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Marglous S, Brown CE, Padler-Karavani V, Cummings RD, Gildersleeve JC. Serum antibody screening using glycan arrays. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2603-2642. [PMID: 38305761 PMCID: PMC7616341 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00693j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Humans and other animals produce a diverse collection of antibodies, many of which bind to carbohydrate chains, referred to as glycans. These anti-glycan antibodies are a critical part of our immune systems' defenses. Whether induced by vaccination or natural exposure to a pathogen, anti-glycan antibodies can provide protection against infections and cancers. Alternatively, when an immune response goes awry, antibodies that recognize self-glycans can mediate autoimmune diseases. In any case, serum anti-glycan antibodies provide a rich source of information about a patient's overall health, vaccination history, and disease status. Glycan microarrays provide a high-throughput platform to rapidly interrogate serum anti-glycan antibodies and identify new biomarkers for a variety of conditions. In addition, glycan microarrays enable detailed analysis of the immune system's response to vaccines and other treatments. Herein we review applications of glycan microarray technology for serum anti-glycan antibody profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Marglous
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Claire E Brown
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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2
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Serna S, Artschwager R, Pérez-Martínez D, Lopez R, Reichardt NC. A Versatile Urea Type Linker for Functionalizing Natural Glycans and Its Validation in Glycan Arrays. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301494. [PMID: 37347819 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The isolation from organisms and readily available glycoproteins has become an increasingly convenient source of N-glycans for multiple applications including glycan microarrays, as reference standards in glycan analysis or as reagents that improve bioavailability of protein and peptide therapeutics through conjugation. A problematic step in the isolation process on a preparative scale can be the attachment of a linker for the improved purification, separation, immobilization and quantification of the glycan structures. Addressing this issue, we firstly aimed for the development of an UV active linker for a fast and reliable attachment to anomeric glycosylamines via urea bond formation. Secondly, we validated the new linker on glycan arrays in a comparative study with a collection of N-glycans which were screened against various lectins. In total, we coupled four structurally varied N-glycans to four different linkers, immobilized all constructs on a microarray and compared their binding affinities to four plant and fungal lectins of widely described specificity. Our study shows that the urea type linker showed an overall superior performance for lectin binding and once more, highlights the often neglected influence of the choice of linker on lectin recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Serna
- Glycotechnology Group, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Raik Artschwager
- Glycotechnology Group, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Current address: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Damián Pérez-Martínez
- Glycotechnology Group, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Rosa Lopez
- Organic Chemistry Department I, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 3, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Niels-Christian Reichardt
- Glycotechnology Group, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Paseo Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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3
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Prasanphanich NS, Leon K, Secor WE, Shoemaker CB, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD. Anti-schistosomal immunity to core xylose/fucose in N-glycans. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1142620. [PMID: 37081851 PMCID: PMC10110957 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1142620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a globally prevalent, debilitating disease that is poorly controlled by chemotherapy and for which no vaccine exists. While partial resistance in people may develop over time with repeated infections and treatments, some animals, including the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), are only semi-permissive and have natural protection. To understand the basis of this protection, we explored the nature of the immune response in the brown rat to infection by Schistosoma mansoni. Infection leads to production of IgG to Infection leads to production of IgG to parasite glycoproteins parasite glycoproteins with complex-type N-glycans that contain a non-mammalian-type modification by core α2-Xylose and core α3-Fucose (core Xyl/Fuc). These epitopes are expressed on the surfaces of schistosomula and adult worms. Importantly, IgG to these epitopes can kill schistosomula by a complement-dependent process in vitro. Additionally, sera from both infected rhesus monkey and infected brown rat were capable of killing schistosomula in a manner inhibited by glycopeptides containing core Xyl/Fuc. These results demonstrate that protective antibodies to schistosome infections in brown rats and rhesus monkeys include IgG responses to the core Xyl/Fuc epitopes in surface-expressed N-glycans, and raise the potential of novel glyco-based vaccines that might be developed to combat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristoffer Leon
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - W. Evan Secor
