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Agrawal S, Kumari R, Sophronea T, Kumari N, Luthra PM. Design and synthesis of benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl-methyl-4-(substituted)-piperazine-1-carbothioamide as novel neuronal nitric oxide inhibitors and evaluation of their neuroprotecting effect in 6-OHDA-induced unilateral lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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2
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Zhao L, Qu Y, Zhang F, Ma D, Gao H, Gan L, Zhang H, Zhang S, Fang J. Baylis–Hillman Adducts as a Versatile Module for Constructing Fluorogenic Release System. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6056-6069. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lanning Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yuan Qu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Di Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hao Gao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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Agrawal S, Kumari R, Luthra PM. A reliable fluorimetric method to screen the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in 96 well plate. Anal Biochem 2019; 577:42-44. [PMID: 31009600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In general, 4 amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorescein diacetate (DAF-FM-DA) dye is used to detect nitric oxide in biological systems through cell imaging. In this study, we have used 96 well plate format to quantify nitric oxide using DAF-FM-DA through a multimode reader (or independently using fluorospectrometer) and could be visualized in a fluorescence microscope. Similar study otherwise will require a high-end instrument. The method has been validated to screen NOS inhibitors in the HEK 293T cell lines over-expressing the NOS isoforms. We observed that the method is very simple to use, adaptive, sensitive and most importantly it saves time. REAGENTS/TOOLS: Ethanol (70% [v/v] in distilled water), Nω-Nitro-l-arginine (l-NAME), 7-Nitro-Indazole (7-NI) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), HEK 293T cell lines (National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India), DMEM (Himedia laboratories Pvt), Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 0.1 mg/mL streptomycin in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) without Phenol Red of pH 7.4 was prepared with the following composition: NaCl, 8.0g, KCl, 0.4g, CaCl2, 0.14g, MgSO4⋅7H2O, 0.1g, MgCl2·6H2O, 0.1g, Na2HPO4·2H2O, 0.06g, KH2PO4, 0.06g, glucose, 1.0g, NaHCO3, 0.35g, H2O, to 1000 ml, Sterilized and refrigerated, Calcium Ionophore A23187 (Sigma Aldrich 52665-69-7) DAF-FM Di Acetate (Molecular Probes Life Technologies), and DAF-FM Di Aceatate was prepared as a stock solution (5 mM) in DMSO, divided into aliquots and stored at -20 °C, followed by dilution to the required concentration in HBSS buffer before use. EQUIPMENT: Neubauer chamber, Microtube centrifuges (1.5 mL), Micropipettors,10,100, and 1000 mL with corresponding tips, multimode reader (Tecan, Synergy-HT), inverted fluorescence microscope (Nikon, eclipse Ti-S), black flat bottom Microplates (96-well) (Corning 3603).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Agrawal
- Dr. BR Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Rita Kumari
- Dr. BR Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Pratibha Mehta Luthra
- Dr. BR Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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4
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Novel tacrine-tryptophan hybrids: Multi-target directed ligands as potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 168:491-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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5
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Kumar R, Jangir DK, Verma G, Shekhar S, Hanpude P, Kumar S, Kumari R, Singh N, Sarovar Bhavesh N, Ranjan Jana N, Kanti Maiti T. S-nitrosylation of UCHL1 induces its structural instability and promotes α-synuclein aggregation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44558. [PMID: 28300150 PMCID: PMC5353675 DOI: 10.1038/srep44558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase-1 (UCHL1) is a deubiquitinating enzyme, which plays a key role in Parkinson’s disease (PD). It is one of the most important proteins, which constitute Lewy body in PD patient. However, how this well folded highly soluble protein presents in this proteinaceous aggregate is still unclear. We report here that UCHL1 undergoes S-nitrosylation in vitro and rotenone induced PD mouse model. The preferential nitrosylation in the Cys 90, Cys 152 and Cys 220 has been observed which alters the catalytic activity and structural stability. We show here that nitrosylation induces structural instability and produces amorphous aggregate, which provides a nucleation to the native α-synuclein for faster aggregation. Our findings provide a new link between UCHL1-nitrosylation and PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Kumar
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India.,Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Deepak K Jangir
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Garima Verma
- Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shashi Shekhar
- Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Manesar, Gurgaon, 122051, India
