1
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Manning MC, Holcomb RE, Payne RW, Stillahn JM, Connolly BD, Katayama DS, Liu H, Matsuura JE, Murphy BM, Henry CS, Crommelin DJA. Stability of Protein Pharmaceuticals: Recent Advances. Pharm Res 2024:10.1007/s11095-024-03726-x. [PMID: 38937372 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the formulation and stabilization of proteins in the liquid state over the past years since our previous review. Our mechanistic understanding of protein-excipient interactions has increased, allowing one to develop formulations in a more rational fashion. The field has moved towards more complex and challenging formulations, such as high concentration formulations to allow for subcutaneous administration and co-formulation. While much of the published work has focused on mAbs, the principles appear to apply to any therapeutic protein, although mAbs clearly have some distinctive features. In this review, we first discuss chemical degradation reactions. This is followed by a section on physical instability issues. Then, more specific topics are addressed: instability induced by interactions with interfaces, predictive methods for physical stability and interplay between chemical and physical instability. The final parts are devoted to discussions how all the above impacts (co-)formulation strategies, in particular for high protein concentration solutions.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Ryan E Holcomb
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert W Payne
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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2
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Sadek M, Moore BN, Yu C, Ruppe N, Abdun-Nabi A, Hao Z, Alvarez M, Dahotre S, Deperalta G. A Robust Purity Method for Biotherapeutics Using New Peak Detection in an LC-MS-Based Multi-Attribute Method. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:484-492. [PMID: 36802331 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
New peak detection (NPD), as part of the LC-MS-based multi-attribute method (MAM), allows for sensitive and unbiased detection of new or changing site-specific attributes between a sample and reference that is not possible with conventional UV or fluorescence detection-based methods. MAM with NPD can serve as a purity test that can establish whether a sample and the reference are similar. The broad implementation of NPD in the biopharmaceutical industry has been limited by the potential presence of false positives or artifacts, which increase the analysis time and can trigger unnecessary investigations of product quality. Our novel contributions to the success of NPD are the curation of false positives, use of the known peak list concept, pairwise analysis approach, and the development of a NPD system suitability control strategy. In this report, we also introduce a unique experimental design utilizing sequence variant co-mixes to measure NPD performance. We show that NPD has superior performance relative to conventional control system methods in the detection of an unexpected change as compared with the reference. NPD is a new frontier in purity testing that reduces subjectivity, need for analyst intervention, and potential for missing unexpected product quality changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sadek
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Benjamin Nathan Moore
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christopher Yu
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nicholas Ruppe
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Austin Abdun-Nabi
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhiqi Hao
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Melissa Alvarez
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sanket Dahotre
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Galahad Deperalta
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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3
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Lawson KE, Evans MN, Dekle JK, Adamczyk AJ. Computing the Differences between Asn-X and Gln-X Deamidation and Their Impact on Pharmaceutical and Physiological Proteins: A Theoretical Investigation Using Model Dipeptides. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:57-70. [PMID: 36549007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein deamidation is a degradation mechanism that significantly impacts both pharmaceutical and physiological proteins. Deamidation impacts two amino acids, Asn and Gln, where the net neutral residues are converted into their acidic forms. While there are multiple similarities between the reaction mechanisms of the two residues, the impact of Gln deamidation has been noted to be most significant on physiological proteins while Asn deamidation has been linked to both pharmaceutical and physiological proteins. For this purpose, we sought to analyze the thermochemical and kinetic properties of the different reactions of Gln deamidation relative to Asn deamidation. In this study, we mapped the deamidation of Gln-X dipeptides into Glu-X dipeptides using density functional theory (DFT). Full network mapping facilitated the prediction of reaction selectivity between the two primary pathways, as well as between the two products of Gln-X deamidation as a function of solvent dielectric. To achieve this analysis, we studied a total of 77 dipeptide reactions per solvent dielectric (308 total reactions). Modeled at a neutral pH and using quantum chemical and statistical thermodynamic methods, we computed the following values: enthalpy of reaction (ΔHRXN), entropy (ΔSRXN), Gibbs free energy of reaction (ΔGRXN), activation energy (EA), and the Arrhenius preexponential factor (log(A)) for each dipeptide. Additionally, using chemical reaction principles, we generated a database of computed rate coefficients for all possible N-terminus Gln-X deamidation reactions at a neutral pH, predicted the most likely deamidation reaction mechanism for each dipeptide reaction, analyzed our results against our prior study on Asn-X deamidation, and matched our results against qualitative trends previously noted by experimental literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Lawson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama36830, United States
| | - Megan N Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama36830, United States
| | - Joseph K Dekle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama36830, United States
| | - Andrew J Adamczyk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama36830, United States
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4
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Yi M, Sun J, Sun H, Wang Y, Hou S, Jiang B, Xie Y, Ji R, Xue L, Ding X, Song X, Xu A, Huang C, Quan Q, Song J. Identification and characterization of an unexpected isomerization motif in CDRH2 that affects antibody activity. MAbs 2023; 15:2215364. [PMID: 37229604 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2215364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspartic acid (Asp) isomerization is a spontaneous non-enzymatic post-translation modification causing a change in the structure of the protein backbone, which is commonly observed in therapeutic antibodies during manufacturing and storage. The Asps in Asp-Gly (DG), Asp-Ser (DS), and Asp-Thr (DT) motifs in the structurally flexible regions, such as complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) in antibodies, are often found to have high rate of isomerization, and they are considered "hot spots" in antibodies. In contrast, the Asp-His (DH) motif is usually considered a silent spot with low isomerization propensity. However, in monoclonal antibody mAb-a, the isomerization rate of an Asp residue, Asp55, in the aspartic acid-histidine-lysine (DHK) motif present in CDRH2 was found to be unexpectedly high. By determining the conformation of DHK motif in the crystal structure of mAb-a, we found that the Cgamma of the Asp side chain carbonyl group and the back bone amide nitrogen of successor His were in proximal contact, which facilitates the formation of succinimide intermediate, and the +2 Lys played an important role in stabilizing such conformation. The contributing roles of the His and Lys residues in DHK motif were also verified using a series of synthetic peptides. This study identified a novel Asp isomerization hot spot, DHK, and the structural-based molecular mechanism was revealed. When 20% Asp55 isomerization in this DHK motif occurred in mAb-a, antigen binding activity reduced to 54%, but the pharmacokinetics in rat was not affected significantly. Although Asp isomerization of DHK motif in CDR does not appear to have a negative impact on PK, DHK motifs in the CDRs of antibody therapeutics should be removed, considering the high propensity of isomerization and impact on antibody activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Yi