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Charles B. Shoemaker
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- National Center for Functional Glycomics, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- National Center for Functional Glycomics, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Richard D. Cummings,
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4
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Wang C, Gao X, Gong G, Man L, Wei Q, Lan Y, Yang M, Han J, Jin W, Wei M, Huang L, Wang Z. A versatile strategy for high-resolution separation of reducing glycan mixtures as hydrazones by two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Li XL, Han C, Luo M, Xiao S, Li J, Yu C, Cheng S, Jin Y, Han Y, Todoroki K, Shi Q, Min JZ. Relative quantitation of glycans in cetuximab using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry by Pronase E digestion. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463302. [PMID: 35820231 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycans play important roles in the activity and function of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In this study, an isotope labeling method for the relative quantitative analysis of glycans in cetuximab, a chimeric human/mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibody that specifically targets epidermal growth factor receptor, via hydrophilic interaction LC-ultra-high-performance LC-HRMS was established based on Pronase E digestion. To this aim, novel isotope MS probes, i.e., 3-benzoyl-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (d0-BOTC) and 3-(2,3,4,5,6-pentadeuterio-benzoyl)-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate acid (d5-BOTC), which include a carboxyl group to target the amino functional group in glycosylamine, were developed. The nonspecific Pronase E enzyme could simultaneously digest the peptide bound to the N- and O-glycans into glycosylamine having only one amino acid. Since the mass difference between the light- and heavy-labeled glycans was 5.0 Da, the relative abundance of their MS peaks was used to achieve the qualitative and relative quantitative analysis of glycans. Sialylglycopeptide was used as a complex glycan model to validate the accuracy of the method. The results demonstrated the good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9994) between the experimentally detected MS intensity ratios and the theoretical molar ratios of the d0-BOTC to the corresponding d5-BOTC derivatives in the dynamic range of 0.03-10 and 0.03-20 of three orders magnitude for the d5-BOTC/d0-BOTC ratios. The reproducibility was between 0.16% and 10.70%, and the limit of detection was 13 fmol. The feasibility of the relative quantification method was investigated by analyzing the glycan content in cetuximab, finding good consistency between experimental and theoretical molar ratios (5:1, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 1:5) of d0/d5-BOTC-labeled glycans. Finally, 13 glycans were successfully identified in cetuximab by applying this method using an in-house Tracefinder database. This study provides a novel strategy for the high throughput analysis, identification, and functional study of glycans in mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Chengqiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Miao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Shuyun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Chenglong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Shengyu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Yueying Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Yu Han
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Kenichiro Todoroki
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Qing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China.
| | - Jun Zhe Min
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China.
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6
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Leppänen A, Arthur CM, Stowell SR, Cummings RD. Examination of Whole-Cell Galectin Binding by Solid Phase and Flow Cytometric Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2442:187-203. [PMID: 35320527 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2055-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have utilized simple flow cytometric and fluorescence-based solid phase assays to study the interaction of glycan binding proteins (GBP) to cell surface glycoconjugates. These methods utilize commonly employed flow cytometry techniques and commercially available streptavidin-coated microplates to immobilize various biotinylated ligands, such as glycopeptides, oligosaccharides, and whole cells. Using this approach, fluorescently labeled GBPs, in particular, members of the galectin family, can be interrogated for potential interactions with cell surface carbohydrates, including elucidation of the potential impact of alterations in glycosylation on carbohydrate recognition. Using these approaches, we present examples of flow cytometric and fluorescence-based solid phase assays to study galectin-carbohydrate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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Zheng Z, Pan X, Xu J, Wu Z, Zhang Y, Wang K. Advances in tracking of polysaccharides in vivo: Labeling strategies, potential factors and applications based on pharmacokinetic characteristics. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1403-1420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Wei M, Huang L, Liu Y, Jin W, Yao X, Rong J, Bai F, Song X, Wang Z. Strategy for Isolation, Preparation, and Structural Analysis of Chondroitin Sulfate Oligosaccharides from Natural Sources. