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Costa MN, Silva RN. Cytotoxic activity of l-lysine alpha-oxidase against leukemia cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:590-599. [PMID: 34606983 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit higher proliferation rates than normal cells, and as a consequence, a higher nutritional demand for metabolites such as amino acids. Such cells demonstrate high expression of amino acid transporters and are significantly dependent on the external uptake of amino acids. Moreover, some types of cancer cells exhibit oncogenic mutations that render them auxotrophic to certain amino acids. This metabolic difference between tumor and normal cells has been explored for developing anticancer drugs. Enzymes capable of depleting certain amino acids in the bloodstream can be employed to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and promote cell death. Certain microbial enzymes, such as l-asparaginase and l-amino acid oxidases, have been studied for this purpose. In this paper, we discuss the role of l-asparaginase, the only enzyme currently used as a chemotherapeutic agent. We also review the studies on a new potential antineoplastic agent, l-lysine α-oxidase, an enzyme of l-amino acid oxidase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana N Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto N Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
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2
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Ohshima T, Tanaka M, Ohmori T. NADP +-dependent l-arginine dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas velonii: Purification, characterization and application to an l-arginine assay. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 199:106135. [PMID: 35760253 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
l-Arginine dehydrogenase (L-ArgDH) is an amino acid dehydrogenase which catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of l-arginine to the oxo analog in the presence of NAD(P)+. We here found the gene homolog of L-ArgDH in genome data of Pseudomonas veronii and succeeded in expression of P. veronii JCM11942 gene in E. coli. The gene product exhibited strong NADP + -dependent L-ArgDH activity. The enzyme was unstable, but markedly stabilized by the addition of 10% glycerol. The enzyme first purified to homogeneity consisted of a homodimeric protein with a molecular mass of about 65 kDa. The enzyme selectively catalyzed NADP+-dependent l-arginine oxidation with maximal activity at pH 9.5. The apparent Km values for l-arginine and NADP+ were 2.5 and 0.21 mM, respectively. The nucleotide sequence coding the enzyme gene was determined and the amino acid sequence was deduced from the nucleotide sequence. The simple colorimetric microassay for l-arginine using the enzyme was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Ohshima
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka, 535-8585, Japan.
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka, 535-8585, Japan.
| | - Taketo Ohmori
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka, 535-8585, Japan.
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3
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d-Aspartate oxidase: distribution, functions, properties, and biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2883-2895. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Kobayashi J. d-Amino Acids and Lactic Acid Bacteria. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120690. [PMID: 31842512 PMCID: PMC6955911 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are composed of l-amino acids except for glycine, which bears no asymmetric carbon atom. Accordingly, researchers have studied the function and metabolism of l-amino acids in living organisms but have paid less attention to the presence and roles of their d-enantiomers. However, with the recent developments in analytical techniques, the presence of various d-amino acids in the cells of various organisms and the importance of their roles have been revealed. For example, d-serine (d-Ser) and d-aspartate (d-Asp) act as neurotransmitters and hormone-like substances, respectively, in humans, whereas some kinds of d-amino acids act as a biofilm disassembly factor in bacteria. Interestingly, lactic acid bacteria produce various kinds of d-amino acids during fermentation, and many d-amino acids taste sweet, compared with the corresponding l-enantiomers. The influence of d-amino acids on human health and beauty has been reported in recent years. These facts suggest that the d-amino acids produced by lactic acid bacteria are important in terms of the taste and function of lactic-acid-fermented foods. Against this background, unique d-amino-acid-metabolizing enzymes have been searched for and observed in lactic acid bacteria. This review summarizes and introduces the importance of various d-amino acids in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyumpei Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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Quantification of Glutamate and Aspartate by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061389. [PMID: 29890641 PMCID: PMC6100480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamic and aspartic acid fulfil numerous functions in organisms. They are proteinogenic amino acids, they function as neurotransmitters, and glutamic acid links the citrate cycle with amino acid metabolism. In addition, glutamic acid is a precursor for many bioactive molecules like γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In tomatoes, glutamic acid accumulates in ripening fruits. Here we present a simple and rapid method for quantification of glutamate and aspartate in tomatoes. A cleared extract is prepared and 2-aminoadipic acid added as internal standard. Subsequently, the amino acids are derivatised with 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene under alkaline conditions. The derivatives are separated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography using a phenyl-hexyl column and 50 mM N-methylmorpholine/acetate buffer pH 7.4 containing 12% acetonitrile as eluent and detected by UV absorption at 363 nm. The whole analysis time including separation and column equilibration takes less than 2.8 min with a flow rate of 1 mL/min and less than 1.6 min with a flow rate of 2 mL/min, making this method suitable for high-throughput applications. The method shows excellent reproducibility with intra- and inter-day SDs of approximately 4% for both aspartic and glutamic acid. Using this method we show that the glutamate/aspartate ratio changes significantly during fruit ripening.