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Hanzi Sun
- Department of Molecular Science, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Hou
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Ruyue Ji
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Xue
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Translational Science, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Song
- Department of Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - April Xu
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Chichi Huang
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Quan
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
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5
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Ghosh S, Majee M. Protein l-isoAspartyl Methyltransferase (PIMT) and antioxidants in plants. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 121:413-432. [PMID: 36707142 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
All life forms, including plants, accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a byproduct of metabolism; however, environmental stresses, including abiotic stresses and pathogen attacks, cause enhanced accumulation of ROS in plants. The increased accumulation of ROS often causes oxidative damage to cells. Organisms are able to maintain levels of ROS below permissible limits by several mechanisms, including efficient antioxidant systems. In addition to antioxidant systems, recent studies suggest that protein l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT), a highly conserved protein repair enzyme across evolutionary diverse organisms, plays a critical role in maintaining ROS homeostasis by repairing isoaspartyl-mediated damage to antioxidants in plants. Under stress conditions, antioxidant proteins undergo spontaneous isoaspartyl (isoAsp) modification which is often detrimental to protein structure and function. This reduces the catalytic action of antioxidants and disturbs the ROS homeostasis of cells. This chapter focuses on PIMT and its interaction with antioxidants in plants, where PIMT constitutes a secondary level of protection by shielding a primary level of antioxidants from dysfunction and permitting them to guard during unfavorable situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraboni Ghosh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Majee
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India.
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6
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Madren S, McElroy W, Schultz‐Kuszak K, Boumajny B, Shu Y, Sautter S, Zhao HC, Schadock‐Hewitt A, Chumsae C, Ball N, Zhang X, Rish K, Zhang S, Wurm C, Cai S, Bauer SP, Stella C, Zheng L, Roper B, Michels DA, Wu G, Kocjan B, Birk M, Erdmann SE, He X, Whittaker B, Song Y, Barrett H, Strozyk K, Jing Y, Huang L, Mhatre V, McLean P, Yu T, Yang H, Mattila M. Global intercompany assessment of ICIEF platform comparability for the characterization of therapeutic proteins. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1050-1058. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seth Madren
- Technical Development Biogen Research Triangle Park Durham NC USA
| | | | | | | | - Yao Shu
- Bio Process + Analytical Development Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach an der Riss Germany
| | - Sabine Sautter
- Quality Control/Clinical Supply Transfer Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach an der Riss Germany
| | - Helen C. Zhao
- Global Process Development Analytics, Biologics Development Bristol Myers Squibb Devens MA USA
| | - Abby Schadock‐Hewitt
- Global Process Development Analytics, Biologics Development Bristol Myers Squibb Devens MA USA
| | - Chris Chumsae
- Global Process Development Analytics, Biologics Development Bristol Myers Squibb Devens MA USA
| | - Nancy Ball
- Biologics, Catalent Pharma Solutions Kansas City MO USA
| | | | - Kimberly Rish
- Biologics, Catalent Pharma Solutions Kansas City MO USA
| | - Shukui Zhang
- Institute of Biologics Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Jiangsu P. R. China
| | | | - Sumin Cai
- BioTechnology Discovery Research Lead Optimization Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Scott P. Bauer
- BioTechnology Discovery Research Lead Optimization Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry Genentech South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Laura Zheng
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry Genentech South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Brian Roper
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry Genentech South San Francisco CA USA
| | - David A. Michels
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry Genentech South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing P. R. China
| | | | - Matej Birk
- Process Analytical Sciences, Novartis Mengeš Slovenia
| | | | - Xiaoping He
- Analytical R&D Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences Pfizer Chesterfield MO USA
| | | | - Yvonne Song
- BioProcess Analytics Sanofi Genzyme Framingham MA USA
| | | | | | - Ye Jing
- Analytical Science and Development Shanghai Henlius Biotech Inc. Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Long Huang
- Quality Research Department and Quality Control Department Sichuan Kelun‐Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Sichuan P. R. China
| | | | - Paul McLean
- Analytical Development Takeda Lexington MA USA
| | - Tiantian Yu
- Shanghai Analytical Sciences WuXi Biologics Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- Shanghai Analytical Sciences WuXi Biologics Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Minna Mattila
- Immunodiagnostic Reagents Business Unit Medix Biochemica Espoo Finland
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7
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Lawson KE, Dekle JK, Evans MN, Adamczyk AJ. Deamidation reaction network mapping of pharmacologic and related proteins: impact of solvation dielectric on the degradation energetics of asparagine dipeptides. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00110a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Asn-X deamidation pathways in the FV region of the monoclonal antibody (mAb).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph K. Dekle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Megan N. Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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8
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Abstract
Like many biological compounds, proteins are found primarily in their homochiral form. However, homochirality is not guaranteed throughout life. Determining their chiral proteinogenic sequence is a complex analytical challenge. This is because certain d-amino acids contained in proteins play a role in human health and disease. This is the case, for example, with d-Asp in elastin, β-amyloid and α-crystallin which, respectively, have an action on arteriosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and cataracts. Sequence-dependent and sequence-independent are the two strategies for detecting the presence and position of d-amino acids in proteins. These methods rely on enzymatic digestion by a site-specific enzyme and acid hydrolysis in a deuterium or tritium environment to limit the natural racemization of amino acids. In this review, chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques, such as LC, SFC, GC and CE, will be recently developed (2018–2020) for the enantioseparation of amino acids and peptides. For future work, the discovery and development of new chiral stationary phases and derivatization reagents could increase the resolution of chiral separations.