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11644-11653. [PMID: 32709191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structure of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides (CSOs), especially their sulfation pattern, has been found to be closely related with many biological pathways and diseases. However, detailed functional analysis such as their interaction with glycan binding proteins (GBPs) has been lagging, presumably due to the unavailability of well-defined, diverse structures. Besides challenging chemical and enzymatic synthesis, this is also due to the challenges in their purification at the isomer level and structural analysis owing to their instability, structural complexity, and low mass spectrometry detection sensitivity. Herein, we first used recycling preparative HPLC to separate and purify shark CS tetrasaccharide component labeled by a bifunctional fluorescent linker 2-amino-N-(2-aminoethyl)benzamide (AEAB) at the isomer level. Then, each isomer was derivatized through a multistage procedure including N-acetylation, carboxyl amidation, permethylation, and desulfation with silylating reagent. Structural analysis of each derivatized isomer was performed with ESI-MSn in positive ion mode. A total of 16 isomers of CSO-AEAB were isolated, with a minimum mass component of 0.007 mg and a maximum mass component of 17.53 mg, of which 10 isomers (>90 μg) were structurally analyzed. This preparation and structure analysis of CSOs lay the foundation for further study of the structure-activity relationship of CSOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wei
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Linjuan Huang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.,Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yuxia Liu
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Wanjun Jin
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xinbo Yao
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jinqiao Rong
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.,Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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9
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Zhang Q, Li Z, Song X. Preparation of Complex Glycans From Natural Sources for Functional Study. Front Chem 2020; 8:508. [PMID: 32719769 PMCID: PMC7348041 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One major barrier in glycoscience is the lack of diverse and biomedically relevant complex glycans in sufficient quantities for functional study. Complex glycans from natural sources serve as an important source of these glycans and an alternative to challenging chemoenzymatic synthesis. This review discusses preparation of complex glycans from several classes of glycoconjugates using both enzymatic and chemical release approaches. Novel technologies have been developed to advance the large-scale preparation of complex glycans from natural sources. We also highlight recent approaches and methods developed in functional and fluorescent tagging and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) isolation of released glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zhonghua Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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10
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Martinez JER, Thomas B, Flitsch SL. Glycan Array Technology. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 175:435-456. [PMID: 31907566 DOI: 10.1007/10_2019_112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycan (or carbohydrate) arrays have become an essential tool in glycomics, providing fast and high-throughput data on protein-carbohydrate interactions with small amounts of carbohydrate ligands. The general concepts of glycan arrays have been adopted from other microarray technologies such as those used for nucleic acid and proteins. However, carbohydrates have presented their own challenges, in particular in terms of access to glycan probes, linker attachment chemistries and analysis, which will be reviewed in this chapter. As more and more glycan probes have become available through chemical and enzymatic synthesis and robust linker chemistries have been developed, the applications of glycan arrays have dramatically increased over the past 10 years, which will be illustrated with recent examples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baptiste Thomas
- School of Chemistry and MIB, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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11
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Alagesan K, Kolarich D. Improved strategy for large scale isolation of sialylglycopeptide (SGP) from egg yolk powder. MethodsX 2019; 6:773-778. [PMID: 31016140 PMCID: PMC6475658 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken egg yolk is an easily available source for the isolation of sialylglycopeptides (SGP) carrying homogenous biantennary N-glycans. This approach has gained much attention in the last decade since these SGPs can easily be used for the semi-synthesis of glycoconjugates circumventing laborious full-synthetic methodologies. Here we report an optimised, significantly shorter (one day instead of five) and environmentally friendly procedure for the mg scale isolation of SGP using commercially available egg yolk powder. A single chromatographic step following chloroform/methanol precipitation of proteins and lipids yielded desired approximately 200 mg SGP from 250 g egg yolk powder within a day. Environmentally friendly procedure for isolation of sialylglycopeptide from Egg yolk powder. Reduced the protocol from five days down to one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathirvel Alagesan
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, 4222, Australia
- ARC Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Australia
- Corresponding author at: Institute for Glycomics, Building G26, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, 4222 QLD, Australia.