| | - Pranita Hanpude
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India.,Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India.,Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Raniki Kumari
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Nirpendra Singh
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Neel Sarovar Bhavesh
- Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Jana
- Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Manesar, Gurgaon, 122051, India
| | - Tushar Kanti Maiti
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
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6
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Maher J, Hunter AC, Mabley JG, Lippiat J, Allen MC. Smooth muscle relaxation and activation of the large conductance Ca(++)-activated K+ (BK(Ca)) channel by novel oestrogens. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 169:1153-65. [PMID: 23586466 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Oestrogens can interact directly with membrane receptors and channels and can activate vascular BK(Ca) channels. We hypothesized that novel oestrogen derivatives could relax smooth muscle by an extracllular effect on the α and β1 subunits of the BK(Ca) channel, rather than at an intracellular site. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We studied the effects of novel oestrogens on the tension of pre-contracted isolated rat aortic rings, and on the electrophysiological properties of HEK 293 cells expressing the hSloα or hSloα+β1 subunits. Two of the derivatives incorporated a quaternary ammonium side-chain making them membrane impermeable. KEY RESULTS Oestrone, oestrone oxime and Quat DME-oestradiol relaxed pre-contracted rat aorta, but only Quat DME-oestradiol-induced relaxation was iberiotoxin sensitive. However, only potassium currents recorded in HEK 293 cells over-expressing both hSloα and hSloβ1 were activated by oestrone, oestrone oxime and Quat DME-oestradiol. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The novel oestrogens were able to relax smooth muscle, but through different mechanisms. In particular, oestrone oxime required the presence of the endothelium to exert much of its effect, whilst Quat DME-oestradiol depended both on NO and BK(Ca) channel activation. The activation of BK(Ca) currents in HEK 293 cells expressing hSloα+β1 by Quat DME-oestradiol is consistent with an extracellular binding site between the two subunits. The binding site resides between the extracellular N terminal of the α subunit and the extracellular loop between TM1 and 2 of the β1 subunit. Membrane-impermeant Quat DME-oestradiol lacks an exchangeable hydrogen on the A ring obviating antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Maher
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
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7
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Chen YF, Shiau AL, Wang SH, Yang JS, Chang SJ, Wu CL, Wu TS. Zhankuic acid A isolated from Taiwanofungus camphoratus is a novel selective TLR4/MD-2 antagonist with anti-inflammatory properties. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2778-86. [PMID: 24532584 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
TLR4, a membrane receptor that functions in complex with its accessory protein myeloid differentiation factor-2 (MD-2), is a therapeutic target for bacterial infections. Taiwanofungus camphoratus is highly valued as a medicinal mushroom for cancer, hypertension, and inflammation in traditional medicine. Zhankuic acid A (ZAA) is the major pharmacologically active compound of T. camphoratus. The mechanism of action of T. camphoratus or ZAA has not been fully elucidated. We analyzed the structure of human TLR4/MD-2 complex with ZAA by X-score and HotLig modeling approaches. Two Abs against MD-2 were used to verify the MD-2/ZAA interaction. The inflammation and survival of the mice pretreated with ZAA and injected with LPS were monitored. The modeling structure shows that ZAA binds the MD-2 hydrophobic pocket exclusively via specific molecular recognition; the contact interface is dominated by hydrophobic interactions. Binding of ZAA to MD-2 reduced Ab recognition to native MD-2, similar to the effect of LPS binding. Furthermore, ZAA significantly ameliorated LPS-induced endotoxemia and Salmonella-induced diarrhea in mice. Our results suggest that ZAA, which can compete with LPS for binding to MD-2 as a TLR4/MD-2 antagonist, may be a potential therapeutic agent for gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fon Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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8
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Cinelli MA, Li H, Chreifi G, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Simplified 2-aminoquinoline-based scaffold for potent and selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1513-30. [PMID: 24472039 PMCID: PMC3954451 DOI: 10.1021/jm401838x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
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Since high levels of nitric oxide
(NO) are implicated in neurodegenerative
disorders, inhibition of the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase
(nNOS) and reduction of NO levels are therapeutically desirable. Nonetheless,
many nNOS inhibitors mimic l-arginine and are poorly bioavailable.