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9
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Greer T, O'Brien Johnson R, Cejkov M, Zheng X, Li N. Integration of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with a heavy peptide response curve accurately measures unprocessed C-terminal lysine during peptide mapping analysis of therapeutic antibodies in a single run. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 197:113963. [PMID: 33626446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal and bispecific antibodies are susceptible to modification after protein biosynthesis. These post-translational modifications (PTMs) not only contribute to mass and charge heterogeneity, but they can also negatively impact the molecule's activity, half-life, and immunogenicity. Therefore, identification and quantification of PTMs are critical to ensure the safety and efficacy of an antibody therapeutic as well as demonstrate product consistency and process control. Unprocessed C-terminal lysine on the heavy chain (HC) is a prevalent modification that contributes to this charge heterogeneity in antibodies. Peptide mapping through liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS2) enjoys higher selectivity and sensitivity for measuring this PTM relative to global PTM methods, but differences in the ionization efficiencies of the unprocessed C-terminal K peptide and the truncated C-terminal K peptide result in its overestimation. Consequently, large discrepancies in this PTM's measured abundance may exist between different characterization assays used in regulatory filings, which can be further compounded by large variability when multiple mass spectrometers are used to quantify C-terminal K during a therapeutic's lifespan. In this study, we propose a simple new method to quantify unprocessed C-terminal K in antibodies in a single LC-MS2 run that incorporates heavy isotopic standards for both the unprocessed and truncated C-terminal K peptide to build a response curve and correct for the disparity in ionization efficiency between these two different peptide sequences. The approach was evaluated across two different Orbitrap-based mass spectrometers using multiple monoclonal and bispecific therapeutic antibodies, resulting in accurate (<10% error, as determined with peptide standards) and precise C-terminal K quantification during peptide mapping analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Greer
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591-6707, United States
| | - Reid O'Brien Johnson
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591-6707, United States
| | - Milos Cejkov
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591-6707, United States
| | - Xiaojing Zheng
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591-6707, United States.
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591-6707, United States
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10
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Fujii N, Takata T, Kim I, Matsubara T. Simultaneous and Rapid Detection of Multiple Epimers and Isomers of Aspartyl Residues in Lens Proteins Using an LC-MS-MRM Method. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27626-27632. [PMID: 33134726 PMCID: PMC7594319 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, studies of post translational modifications (PTMs) by mass analysis have been limited to modifications such as deamidation and oxidation that have a mass shift. Although Asp isomerization is an important PTM, the selective detection of Asp isomers by mass spectrometry was originally thought to be impossible due to the identical mass of the isomers. The recent development of an LC-MS-based method has facilitated rapid and accurate quantitative analysis of Asp isomers in long-lived proteins; however, because the quantification is based on the extracted ion chromatogram acquired by an MS1 scan, this methodology is not always efficient for detecting extremely low-abundance peptides in complex biological samples. In this paper, we evaluated Asp isomer-containing peptides of αA-crystallin present in tryptic digests of human lens samples with different degrees of protein aggregation and different ages using LC coupled with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). In a single analysis, the LC-MRM method enabled three tryptic peptides containing isomers of Asp58, Asp91/92, and Asp151 to be detected simultaneously. The extent of isomerization and epimerization of these specific Asp sites in αA-crystallin increased with the progress of α-crystallin aggregation. For the analysis of samples known to isomerize at specific Asp residues, MRM gives a more rapid, less laborious, and high-quality separation of Asp isomer-containing peptides relative to the previous MS1-based quantitative method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Fujii
- Institute
for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2
Asashironishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
- . Tel.: +81-72-451-2496
| | - Takumi Takata
- Institute
for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2
Asashironishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Ingu Kim
- Institute
for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2
Asashironishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsubara
- Shimadzu
Corporation, 1 Nisinokyo Kuwabara, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
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11
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Androutsou ME, Nteli A, Gkika A, Avloniti M, Dagkonaki A, Probert L, Tselios T, Golič Grdadolnik S. Characterization of Asparagine Deamidation in Immunodominant Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Peptide Potential Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7566. [PMID: 33066323 PMCID: PMC7593956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannan (polysaccharide) conjugated with a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide, namely (KG)5MOG35-55, represents a potent and promising new approach for the immunotherapy of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The MOG35-55 epitope conjugated with the oxidized form of mannan (poly-mannose) via a (KG)5 linker was found to inhibit the symptoms of MOG35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice using prophylactic and therapeutic vaccinated protocols. Deamidation is a common modification in peptide and protein sequences, especially for Gln and Asn residues. In this study, the structural solution motif of deaminated peptides and their functional effects in an animal model for MS were explored. Several peptides based on the MOG35-55 epitope have been synthesized in which the Asn53 was replaced with Ala, Asp, or isoAsp. Our results demonstrate that the synthesized MOG peptides were formed to the deaminated products in basic conditions, and the Asn53 was mainly modified to Asp. Moreover, both peptides (wild type and deaminated derivative) conjugated with mannan (from Saccharomyces cerevisiae) independently inhibited the development of neurological symptoms and inflammatory demyelinating spinal cord lesions in MOG35-55-induced EAE. To conclude, mannan conjugated with a deamidated product did not affect the efficacy of the parent peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agathi Nteli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.N.); (A.G.)
| | - Areti Gkika
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.N.); (A.G.)
| | - Maria Avloniti
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave., 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.A.); (A.D.); (L.P.)
| | - Anastasia Dagkonaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave., 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.A.); (A.D.); (L.P.)
| | - Lesley Probert
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave., 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.A.); (A.D.); (L.P.)
| | - Theodore Tselios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.N.); (A.G.)