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12
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Wang C, Qiang S, Jin W, Song X, Zhang Y, Huang L, Wang Z. Reductive chemical release of N-glycans as 1-amino-alditols and subsequent 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl labeling for MS and LC/MS analysis. J Proteomics 2018; 187:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Toonstra C, Wu L, Li C, Wang D, Wang LX. Top-Down Chemoenzymatic Approach to Synthesizing Diverse High-Mannose N-Glycans and Related Neoglycoproteins for Carbohydrate Microarray Analysis. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1911-1921. [PMID: 29738673 PMCID: PMC6013400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
High-mannose-type N-glycans are an important component of neutralizing epitopes on HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120. They also serve as signals for protein folding, trafficking, and degradation in protein quality control. A number of lectins and antibodies recognize high-mannose-type N-glycans, and glycan array technology has provided an avenue to probe these oligomannose-specific proteins. We describe in this paper a top-down chemoenzymatic approach to synthesize a library of high-mannose N-glycans and related neoglycoproteins for glycan microarray analysis. The method involves the sequential enzymatic trimming of two readily available natural N-glycans, the Man9GlcNAc2Asn prepared from soybean flour and the sialoglycopeptide (SGP) isolated from chicken egg yolks, coupled with chromatographic separation to obtain a collection of a full range of natural high-mannose N-glycans. The Asn-linked N-glycans were conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) to provide neoglycoproteins containing the oligomannose moieties. The glycoepitopes displayed were characterized using an array of glycan-binding proteins, including the broadly virus-neutralizing agents, glycan-specific antibody 2G12, Galanthus nivalis lectin (GNA), and Narcissus pseudonarcissus lectin (NPA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Toonstra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lisa Wu
- Tumor Glycomics Laboratory, SRI International Biosciences Division, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Denong Wang
- Tumor Glycomics Laboratory, SRI International Biosciences Division, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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14
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Wang C, Lu Y, Han J, Jin W, Li L, Zhang Y, Song X, Huang L, Wang Z. Simultaneous Release and Labeling of O- and N-Glycans Allowing for Rapid Glycomic Analysis by Online LC-UV-ESI-MS/MS. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2345-2357. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Jianli Han
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Wanjun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Lingmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Suite 4117, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Linjuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
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15
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Song X, Ju H, Lasanajak Y, Kudelka MR, Smith DF, Cummings RD. Oxidative release of natural glycans for functional glycomics. Nat Methods 2016; 13:528-34. [PMID: 27135973 PMCID: PMC4887297 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycans have essential roles in biology and the etiology of many diseases. A major hurdle in studying glycans through functional glycomics is the lack of methods to release glycans from diverse types of biological samples. Here we describe an oxidative strategy using household bleach to release all types of free reducing N-glycans and O-glycan-acids from glycoproteins, and glycan nitriles from glycosphingolipids. Released glycans are directly useful in glycomic analyses and can be derivatized fluorescently for functional glycomics. This chemical method overcomes the limitations in glycan generation and promotes archiving and characterization of human and animal glycomes and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew R Kudelka
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Fluorescently labelled glycans and their applications. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:559-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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17
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2009-2010. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:268-422. [PMID: 24863367 PMCID: PMC7168572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Glycobiology InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
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18
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Song X, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Smith DF, Cummings RD. Glycan microarrays of fluorescently-tagged natural glycans. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:465-73. [PMID: 25877830 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the challenges facing research in 'functional glycomics' and the novel technologies that are being developed to advance the field. The structural complexity of glycans and glycoconjugates makes studies of both their structures and recognition difficult. However, these intricate structures can be captured from their natural sources, isolated and fluorescently-tagged for detailed structural analysis and for presentation on glycan microarrays for functional recognition by glycan-binding proteins. These advances in glycan preparation and manipulation enable the streamlining of functional glycomics studies and will help to propel the field forward in studying natural, biologically relevant glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, The National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Suite 4025, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Biochemistry, The National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Suite 4025, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, The National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Suite 4025, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, The National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Suite 4025, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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19