2-Aminoquinoline-based scaffolds were designed with the hope that
they could (a) mimic aminopyridines as potent, isoform-selective arginine
isosteres and (b) possess chemical properties more conducive to oral
bioavailability and CNS penetration. A series of these compounds was
synthesized and assayed against purified nNOS enzymes, endothelial
NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS). Several compounds built on a
7-substituted 2-aminoquinoline core are potent and isoform-selective;
X-ray crystallography indicates that aminoquinolines exert inhibitory
effects by mimicking substrate interactions with the conserved active
site glutamate residue. The most potent and selective compounds, 7 and 15, were tested in a Caco-2 assay and showed
good permeability and low efflux, suggesting high potential for oral
bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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9
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Pigott B, Bartus K, Garthwaite J. On the selectivity of neuronal NOS inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1255-65. [PMID: 23072468 PMCID: PMC3594681 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Isoform-selective inhibitors of NOS enzymes are desirable as research tools and for potential therapeutic purposes. Vinyl-l-N-5-(1-imino-3-butenyl)-l-ornithine (l-VNIO) and Nω-propyl-l-arginine (NPA) purportedly have good selectivity for neuronal over endothelial NOS under cell-free conditions, as does N-[(3-aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine (1400W), which is primarily an inducible NOS inhibitor. Although used in numerous investigations in vitro and in vivo, there have been surprisingly few tests of the potency and selectivity of these compounds in cells. This study addresses this deficiency and evaluates the activity of new and potentially better pyrrolidine-based compounds. Experimental Approach The inhibitors were evaluated by measuring their effect on NMDA-evoked cGMP accumulation in rodent hippocampal slices, a response dependent on neuronal NOS, and ACh-evoked cGMP synthesis in aortic rings of the same animals, an endothelial NOS-dependent phenomenon. Key Results l-VNIO, NPA and 1400W inhibited responses in both tissues but all showed less than fivefold higher potency in the hippocampus than in the aorta, implying useless selectivity for neuronal over endothelial NOS at the tissue level. In addition, the inhibitors had a 25-fold lower potency in the hippocampus than reported previously, the IC50 values being approximately 1 μM for l-VNIO and NPA, and 150 μM for 1400W. Pyrrolidine-based inhibitors were similarly weak and nonselective. Conclusion and Implications The results suggest that l-VNIO, NPA and 1400W, as well as the newer pyrrolidine-type inhibitors, cannot be used as neuronal NOS inhibitors in cells without stringent verification. The identification of inhibitors with useable selectivity in cells and tissues remains an important goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pigott
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
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10
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Huang H, Ji H, Li H, Jing Q, Labby KJ, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Selective monocationic inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Binding mode insights from molecular dynamics simulations. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:11559-72. [PMID: 22731813 DOI: 10.1021/ja302269r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of pathophysiologic levels of nitric oxide through inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) has the potential to be therapeutically beneficial in various neurodegenerative diseases. We have developed a series of pyrrolidine-based nNOS inhibitors that exhibit excellent potencies and isoform selectivities (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 5437). However, there are still important challenges, such as how to decrease the multiple positive charges derived from basic amino groups, which contribute to poor bioavailability, without losing potency and/or selectivity. Here we present an interdisciplinary study combining molecular docking, crystallography, molecular dynamics simulations, synthesis, and enzymology to explore potential pharmacophoric features of nNOS inhibitors and to design potent and selective monocationic nNOS inhibitors. The simulation results indicate that different hydrogen bond patterns, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and a water molecule bridge are key factors for stabilizing ligands and controlling ligand orientation. We find that a heteroatom in the aromatic head or linker chain of the ligand provides additional stability and blocks the substrate binding pocket. Finally, the computational insights are experimentally validated with double-headed pyridine analogues. The compounds reported here are among the most potent and selective monocationic pyrrolidine-based nNOS inhibitors reported to date, and 10 shows improved membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, amd Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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11
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Ma JJ, Zhang T, Fang N, Zou Y, Gong QH, Yu LM, Chen DX. Establishment of a cell-based drug screening model for identifying agonists of human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:719-26. [PMID: 22471368 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) plays a critical role in regulation of diverse biological processes, including lipid metabolism and adipogenesis, cell division and apoptosis, and is involved in variety of disease conditions, such as obesity, atherosclerosis, inflammation and tumour. Developing a cell-based reporter gene model targeting PPARγ would be useful to screen human PPARγ agonists that could be beneficial to patients with these diseases. METHODS We stably co-transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell line 293T cells with phPPARγ-IRES2-EGFP vector to express human PPARγ (hPPARγ), a reporter vector pPPRE×3-TK-LUC, and control vector pRL-CMV. The efficiency of the co-transfection was evaluated with flow cytometry of hPPARγ expressing cells. Specificity of hPPARγ activity was determined by dual luciferase reporter assay of co-transfected cells exposed to PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone, PPARα agonist WY14643 and retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) agonist all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). KEY FINDINGS The phPPARγ-IRES2-EGFP co-transfected HEK293T cells showed concentration- and time-dependent luciferase induction upon exposure to the rosiglitazone, while WY14643 and ATRA were unable to activate the co-transfected HEK293T cells. CONCLUSIONS These data indicated that the HEK293T cells could be stably transfected with hPPARγ. This cell-based drug screening platform could be used targeting specific nuclear receptor of hPPARγ with effectiveness and specificity for hPPARγ agonists discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, China