| | - Simona Golič Grdadolnik
- Laboratory for Molecular Structural Dynamics, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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Camperi J, Guillarme D, Stella C. Targeted Bottom-up Characterization of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies by Multidimensional LC/MS. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13420-13426. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Camperi
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel-Servet, 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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13
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Recent advances in LC–MS based characterization of protein-based bio-therapeutics – mastering analytical challenges posed by the increasing format complexity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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14
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Fujii N, Takata T, Fujii N, Aki K, Sakaue H. D-Amino acids in protein: The mirror of life as a molecular index of aging. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Assessment of susceptible chemical modification sites of trastuzumab and endogenous human immunoglobulins at physiological conditions. Commun Biol 2018; 1:28. [PMID: 30271914 PMCID: PMC6123738 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The quality control testing of chemical degradations in the bio-pharmaceutical industry is currently under controversial debate. Here we have systematically applied in vitro and in vivo stress conditions to investigate the influence of protein degradation on structure-function. Extensive purification and characterization enabled identification and functional assessment of the physiological degradation of chemical modification sites in the variable complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) and conserved region of trastuzumab. We demonstrate that the degradation of the solvent-accessible residues located in the CDR and the conserved fragment crystallizable region (Fc) occurs faster in vivo (within days) compared to the levels observed for bio-process and real-time storage conditions. These results hence question the rationality of extreme monitoring of low level alterations in such chemical modifications as critical patient safety parameters in product quality control testing, given that these modifications merely mirror the natural/physiological aging process of endogenous antibodies. Ingrid Schmid and colleagues identified and evaluated the physiological degradation of chemical modification sites of trastuzumab. This study suggests that in vitro PBS incubation studies can be used to predict the protein degradation sites in vivo for critical quality attribute assessment.
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16
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Lyon YA, Sabbah GM, Julian RR. Differences in α-Crystallin isomerization reveal the activity of protein isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT) in the nucleus and cortex of human lenses. Exp Eye Res 2018; 171:131-141. [PMID: 29571628 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although it is well-known that protein turnover essentially stops in mature lens fiber cells, mapping out the ensuing protein degradation and its effects on lens function over time remains challenging. In particular, isomerization is a common, spontaneous post-translational modification that occurs over long timescales and generates products invisible to most analytical methods. Nevertheless, isomerization can significantly impact protein structure, function, and solubility, which are all necessary to maintain clarity and proper refractive index within the lens. Herein, we examine the degree of isomerization occurring in crystallin proteins in the human eye lens as a function of both age and location within the lens. A novel mass spectrometric technique leveraging radical chemistry enables detailed characterization of proteins extracted from the cortex and nucleus of the lens. It is observed that the degree of isomerization increases significantly between the cortex and nucleus and between water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions. Interestingly, the abundance of L-isoAsp is low in the water-soluble cortex despite being the dominant product generated by isomerization of Asp in vitro, suggesting that Protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT) is active in the cortex and suppresses the accumulation of L-isoAsp. The abundance of L-isoAsp increases dramatically in the nucleus, revealing that PIMT activity decreases over time in the center of the lens. In addition, the growth of L-isoAsp in the nuclear fraction suggests protein isomerization continues within the nucleus, despite the fact that most of the protein within the nucleus has become insoluble. Additionally, it is demonstrated that sequential Asp residues lead to isomerization hotspots in human crystallin proteins and that the isomerization profiles for αA and αB crystallin are notably different. Although αA is more prone to isomerization, αB loses solubility more rapidly upon modification. These differences are likely related to the distribution of Asp residues within αA and αB, which are in turn connected to refractive index. The high Asp content of αA is a hazard in terms of isomerization and aging, but it serves to enhance the refractive index of αA relative to αB, and may explain why αA is only found in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana A Lyon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Georgette M Sabbah
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Ryan R Julian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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17
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Jansson ET. Strategies for analysis of isomeric peptides. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:385-397. [PMID: 28922569 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review presents an overview and recent progress of strategies for detecting isomerism in peptides, with focus on d/l epimerization and the various isomers that the presence of an aspartic acid residue may yield in a protein or peptide. While mass spectrometry has become a majorly used method of choice within proteomics, isomerism is inherently difficult to analyze because it is a modification that does not yield any change in mass of the analyte. Here, several techniques used for analysis of peptide isomerism are discussed, including enzymatic assays, liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis. Recent progress in method development using mass spectrometry is also discussed, including labeling strategies, fragmentation techniques, and ion-mobility spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik T Jansson
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Tesar D, Luoma J, Wyatt EA, Shi C, Shatz W, Hass PE, Mathieu M, Yi L, Corn JE, Maass KF, Wang K, Dion MZ, Andersen N, Loyet KM, van Lookeren Campagne M, Rajagopal K, Dickmann L, Scheer JM, Kelley RF. Protein engineering to increase the potential of a therapeutic antibody Fab for long-acting delivery to the eye. MAbs 2017; 9:1297-1305. [PMID: 28854082 PMCID: PMC5680807 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1372078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, ocular antibody therapies for the treatment of retinal diseases rely on injection of the drug into the vitreous chamber of the eye. Given the burden for patients undergoing this procedure, less frequent dosing through the use of long-acting delivery (LAD) technologies is highly desirable. These technologies usually require a highly concentrated formulation and the antibody must be stable against extended exposure to physiological conditions. Here we have increased the potential of a therapeutic antibody antigen-binding fragment (Fab) for LAD by using protein engineering to enhance the chemical and physical stability of the molecule. Structure-guided amino acid substitutions in a negatively charged complementarity determining region (CDR-L1) of an anti-factor D (AFD) Fab resulted in increased chemical stability and solubility. A variant of AFD (AFD.v8), which combines light chain substitutions (VL-D28S:D30E:D31S) with a substitution (VH-D61E) to stabilize a heavy chain isomerization site, retained complement factor D binding and inhibition potency and has properties suitable for LAD. This variant was amenable to high protein concentration (>250 mg/mL), low ionic strength formulation suitable for intravitreal injection. AFD.v8 had acceptable pharmacokinetic (PK) properties upon intravitreal injection in rabbits, and improved stability under both formulation and physiological conditions. Simulations of expected human PK behavior indicated greater exposure with a 25-mg dose enabled by the increased solubility of AFD.v8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Tesar