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Song X, Ju H, Zhao C, Lasanajak Y. Novel strategy to release and tag N-glycans for functional glycomics. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1881-7. [PMID: 25222505 PMCID: PMC4197647 DOI: 10.1021/bc500366v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Functional glycomics has been impeded by the lack of inexpensive enzymatic and mild chemical methods to acquire natural glycans in significant amounts. In this study, we have developed a new strategy we term "threshing and trimming" (TaT) to quickly obtain N-glycans from glycoproteins and animal tissues. TaT employs low-cost Pronase to degrade peptides and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) to effect oxidative decarboxylation under very mild reaction conditions to generate homogeneous aglycon moieties as nitriles or aldehydes. These aglycons can be readily conjugated with fluorescent tags for profiling and functional study. TaT is an affordable alternative to expensive specialty enzymes and strong chemical treatment and unpleasant reagents, and should further drive the functional glycomics of N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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20
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Examination of whole cell galectin binding by solid phase and flow cytometric analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1207:91-104. [PMID: 25253135 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1396-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
We have utilized simple flow cytometric and fluorescence-based solid phase assays to study the interaction of glycan-binding proteins (GBP) to cell surface glycoconjugates. These methods utilize commonly employed flow cytometry techniques and commercially available streptavidin-coated microplates to immobilize various biotinylated ligands, such as glycopeptides, oligosaccharides, and whole cells. Using this approach, fluorescently labeled GBPs, in particular, members of the galectin family, can be interrogated for potential interactions with cell surface carbohydrates, including elucidation of the potential impact of alterations in glycosylation on carbohydrate recognition. Using these approaches, we present examples of flow cytometric and fluorescence-based solid phase assays to study galectin-carbohydrate interactions.
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21
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Hotaling NA, Cummings RD, Ratner DM, Babensee JE. Molecular factors in dendritic cell responses to adsorbed glycoconjugates. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5862-74. [PMID: 24746228 PMCID: PMC4127877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates and glycoconjugates have been shown to exert pro-inflammatory effects on the dendritic cells (DCs), supporting pathogen-induced innate immunity and antigen processing, as well as immunosuppressive effects in the tolerance to self-proteins. Additionally, the innate inflammatory response to implanted biomaterials has been hypothesized to be mediated by inflammatory cells interacting with adsorbed proteins, many of which are glycosylated. However, the molecular factors relevant for surface displayed glycoconjugate modulation of dendritic cell (DC) phenotype are unknown. Thus, in this study, a model system was developed to establish the role of glycan composition, density, and carrier cationization state on DC response. Thiol modified glycans were covalently bound to a model protein carrier, maleimide functionalized bovine serum albumin (BSA), and the number of glycans per BSA modulated. Additionally, the carrier isoelectric point was scaled from a pI of ∼4.0 to ∼10.0 using ethylenediamine (EDA). The DC response to the neoglycoconjugates adsorbed to wells of a 384-well plate was determined via a high throughput assay. The underlying trends in DC phenotype in relation to conjugate properties were elucidated via multivariate general linear models. It was found that glycoconjugates with more than 20 glycans per carrier had the greatest impact on the pro-inflammatory response from DCs, followed by conjugates having an isoelectric point above 9.5. Surfaces displaying terminal α1-2 linked mannose structures were able to increase the inflammatory DC response to a greater extent than did any other terminal glycan structure. The results herein can be applied to inform the design of the next generation of combination products and biomaterials for use in future vaccines and implanted materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Hotaling
- Wallace H. Coulter Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | - Daniel M Ratner
- Dept. of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Julia E Babensee
- Wallace H. Coulter Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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22
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Nonreductive chemical release of intact N-glycans for subsequent labeling and analysis by mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2014; 462:1-9. [PMID: 24912132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy is proposed, using cost-saving chemical reactions to generate intact free reducing N-glycans and their fluorescent derivatives from glycoproteins for subsequent analysis. N-Glycans without core α-1,3-linked fucose are released in reducing form by selective hydrolysis of the N-type carbohydrate-peptide bond of glycoproteins under a set of optimized mild alkaline conditions and are comparable to those released by commonly used peptide-N-glycosidase (PNGase) F in terms of yield without any detectable side reaction (peeling or deacetylation). The obtained reducing glycans can be routinely derivatized with 2-aminobenzoic acid (2-AA), 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), and potentially some other fluorescent reagents for comprehensive analysis. Alternatively, the core α-1,3-fucosylated N-glycans are released in mild alkaline medium and derivatized with PMP in situ, and their yields are comparable to those obtained using commonly used PNGase A without conspicuous peeling reaction or any detectable deacetylation. Using this new technique, the N-glycans of a series of purified glycoproteins and complex biological samples were successfully released and analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), demonstrating its general applicability to glycomic studies.