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Kawakami R, Sakuraba H, Ohmori T, Ohshima T. First characterization of an archaeal amino acid racemase with broad substrate specificity from the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus horikoshii OT-3. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:23-27. [PMID: 28343923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A novel amino acid racemase with broad substrate specificity (BAR) was recently isolated from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii OT-3. Characterization of this enzyme has been difficult, however, because the recombinant enzyme is produced mainly as an inclusion body in Escherichia coli. In this study, expression of the recombinant protein into the soluble fraction was markedly improved by co-expression with chaperone molecules. The purified enzyme retained its full activity after incubation at 80°C for at least 2 h in buffer (pH 7-10), making this enzyme the most thermostable amino acid racemase so far known. Besides the nine amino acids containing hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids previously reported (Kawakami et al., Amino Acids, 47, 1579-1587, 2015), the enzyme exhibited substantial activity toward Thr (about 42% of relative activity toward Phe) and showed no activity toward Arg, His, Gln, and Asn. The substrate specificity of this enzyme thus differs markedly from those of other known amino acid racemases. In particular, the high reaction rate with Trp and Tyr, in addition to Leu, Met and Phe as substrates is a noteworthy feature of this enzyme. The high reactivity toward Trp and Tyr, as well as extremely high thermostability, is likely a major advantage of using BAR for biochemical conversion of these aromatic amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryushi Kawakami
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan.
| | - Haruhiko Sakuraba
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2392 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Taketo Ohmori
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Ohshima
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
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Campillo-Brocal JC, Lucas-Elío P, Sanchez-Amat A. Distribution in Different Organisms of Amino Acid Oxidases with FAD or a Quinone As Cofactor and Their Role as Antimicrobial Proteins in Marine Bacteria. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:7403-18. [PMID: 26694422 PMCID: PMC4699246 DOI: 10.3390/md13127073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid oxidases (AAOs) catalyze the oxidative deamination of amino acids releasing ammonium and hydrogen peroxide. Several kinds of these enzymes have been reported. Depending on the amino acid isomer used as a substrate, it is possible to differentiate between l-amino acid oxidases and d-amino acid oxidases. Both use FAD as cofactor and oxidize the amino acid in the alpha position releasing the corresponding keto acid. Recently, a novel class of AAOs has been described that does not contain FAD as cofactor, but a quinone generated by post-translational modification of residues in the same protein. These proteins are named as LodA-like proteins, after the first member of this group described, LodA, a lysine epsilon oxidase synthesized by the marine bacterium Marinomonas mediterranea. In this review, a phylogenetic analysis of all the enzymes described with AAO activity has been performed. It is shown that it is possible to recognize different groups of these enzymes and those containing the quinone cofactor are clearly differentiated. In marine bacteria, particularly in the genus Pseudoalteromonas, most of the proteins described as antimicrobial because of their capacity to generate hydrogen peroxide belong to the group of LodA-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan C Campillo-Brocal
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Patricia Lucas-Elío
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Antonio Sanchez-Amat
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
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Pollegioni L, Motta P, Molla G. L-amino acid oxidase as biocatalyst: a dream too far? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 97:9323-41. [PMID: 24077723 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) is a flavoenzyme containing non-covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide, which catalyzes the stereospecific oxidative deamination of l-amino acids to α-keto acids and also produces ammonia and hydrogen peroxide via an imino acid intermediate. LAAOs purified from snake venoms are the best-studied members of this family of enzymes, although a number of LAAOs from bacterial and fungal sources have been also reported. From a biochemical point of view, LAAOs from different sources are distinguished by molecular mass, substrate specificity, post-translational modifications and regulation. In analogy to the well-known biotechnological applications of d-amino acid oxidase, important results are expected from the availability of suitable LAAOs; however, these expectations have not been fulfilled yet because none of the "true" LAAOs has successfully been expressed as a recombinant protein in prokaryotic hosts, such as Escherichia coli. In enzyme biotechnology, recombinant production of a protein is mandatory both for the production of large amounts of the catalyst and to improve its biochemical properties by protein engineering. As an alternative, flavoenzymes active on specific l-amino acids have been identified, e.g., l-aspartate oxidase, l-lysine oxidase, l-phenylalanine oxidase, etc. According to presently available information, amino acid oxidases with "narrow" or "strict" substrate specificity represent as good candidates to obtain an enzyme more suitable for biotechnological applications by enlarging their substrate specificity by means of protein engineering.
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Kato S, Ikuta T, Hemmi H, Takahashi S, Kera Y, Yoshimura T. Enzymatic assay for D-aspartic acid using D-aspartate oxidase and oxaloacetate decarboxylase. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:2150-2. [PMID: 23132574 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An enzymatic assay system for D-Asp was established using D-aspartate oxidase and oxaloacetate decarboxylase. In this system, D-Asp is converted to pyruvate, which is determined fluorometrically with 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene. This method makes possible D-Asp measurement at the micromolar level. The D-Asp contents of an edible brown alga, Hijika fusiforme, a lactic acid bacteria beverage, and pig testis were determined by the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Kato
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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L-aspartate dehydrogenase: features and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:503-16. [PMID: 22120624 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
L-amino acid dehydrogenases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the reversible oxidative deamination of L-amino acids to their corresponding 2-oxoacids, using either nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP(+)) as cofactors. These enzymes have been studied widely because of their potential applications in the synthesis of amino acids for use in production of pharmaceutical peptides, herbicides and insecticides, in biosensors or diagnostic kits, and development of coenzyme regeneration systems for industrial processes. This article presents a review of the currently available data about the recently discovered amino acid dehydrogenase superfamily member L-aspartate dehydrogenase (L-AspDH), their relevant catalytic properties and speculated physiological roles, and potential for biotechnological applications. The proposed classification of L-AspDH on the basis of bioinformatic information and potential role in vivo into NadB (NAD biosynthesis-related) and non-NadB type is unique. In particular, the mesophilic non-NadB type L-AspDH is a novel group of amino acid dehydrogenases with great promise as potential industrial biocatalysts owing to their relatively high catalytic properties at room temperature. Considering that only a few L-AspDH homologs have been characterized so far, identification and prodigious enzymological research of the new members will be necessary to shed light on the gray areas pertaining to these enzymes.
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