- a Departments of Drug Delivery , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Jacob Luoma
- a Departments of Drug Delivery , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Emily A Wyatt
- a Departments of Drug Delivery , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Catherine Shi
- a Departments of Drug Delivery , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Whitney Shatz
- b Departments of Protein Chemistry , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Philip E Hass
- b Departments of Protein Chemistry , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Mary Mathieu
- c Departments of Antibody Engineering , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Li Yi
- d Departments of Pharmaceutical Development , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Jacob E Corn
- e Departments of Early Discovery Biochemistry , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Katie F Maass
- f Departments of Clinical Pharmacology , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Kathryn Wang
- a Departments of Drug Delivery , South San Francisco , CA
| | | | - Nisana Andersen
- g Departments of Protein Analytical Chemistry , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Kelly M Loyet
- h Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology , South San Francisco , CA
| | | | | | - Leslie Dickmann
- f Departments of Clinical Pharmacology , South San Francisco , CA
| | - Justin M Scheer
- b Departments of Protein Chemistry , South San Francisco , CA
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19
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Hintersteiner B, Lingg N, Zhang P, Woen S, Hoi KM, Stranner S, Wiederkum S, Mutschlechner O, Schuster M, Loibner H, Jungbauer A. Charge heterogeneity: Basic antibody charge variants with increased binding to Fc receptors. MAbs 2016; 8:1548-1560. [PMID: 27559765 PMCID: PMC5098448 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1225642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified active isoforms of the chimeric anti-GD2 antibody, ch14.18, a recombinant antibody produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells, which is already used in clinical trials.1,2,3 We separated the antibody by high resolution ion-exchange chromatography with linear pH gradient elution into acidic, main and basic charge variants on a preparative scale yielding enough material for an in-depth study of the sources and the effects of microheterogeneity. The binding affinity of the charge variants toward the antigen and various cell surface receptors was studied by Biacore. Effector functions were evaluated using cellular assays for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Basic charge variants showed increased binding to cell surface receptor FcγRIIIa, which plays a major role in regulating effector functions. Furthermore, increased binding of the basic fractions to the neonatal receptor was observed. As this receptor mediates the prolonged half-life of IgG in human serum, this data may well hint at an increased serum half-life of these basic variants compared to their more acidic counterparts. Different glycoform patterns, C-terminal lysine clipping and N-terminal pyroglutamate formation were identified as the main structural sources for the observed isoform pattern. Potential differences in structural stability between individual charge variant fractions by nano differential scanning calorimetry could not been detected. Our in-vitro data suggests that the connection between microheterogeneity and the biological activity of recombinant antibody therapeutics deserves more attention than commonly accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Hintersteiner
- a Department of Biotechnology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Nico Lingg
- a Department of Biotechnology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Peiqing Zhang
- b Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , Centros , Singapore
| | - Susanto Woen
- b Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , Centros , Singapore
| | - Kong Meng Hoi
- b Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , Centros , Singapore
| | - Stefan Stranner
- c Apeiron Biologics AG, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter , Vienna , Austria
| | | | | | - Manfred Schuster
- c Apeiron Biologics AG, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter , Vienna , Austria
| | - Hans Loibner
- c Apeiron Biologics AG, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter , Vienna , Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- a Department of Biotechnology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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20
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Cutting-edge capillary electrophoresis characterization of monoclonal antibodies and related products. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:61-78. [PMID: 27265157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Out of all categories, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), biosimilar, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and Fc-fusion proteins attract the most interest due to their strong therapeutic potency and specificity. Because of their intrinsic complexity due to a large number of micro-heterogeneities, there is a crucial need of analytical methods to provide comprehensive in-depth characterization of these molecules. CE presents some obvious benefits as high resolution separation and miniaturized format to be widely applied to the analysis of biopharmaceuticals. CE is an effective method for the separation of proteins at different levels. capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) have been particularly relevant for the characterization of size and charge variants of intact and reduced mAbs, while CE-MS appears to be a promising analytical tool to assess the primary structure of mAbs and related products. This review will be dedicated to detail the current and state-of-the-art CE-based methods for the characterization of mAbs and related products.
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21
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Deuteration protects asparagine residues against racemization. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2189-96. [PMID: 27169868 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Racemization in proteins and peptides at sites of L-asparaginyl and L-aspartyl residues contributes to their spontaneous degradation, especially in the biological aging process. Amino acid racemization involves deprotonation of the alpha carbon and replacement of the proton in the opposite stereoconfiguration; this reaction is much faster for aspartate/asparagine than for other amino acids because these residues form a succinimide ring in which resonance stabilizes the carbanion resulting from proton loss. To determine if the replacement of the hydrogen atom on the alpha carbon with a deuterium atom might decrease the rate of racemization and thus stabilize polypeptides, we synthesized a hexapeptide, VYPNGA, in which the three carbon-bound protons in the asparaginyl residue were replaced with deuterium atoms. Upon incubation of this peptide in pH 7.4 buffer at 37 °C, we found that the rate of deamidation via the succinimide intermediate was unchanged by the presence of the deuterium atoms. However, the accumulation of the D-aspartyl and D-isoaspartyl-forms resulting from racemization and hydrolysis of the succinimide was decreased more than five-fold in the deuterated peptide over a 20 day incubation at physiological temperature and pH. Additionally, we found that the succinimide intermediate arising from the degradation of the deuterated asparaginyl peptide was slightly less likely to open to the isoaspartyl configuration than was the protonated succinimide. These findings suggest that the kinetic isotope effect resulting from the presence of deuteriums in asparagine residues can limit the accumulation of at least some of the degradation products that arise as peptides and proteins age.