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23
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Song X, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD, Smith DF. Chemistry of natural glycan microarrays. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 18:70-7. [PMID: 24487062 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycan microarrays have become indispensable tools for studying protein-glycan interactions. Along with chemo-enzymatic synthesis, glycans isolated from natural sources have played important roles in array development and will continue to be a major source of glycans. N-glycans and O-glycans from glycoproteins, and glycans from glycosphingolipids (GSLs) can be released from corresponding glycoconjugates with relatively mature methods, although isolation of large numbers and quantities of glycans is still very challenging. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are less represented on current glycan microarrays. Glycan microarray development has been greatly facilitated by bifunctional fluorescent linkers, which can be applied in a 'Shotgun Glycomics' approach to incorporate isolated natural glycans. Glycan presentation on microarrays may affect glycan binding by GBPs, often through multivalent recognition by the GBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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24
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Wang C, Yuan J, Li X, Wang Z, Huang L. Sulfonyl hydrazine-functionalized polymer as a specific capturer of reducing glycans from complex samples for high-throughput analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2013; 138:5344-56. [PMID: 23875183 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00931a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative studies of glycosylation patterns of various biologically important proteins represent a key field for the understanding of their complex structure-function relationships. However, the analysis of glycoprotein glycans is usually undermined by tedious sample processing steps prior to detection, including deproteination, desalting and removal of some other non-glycan impurities, which results in considerable sample loss and increased difficulty of quantitative analysis. Herein we report a facile and versatile method for the quantitative isolation of reducing glycans from complex samples using sulfonyl hydrazine-functionalized polystyrene (SHPS) beads, namely the SHPS-based glycan capturing procedure. This method allows the chemoselective and efficient condensation of the aldehyde group of reducing glycans with the active sulfonyl hydrazine group of SHPS beads under anhydrous conditions, resulting in the formation of sulfonyl hydrazone conjugates. The non-glycan components in samples, such as proteins, salts and some other impurities, can be completely removed by washing the sulfonyl hydrazone conjugates. Regeneration of the reducing glycans can be performed via mild hydrolysis of the washed sulfonyl hydrazone conjugates. This procedure is compatible with almost all the current techniques for the derivatization or detection of reducing glycans. We have obtained essential data for this method, including optimized reaction conditions, linearity and reproducibility for glycan quantitation, as well as a final glycan recovery ratio. Moreover, mass spectrometric analysis of the glycans from some complex biological samples, including milk, human blood plasma and fetal bovine serum, was achieved, demonstrating good applicability of this novel procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Wang
- Educational Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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25
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Abstract
In the last decade, carbohydrate microarrays have been core technologies for analyzing carbohydrate-mediated recognition events in a high-throughput fashion. A number of methods have been exploited for immobilizing glycans on the solid surface in a microarray format. This microarray-based technology has been widely employed for rapid analysis of the glycan binding properties of lectins and antibodies, the quantitative measurements of glycan-protein interactions, detection of cells and pathogens, identification of disease-related anti-glycan antibodies for diagnosis, and fast assessment of substrate specificities of glycosyltransferases. This review covers the construction of carbohydrate microarrays, detection methods of carbohydrate microarrays and their applications in biological and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Park
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Biofunctional Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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26
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27
