP, Nietlispach D. Structure determination of the seven-helix transmembrane receptor sensory rhodopsin II by solution NMR spectroscopy. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2010; 17:768-74. [PMID: 20512150 PMCID: PMC2923064 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Seven-helix membrane proteins represent a challenge for structural biology. Here we report the first NMR structure determination of a detergent-solubilized seven-helix transmembrane (7TM) protein, the phototaxis receptor sensory rhodopsin II (pSRII) from Natronomonas pharaonis, as a proof of principle. The overall quality of the structure ensemble is good (backbone r.m.s. deviation of 0.48 A) and agrees well with previously determined X-ray structures. Furthermore, measurements in more native-like small phospholipid bicelles indicate that the protein structure is the same as in detergent micelles, suggesting that environment-specific effects are minimal when using mild detergents. We use our case study as a platform to discuss the feasibility of similar solution NMR studies for other 7TM proteins, including members of the family of G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gautier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Helen R. Mott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Mark J. Bostock
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - John P. Kirkpatrick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Daniel Nietlispach
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
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Modulation of G-protein coupled receptor sample quality by modified cell-free expression protocols: a case study of the human endothelin A receptor. J Struct Biol 2010; 172:94-106. [PMID: 20460156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors still represent one of the most challenging targets in membrane protein research. Here we present a strategic approach for the cell-free synthesis of these complex membrane proteins exemplified by the preparative scale production of the human endothelin A receptor. The versatility of the cell-free expression system was used to modulate sample quality by alteration of detergents hence presenting different solubilization environments to the synthesized protein at different stages of the production process. Sample properties after co-translational and post-translational solubilization have been analysed by evaluation of homogeneity, protein stability and receptor ligand binding competence. This is a first quality evaluation of a membrane protein obtained in two different cell-free expression modes and we demonstrate that both can be used for the production of ligand-binding competent endothelin A receptor in quantities sufficient for structural approaches. The presented strategy of cell-free expression protocol development could serve as basic guideline for the production of related receptors in similar systems.
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Koth CMM, Payandeh J. Strategies for the cloning and expression of membrane proteins. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2009; 76:43-86. [PMID: 20663478 DOI: 10.1016/s1876-1623(08)76002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite the determination of thousands of high-resolution structures of soluble proteins, many features of integral membrane proteins render them difficult targets for the structural biologist. Among these, the most important challenge is in expressing sufficient quantities of active protein to support downstream purification and structure determination efforts. Over 190 unique membrane protein structures have now been solved, and noticeable trends in successful expression strategies are beginning to emerge. A number of groups have also explored high-throughput (HTP) methods for membrane protein expression, with varying degrees of success. Here we review the current state of expressing membrane proteins for functional and structural studies. We first survey successful methods that have already yielded levels of membrane protein expression sufficient for structure determination. HTP methods are also examined since these aim to explore large numbers of targets and can predict reasonable starting points for many membrane proteins. Since HTP techniques may fail, particularly for certain classes of eukaryotic targets, detailed strategies for the expression of two prominent classes of eukaryotic protein families, G-protein-coupled receptors and ion channels, are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M M Koth
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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