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22
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KUBOTA K, KOBAYASHI N, YABUTA M, OHARA M, NAITO T, KUBO T, OTSUKA K. Validation of Capillary Zone Electrophoretic Method for Evaluating Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody-Drug Conjugates. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2016. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2016.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei KUBOTA
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
- Analytical and Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Naoki KOBAYASHI
- Analytical and Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Masayuki YABUTA
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Motomu OHARA
- Analytical and Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | | | - Takuya KUBO
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Koji OTSUKA
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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23
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Takahashi O, Kirikoshi R, Manabe N. Acetic acid can catalyze succinimide formation from aspartic acid residues by a concerted bond reorganization mechanism: a computational study. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:1613-26. [PMID: 25588215 PMCID: PMC4307323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16011613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Succinimide formation from aspartic acid (Asp) residues is a concern in the formulation of protein drugs. Based on density functional theory calculations using Ace-Asp-Nme (Ace = acetyl, Nme = NHMe) as a model compound, we propose the possibility that acetic acid (AA), which is often used in protein drug formulation for mildly acidic buffer solutions, catalyzes the succinimide formation from Asp residues by acting as a proton-transfer mediator. The proposed mechanism comprises two steps: cyclization (intramolecular addition) to form a gem-diol tetrahedral intermediate and dehydration of the intermediate. Both steps are catalyzed by an AA molecule, and the first step was predicted to be rate-determining. The cyclization results from a bond formation between the amide nitrogen on the C-terminal side and the side-chain carboxyl carbon, which is part of an extensive bond reorganization (formation and breaking of single bonds and the interchange of single and double bonds) occurring concertedly in a cyclic structure formed by the amide NH bond, the AA molecule and the side-chain C=O group and involving a double proton transfer. The second step also involves an AA-mediated bond reorganization. Carboxylic acids other than AA are also expected to catalyze the succinimide formation by a similar mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohgi Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan.
| | - Ryota Kirikoshi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan.
| | - Noriyoshi Manabe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan.
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24
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Moorthy BS, Xie B, Moussa EM, Iyer LK, Chandrasekhar S, Panchal JP, Topp EM. Effect of Hydrolytic Degradation on the In Vivo Properties of Monoclonal Antibodies. BIOBETTERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2543-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Gahoual R, Busnel JM, Beck A, François YN, Leize-Wagner E. Full Antibody Primary Structure and Microvariant Characterization in a Single Injection Using Transient Isotachophoresis and Sheathless Capillary Electrophoresis–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9074-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502378e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabah Gahoual
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes
(LSMIS), UDS-CNRS UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Alain Beck
- Centre d’immunologie
Pierre Fabre, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Yannis-Nicolas François
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes
(LSMIS), UDS-CNRS UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emmanuelle Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes
(LSMIS), UDS-CNRS UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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26
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Klaene JJ, Ni W, Alfaro JF, Zhou ZS. Detection and quantitation of succinimide in intact protein via hydrazine trapping and chemical derivatization. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3033-42. [PMID: 25043726 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The formation of aspartyl succinimide is a common post-translational modification of protein pharmaceuticals under acidic conditions. We present a method to detect and quantitate succinimide in intact protein via hydrazine trapping and chemical derivatization. Succinimide, which is labile under typical analytical conditions, is first trapped with hydrazine to form stable hydrazide and can be directly analyzed by mass spectrometry. The resulting aspartyl hydrazide can be selectively derivatized by various tags, such as fluorescent rhodamine sulfonyl chloride that absorbs strongly in the visible region (570 nm). Our tagging strategy allows the labeled protein to be analyzed by orthogonal methods, including HPLC-UV-Vis, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and SDS-PAGE coupled with fluorescence imaging. A unique advantage of our method is that variants containing succinimide, after derivatization, can be readily resolved via either affinity enrichment or chromatographic separation. This allows further investigation of individual factors in a complex protein mixture that affect succinimide formation. Some additional advantages are imparted by fluorescence labeling including the facile detection of the intact protein without proteolytic digestion to peptides; and high sensitivity, for example, without optimization, 0.41% succinimide was readily detected. As such, our method should be useful for rapid screening, optimization of formulation conditions, and related processes relevant to protein pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Klaene
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
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27
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Structure-based prediction of asparagine and aspartate degradation sites in antibody variable regions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100736. [PMID: 24959685 PMCID: PMC4069079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and proteins containing antibody domains are the most prevalent class of biotherapeutics in diverse indication areas. Today, established techniques such as immunization or phage display allow for an efficient generation of new mAbs. Besides functional properties, the stability of future therapeutic mAbs is a key selection criterion which is essential for the development of a drug candidate into a marketed product. Therapeutic proteins may degrade via asparagine (Asn) deamidation and aspartate (Asp) isomerization, but the factors responsible for such degradation remain poorly understood. We studied the structural properties of a large, uniform dataset of Asn and Asp residues in the variable domains of antibodies. Their structural parameters were correlated with the degradation propensities measured by mass spectrometry. We show that degradation hotspots can be characterized by their conformational flexibility, the size of the C-terminally flanking amino acid residue, and secondary structural parameters. From these results we derive an accurate in silico prediction method for the degradation propensity of both Asn and Asp residues in the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of mAbs.