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Zhang Y, Muthana SM, Farnsworth D, Ludek O, Adams K, Barchi JJ, Gildersleeve JC. Enhanced epimerization of glycosylated amino acids during solid-phase peptide synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:6316-25. [PMID: 22390544 PMCID: PMC3324660 DOI: 10.1021/ja212188r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycopeptides are extremely useful for basic research and clinical applications, but access to structurally defined glycopeptides is limited by the difficulties in synthesizing this class of compounds. In this study, we demonstrate that many common peptide coupling conditions used to prepare O-linked glycopeptides result in substantial amounts of epimerization at the α position. In fact, epimerization resulted in up to 80% of the non-natural epimer, indicating that it can be the major product in some reactions. Through a series of mechanistic studies, we demonstrate that the enhanced epimerization relative to nonglycosylated amino acids is due to a combination of factors, including a faster rate of epimerization, an energetic preference for the unnatural epimer over the natural epimer, and a slower overall rate of peptide coupling. In addition, we demonstrate that use of 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (TMP) as the base in peptide couplings produces glycopeptides with high efficiency and low epimerization. The information and improved reaction conditions will facilitate the preparation of glycopeptides as therapeutic compounds and vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Zhang
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Saddam M. Muthana
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - David Farnsworth
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Olaf Ludek
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Kristie Adams
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Joseph J. Barchi
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
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28
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Wang C, Fan W, Zhang P, Wang Z, Huang L. One-pot nonreductive O-glycan release and labeling with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone followed by ESI-MS analysis. Proteomics 2011; 11:4229-42. [PMID: 21956845 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A novel one-pot procedure for the nonreductive release of O-linked glycans from glycoproteins and the simultaneous derivatization of released glycans with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) is described. Unlike the traditional reductive β-elimination, which produces alditols, this new method employs PMP/ammonia aqueous solution as the reaction medium. The O-glycans are released from glycoproteins and derivatized with PMP nonreductively, specifically, and quantitatively. Samples can be easily purified from ammonia, excess PMP, and peptide residues by evaporation, chloroform extraction, and solid-phase extraction (SPE) column fractionation for HPLC, CE, or MS analysis. The procedure has been elaborated with two purified glycoproteins, porcine stomach mucin and bovine fetuin, and successfully applied to O-glycan profiling of a challenging biological specimen, healthy human plasma. This new procedure has shown methodological significance in O-glycan analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Wang
- Educational Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Life Science College, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
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29
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Analysis of influenza virus hemagglutinin receptor binding mutants with limited receptor recognition properties and conditional replication characteristics. J Virol 2011; 85:12387-98. [PMID: 21917953 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05570-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the range of selective processes that potentially operate when poorly binding influenza viruses adapt to replicate more efficiently in alternative environments, we passaged a virus containing an attenuating mutation in the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor binding site in mice and characterized the resulting mutants with respect to the structural locations of mutations selected, the replication phenotypes of the viruses, and their binding properties on glycan microarrays. The initial attenuated virus had a tyrosine-to-phenylalanine mutation at HA1 position 98 (Y98F), located in the receptor binding pocket, but viruses that were selected contained second-site pseudoreversion mutations in various structural locations that revealed a range of molecular mechanisms for modulating receptor binding that go beyond the scope that is generally mapped using receptor specificity mutants. A comparison of virus titers in the mouse respiratory tract versus MDCK cells in culture showed that the mutants displayed distinctive replication properties depending on the system, but all were less attenuated in mice than the Y98F virus. An analysis of receptor binding properties confirmed that the initial Y98F virus bound poorly to several different species of erythrocytes, while all mutants reacquired various degrees of hemagglutination activity. Interestingly, both the Y98F virus and pseudoreversion mutants were shown to bind very inefficiently to standard glycan microarrays containing an abundance of binding substrates for most influenza viruses that have been characterized to date, provided by the Consortium for Functional Glycomics. The viruses were also examined on a recently developed microarray containing glycans terminating in sialic acid derivatives, and limited binding to a potentially interesting subset of glycans was revealed. The results are discussed with respect to mechanisms for HA-mediated receptor binding, as well as regarding the species of molecules that may act as receptors for influenza virus on host cell surfaces.