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Labby KJ, Xue F, Kraus JM, Ji H, Mataka J, Li H, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding: a potential strategy for more bioavailable inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2435-43. [PMID: 22370337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitors have therapeutic applications in the treatment of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Here we report the synthesis and evaluation of a series of inhibitors designed to have increased cell membrane permeability via intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Their potencies were examined in both purified enzyme and cell-based assays; a comparison of these results demonstrates that two of the new inhibitors display significantly increased membrane permeability over previous analogs. NMR spectroscopy provides evidence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding under physiological conditions in two of the inhibitors. Crystal structures of the inhibitors in the nNOS active site confirm the predicted non-intramolecular hydrogen bonded binding mode. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding may be an effective approach for increasing cell membrane permeability without affecting target protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Jansen Labby
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
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13
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Xue F, Fang J, Delker SL, Li H, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Symmetric double-headed aminopyridines, a novel strategy for potent and membrane-permeable inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2039-48. [PMID: 21410186 DOI: 10.1021/jm101071n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We report novel neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitors based on a symmetric double-headed aminopyridine scaffold. The inhibitors were designed from crystal structures of leads 1 and 2 (Delker, S. L.; Ji, H.; Li, H.; Jamal, J.; Fang, J.; Xue, F.; Silverman, R. B.; Poulos, T. L. Unexpected binding modes of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors effective in the prevention of cerebral palsy . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 5437-5442) and synthesized using a highly efficient route. The best inhibitor, 3j, showed low nanomolar inhibitory potency and modest isoform selectivity. It also exhibited enhanced membrane permeability. Inhibitor 3j binds to both the substrate site and the pterin site in nNOS but only to the substrate site in eNOS. These compounds provide a basis for further development of novel, potent, isoform selective, and bioavailable inhibitors for nNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengtian Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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14
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Xue F, Fang J, Lewis WW, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Silverman RB. Potent and selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors with improved cellular permeability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:554-7. [PMID: 19963381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a series of potent and selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors containing two basic nitrogen atoms was reported (Ji, H.; Stanton, B. Z.; Igarashi, J.; Li, H.; Martásek, P.; Roman, L. J.; Poulos, T. L.; Silverman, R. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 3900-3914). In an effort to improve their bioavailability, three compounds (2a-c) were designed with electron-withdrawing groups near one of the basic nitrogen atoms to lower its pK(a). Inhibition studies with these compounds showed that two of them not only retained most of the potency and selectivity of the best analogue of the earlier series, but also showed improved membrane permeability based on data from a cell-based assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengtian Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
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15
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Kellogg DL, Zhao JL, Wu Y. Roles of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in cutaneous vasodilation induced by local warming of the skin and whole body heat stress in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107:1438-44. [PMID: 19745188 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00690.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) participates in the cutaneous vasodilation caused by increased local skin temperature (Tloc) and whole body heat stress in humans. In forearm skin, endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) participates in vasodilation due to elevated Tloc and neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) participates in vasodilation due to heat stress. To explore the relative roles and interactions of these isoforms, we examined the effects of a relatively specific eNOS inhibitor, N(omega)-amino-l-arginine (LNAA), and a specific nNOS inhibitor, N(omega)-propyl-l-arginine (NPLA), both separately and in combination, on skin blood flow (SkBF) responses to increased Tloc and heat stress in two protocols. In each protocol, SkBF was monitored by laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) by Finapres. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated (CVC = LDF/MAP). Intradermal microdialysis was used to treat one site with 5 mM LNAA, another with 5 mM NPLA, a third with combined 5 mM LNAA and 5 mM NPLA (Mix), and a fourth site with Ringer only. In protocol 1, Tloc was controlled with combined LDF/local heating units. Tloc was increased from 34 degrees C to 41.5 degrees C to cause local vasodilation. In protocol 2, after a period of normothermia, whole body heat stress was induced (water-perfused suits). At the end of each protocol, all sites were perfused with 58 mM nitroprusside to effect maximal vasodilation for data normalization. In protocol 1, at Tloc = 34 degrees C, CVC did not differ between sites (P > 0.05). LNAA and Mix attenuated CVC increases at Tloc = 41.5 degrees C to similar extents (P < 0.05, LNAA or Mix vs. untreated or NPLA). In protocol 2, in normothermia, CVC did not differ between sites (P > 0.05). During heat stress, NPLA and Mix attenuated CVC increases to similar extents, but no significant attenuation occurred with LNAA (P < 0.05, NPLA or Mix vs. untreated or LNAA). In forearm skin, eNOS mediates the vasodilator response to increased Tloc and nNOS mediates the vasodilator response to heat stress. The two isoforms do not appear to interact during either response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean L Kellogg
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital Division, Texas, USA.
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