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28
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Haberger M, Bomans K, Diepold K, Hook M, Gassner J, Schlothauer T, Zwick A, Spick C, Kepert JF, Hienz B, Wiedmann M, Beck H, Metzger P, Mølhøj M, Knoblich C, Grauschopf U, Reusch D, Bulau P. Assessment of chemical modifications of sites in the CDRs of recombinant antibodies: Susceptibility vs. functionality of critical quality attributes. MAbs 2014; 6:327-39. [PMID: 24441081 PMCID: PMC3984323 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Modifications like asparagine deamidation, aspartate isomerization, methionine oxidation, and lysine glycation are typical degradations for recombinant antibodies. For the identification and functional evaluation of antibody critical quality attributes (CQAs) derived from chemical modifications in the complementary-determining regions (CDRs) and the conserved regions, an approach employing specific stress conditions, elevated temperatures, pH, oxidizing agents, and forced glycation with glucose incubation, was applied. The application of the specific stress conditions combined with ion exchange chromatography, proteolytic peptide mapping, quantitative liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and functional evaluation by surface plasmon resonance analysis was adequate to identify and functionally assess chemical modification sites in the CDRs of a recombinant IgG1. LC-Met-4, LC-Asn-30/31, LC-Asn-92, HC-Met-100c, and HC Lys-33 were identified as potential CQAs. However, none of the assessed degradation products led to a complete loss of functionality if only one light or heavy chain of the native antibody was affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Haberger
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Bomans
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Diepold
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Hook
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jana Gassner
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg, Germany
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Pharma Research and Early Development; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg, Germany
| | - Adrian Zwick
- Pharma Research and Early Development; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian Spick
- Pharma Research and Early Development; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Felix Kepert
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Hienz
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael Wiedmann
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Beck
- Pharma Technical Development Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Metzger
- Pharma Technical Development Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Mølhøj
- Pharma Research and Early Development; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg, Germany
| | - Constanze Knoblich
- Pharma Technical Development Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulla Grauschopf
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Bulau
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg, Germany
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29
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Zhao SS, Chen DDY. Applications of capillary electrophoresis in characterizing recombinant protein therapeutics. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:96-108. [PMID: 24123141 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of recombinant protein for therapeutic applications has increased significantly in the last three decades. The heterogeneity of these proteins, often caused by the complex biosynthesis pathways and the subsequent PTMs, poses a challenge for drug characterization to ensure its safety, quality, integrity, and efficacy. CE, with its simple instrumentation, superior separation efficiency, small sample consumption, and short analysis time, is a well-suited analytical tool for therapeutic protein characterization. Different separation modes, including CIEF, SDS-CGE, CZE, and CE-MS, provide complementary information of the proteins. The CE applications for recombinant therapeutic proteins from the year 2000 to June 2013 are reviewed and technical concerns are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Sherry Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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30
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Wang T, Kumru OS, Yi L, Wang YJ, Zhang J, Kim JH, Joshi SB, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB. Effect of ionic strength and pH on the physical and chemical stability of a monoclonal antibody antigen-binding fragment. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2520-37. [PMID: 23824562 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) fragments are emerging as promising alternatives to full-length mAbs as protein therapeutic candidates. Antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) are the most advanced with three Fab-based drug products currently approved. This work presents preformulation characterization data on the effect of pH, NaCl concentration, and various cationic excipients on the physical and chemical stability of a Fab molecule with multiple negatively charged Asp residues in the complementarity-determining region. Conformational stability was evaluated using an empirical phase diagram approach based on circular dichroism, intrinsic Trp and extrinsic 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) fluorescence, and static light scattering measurements. The effect of NaCl concentration, various cationic excipients and pH on the Fab molecule's conformational stability, aggregation propensity, and chemical stability (Asp isomerization) was determined by differential scanning calorimetry, optical density measurements at 350 nm (OD350 ), and ion-exchange chromatography, respectively. Increasing NaCl concentration increased the overall conformational stability, decreased aggregation rates, and lowered the rates of Asp isomerization. No such trends were noted for pH or cationic excipients. The potential interrelationships between protein conformational and chemical stability are discussed in the context of designing stable protein formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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Ouellette D, Chumsae C, Clabbers A, Radziejewski C, Correia I. Comparison of the in vitro and in vivo stability of a succinimide intermediate observed on a therapeutic IgG1 molecule. MAbs 2013; 5:432-44. [PMID: 23608772 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.24458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Deamidation of asparagine residues, a post-translational modification observed in proteins, is a common degradation pathway in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The kinetics of deamidation is influenced by primary sequence as well as secondary and tertiary folding. Analytical hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is used to evaluate hydrophobicity of candidate mAbs and uncover post-translational modifications. Using HIC, we discovered atypical heterogeneity in a highly hydrophobic molecule (mAb-1). Characterization of the different HIC fractions using LC/MS/MS revealed a stable succinimide intermediate species localized to an asparagine-glycine motif in the heavy chain binding region. The succinimide intermediate was stable in vitro at pH 7 and below and increased on storage at 25°C and 40°C. Biacore evaluation showed a decrease in binding affinity of the succinimide intermediate compared with the native asparagine molecule. In vivo studies of mAb-1 recovered from a pharmacokinetic study in cynomolgus monkeys revealed an unstable succinimide species and rapid conversion to aspartic/iso-aspartic acid. Mutation from asparagine to aspartic acid led to little loss in affinity. This study illustrates the importance of evaluating modifications of therapeutic mAbs both in vitro and in serum, the intended environment of the molecule. Potential mechanisms that stabilize the succinimide intermediate in vitro are discussed.