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30
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Song X, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Smith DF, Cummings RD. Derivatization of free natural glycans for incorporation onto glycan arrays: derivatizing glycans on the microscale for microarray and other applications (ms# CP-10-0194). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 3:53-63. [PMID: 22022660 DOI: 10.1002/9780470559277.ch100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nature possesses an unlimited number and source of biologically-relevant natural glycans, many of which are too complicated to synthesize in the laboratory. To capitalize on the naturally-occurring plethora of glycans, we have developed a method to fluorescently tag the isolated free glycans, which maintains the closed-ring structure. After purification of the labeled glycans, they can be printed on a glass surface to create a natural glycan microarray, available for interrogation with potential glycan-binding proteins. The derivatization of these natural glycans has vastly expanded the number of glycans for functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Song
- Glycomics Center, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta GA
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31
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Heimburg-Molinaro J, Song X, Smith DF, Cummings RD. Preparation and analysis of glycan microarrays. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PROTEIN SCIENCE 2011; Chapter 12:Unit12.10. [PMID: 21488041 PMCID: PMC3097418 DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps1210s64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the binding specificity of glycan-binding proteins (GBPs), such as lectins, antibodies, and receptors, has traditionally been difficult and laborious. The advent of glycan microarrays has revolutionized the field of glycobiology by allowing simultaneous screening of a GBP for interactions with a large set of glycans in a single format. This unit describes the theory and method for production of two types of glycan microarrays (chemo/enzymatically synthesized and naturally derived), and their application to functional glycomics to explore glycan recognition by GBPs. These procedures are amenable to various types of arrays and a wide range of GBP samples.
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Abstract
Glycan microarrays are emerging as increasingly used screening tools with a high potential for unraveling protein-carbohydrate interactions: probing hundreds or even thousands of glycans in parallel, they provide the researcher with a vast amount of data in a short time-frame, while using relatively small amounts of analytes. Natural glycan microarrays focus on the glycans' repertoire of natural sources, including both well-defined structures as well as still-unknown ones. This article compares different natural glycan microarray strategies. Glycan probes may comprise oligosaccharides from glycoproteins as well as glycolipids and polysaccharides. Oligosaccharides may be purified from scarce biological samples that are of particular relevance for the carbohydrate-binding protein to be studied. We give an overview of strategies for glycan isolation, derivatization, fractionation, immobilization and structural characterization. Detection methods such as fluorescence analysis and surface plasmon resonance are summarized. The importance of glycan density and multivalency is discussed. Furthermore, some applications of natural glycan microarrays for studying lectin and antibody binding are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Lonardi
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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33
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Yu G, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Song L, Wang P, Chai W. Effect and Limitation of Excess Ammonium on the Release of O-Glycans in Reducing Forms from Glycoproteins under Mild Alkaline Conditions for Glycomic and Functional Analysis. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9534-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102300r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering of Shandong Province, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China, and Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark’s Campus, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yibing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering of Shandong Province, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China, and Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark’s Campus, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering of Shandong Province, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China, and Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark’s Campus, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Letian Song
- Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering of Shandong Province, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China, and Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark’s Campus, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peipei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering of Shandong Province, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China, and Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark’s Campus, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Wengang Chai
- Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering of Shandong Province, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China, and Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark’s Campus, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
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Serna S, Etxebarria J, Ruiz N, Martin-Lomas M, Reichardt NC. Construction ofN-Glycan Microarrays by Using Modular Synthesis and On-Chip Nanoscale Enzymatic Glycosylation. Chemistry 2010; 16:13163-75. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Leppänen A, Cummings RD. Fluorescence-Based Solid-Phase Assays to Study Glycan-Binding Protein Interactions with Glycoconjugates. Methods Enzymol 2010; 478:241-64. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(10)78012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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