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Yi L, Beckley N, Gikanga B, Zhang J, Wang YJ, Chih HW, Sharma VK. Isomerization of Asp-Asp motif in model peptides and a monoclonal antibody Fab fragment. J Pharm Sci 2012; 102:947-59. [PMID: 23280575 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Isomerization of aspartyl (Asp or D) residues is a critical degradation route to consider for stable monoclonal antibody formulations. Among the known hotspot sequences, the DD motif is relatively understudied. To gain mechanistic insights, we used model hexapeptides, YADXFK, YADDXK, and DIDDDM, as surrogates for the hotspots in a Fab protein (YADDFK and DIDDDM), to characterize the rate-pH profile of Asp isomerization. Compared with the YADGFK peptide, isomerization of D3 (the first D in the DD pair) in YADDFK was highly pH dependent. Comparison of rate-pH profiles of YADDFK, YADNFK, and YADHFK revealed a charge effect of the n + 1 residue-isomerization rate is accelerated by the positive side chain and reduced by negative side chain at n + 1 residue. Studies on YADDFK, YADDAK, and YADDGK indicated a mutual impact of D3 and D4 on their respective isomerization rates through charge effect. Comparison of rate-pH profile of DIDDDM sequence in peptide models with that in the complementary determining region of the Fab showed a faster rate in the Fab than in peptides, presumably because of contribution from structural factors in the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yi
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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Salas-Solano O, Kennel B, Park SS, Roby K, Sosic Z, Boumajny B, Free S, Reed-Bogan A, Michels D, McElroy W, Bonasia P, Hong M, He X, Ruesch M, Moffatt F, Kiessig S, Nunnally B. Robustness of iCIEF methodology for the analysis of monoclonal antibodies: An interlaboratory study. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:3124-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Salas-Solano
- Analytical Biochemistry Department; Seattle Genetics Inc.; Bothell WA USA
| | - Babu Kennel
- Technical Analytical Services; Bristol Myers Squibb; East Syracuse NY USA
| | - SungAe Suhr Park
- Drug Product Development; P&PD, Amgen Inc.; Thousand Oaks CA USA
| | | | - Zoran Sosic
- Analytical Development; Biogen Idec; Cambridge MA USA
| | | | - Sarah Free
- Analytical Technology Department; Biogen Idec; NC USA
| | - Angelia Reed-Bogan
- Bioproduct Pharmaceutical Research and Development; Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - David Michels
- Protein Analytical Chemistry Department; Genentech, Inc.; South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Will McElroy
- Protein Analytical Chemistry Department; Genentech, Inc.; South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Pauline Bonasia
- Quality Control Technical Services; Genzyme; Framingham MA USA
| | - Mingfang Hong
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences; Johnson and Johnson; Radnor PA USA
| | - Xiaoping He
- Analytical Research and Development; Global Biologics; Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer; Chesterfield MO USA
| | - Margaret Ruesch
- Analytical Research and Development; Global Biologics; Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer; Chesterfield MO USA
| | - Frank Moffatt
- Protein Analytics Development; Solvias AG; Kaiseraugst Switzerland
| | | | - Brian Nunnally
- Regulatory Affairs; Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; NC USA
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Michels DA, Tu AW, McElroy W, Voehringer D, Salas-Solano O. Charge Heterogeneity of Monoclonal Antibodies by Multiplexed Imaged Capillary Isoelectric Focusing Immunoassay with Chemiluminescence Detection. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5380-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3008847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Michels
- Department of Protein
Analytical
Chemistry, Genentech, a Member of the Roche
Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Andrea W. Tu
- ProteinSimple, 3040 Oakmead Village Drive, Santa Clara, California 95051, United
States
| | - Will McElroy
- Department of Protein
Analytical
Chemistry, Genentech, a Member of the Roche
Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David Voehringer
- ProteinSimple, 3040 Oakmead Village Drive, Santa Clara, California 95051, United
States
| | - Oscar Salas-Solano
- Department of Analytical
Biochemistry, Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823
30th Drive SE, Bothell,
Washington 98021, United States
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35
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Zhang J, Zhang T, Jiang L, Hewitt D, Huang Y, Kao YH, Katta V. Rapid Identification of Low Level Glycation Sites in Recombinant Antibodies by Isotopic Labeling with 13C6-Reducing Sugars. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2313-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202995x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Zhang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
94080, United States
| | - Taylor Zhang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
94080, United States
| | - Lihua Jiang
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Parkway, San
Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Daniel Hewitt
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
94080, United States
| | - YungFu Huang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
94080, United States
| | - Yung-Hsiang Kao
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
94080, United States
| | - Viswanatham Katta
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
94080, United States
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36
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Diepold K, Bomans K, Wiedmann M, Zimmermann B, Petzold A, Schlothauer T, Mueller R, Moritz B, Stracke JO, Mølhøj M, Reusch D, Bulau P. Simultaneous assessment of Asp isomerization and Asn deamidation in recombinant antibodies by LC-MS following incubation at elevated temperatures. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30295. [PMID: 22272329 PMCID: PMC3260267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation of proteins by asparagine deamidation and aspartate isomerization is one of several chemical degradation pathways for recombinant antibodies. In this study, we have identified two solvent accessible degradation sites (light chain aspartate-56 and heavy chain aspartate-99/101) in the complementary-determining regions of a recombinant IgG1 antibody susceptible to isomerization under elevated temperature conditions. For both hot-spots, the degree of isomerization was found to be significantly higher than the deamidation of asparagine-(387, 392, 393) in the conserved CH3 region, which has been identified as being solvent accessible and sensitive to chemical degradation in previous studies. In order to reduce the time for simultaneous identification and functional evaluation of potential asparagine deamidation and aspartate isomerization sites, a test system employing accelerated temperature conditions and proteolytic peptide mapping combined with quantitative UPLC-MS was developed. This method occupies the formulation buffer system histidine/HCl (20 mM; pH 6.0) for denaturation/reduction/digestion and eliminates the alkylation step. The achieved degree of asparagine deamidation and aspartate isomerization was adequate to identify the functional consequence by binding studies. In summary, the here presented approach greatly facilitates the evaluation of fermentation, purification, formulation, and storage conditions on antibody asparagine deamidation and aspartate isomerization by monitoring susceptible marker peptides located in the complementary-determining regions of recombinant antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Diepold
- Pharma Research and Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Bomans
- Pharma Research and Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael Wiedmann
- Pharma Research and Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Boris Zimmermann
- Pharma Biotech Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Petzold
- Pharma Research and Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Pharma Research and Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Robert Mueller
- Late-Stage Pharmaceutical and Processing Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Moritz
- Analytical Research and Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Olaf Stracke
- Pharma Research and Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mølhøj
- Pharma Research and Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Research and Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Bulau
- Pharma Research and Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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37
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Zhang J, Katta V. Identification of Asp isomerization in proteins by ¹⁸O labeling and tandem mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 899:365-377. [PMID: 22735965 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-921-1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Isomerization of aspartic acid (Asp) to isoaspartic acid (isoAsp) via succinimide intermediate is a common route of degradation for proteins that can affect their structural integrity. As Asp/isoAsp is isobaric in mass, it is difficult to identify the site of modification by LC-MS/MS peptide mapping. Here, we describe an approach to label the Asp residue involved in isomerization at the protein level by hydrolyzing the succinimide intermediate in H₂¹⁸O. Tryptic digestion of this labeled protein will result in peptides containing the site of isomerization being 2 Da heavier than the ¹⁶O-containing counterparts, due to ¹⁸O incorporation during the hydrolysis process. Comparison of tandem mass spectra of isomerized peptides with and without ¹⁸O incorporation allows easy identification of the Asp residue involved. This method proved to be especially useful in identifying the sites when isomerization occurs in Asp-Asp motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Zhang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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