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Zhao Z, Zharnikov M. Exploiting epoxy-rich poly(ethylene glycol) films for highly selective ssDNA sensing via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:26538-26548. [PMID: 37752830 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03851c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces an alternative approach to immobilize thiolated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) for the DNA sensing. In contrast to the standard, monomolecular assembly of such moieties on gold substrate, over the thiolate-gold anchors, we propose to use bioinert, porous polyethylene glycol (PEG) films as a 3D template for ssDNA immobilization. The latter process relies on the reaction between the thiol group of the respectively decorated ssDNA and the epoxy groups in the epoxy-rich PEG matrix. The immobilization process and subsequent hybridization ability of the resulting sensing assembly were monitored using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, with the latter tool proving itself as the most suitable transduction technique. Electrochemical data confirmed the successful immobilization of thiol-decorated ssDNA probes into the PEG matrix over the thiol-epoxy linkage as well as high hybridization efficiency, selectivity, and sensitivity of the resulting DNA sensor. Whereas this sensor was equivalent to the direct ssDNA assembly in terms of the efficiency, it exhibited a better selectivity and bioinert properties in view of the bioinert character of the PEG matrix. The above findings place PEG films as a promising platform for highly selective ssDNA sensing, leveraging their flexible chemistry, 3D character, and bioinert properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhao
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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2
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Völlmecke K, Afroz R, Bierbach S, Brenker LJ, Frücht S, Glass A, Giebelhaus R, Hoppe A, Kanemaru K, Lazarek M, Rabbe L, Song L, Velasco Suarez A, Wu S, Serpe M, Kuckling D. Hydrogel-Based Biosensors. Gels 2022; 8:gels8120768. [PMID: 36547292 PMCID: PMC9777866 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in sensing applications for a variety of analytes in aqueous environments, as conventional methods do not work reliably under humid conditions or they require complex equipment with experienced operators. Hydrogel sensors are easy to fabricate, are incredibly sensitive, and have broad dynamic ranges. Experiments on their robustness, reliability, and reusability have indicated the possible long-term applications of these systems in a variety of fields, including disease diagnosis, detection of pharmaceuticals, and in environmental testing. It is possible to produce hydrogels, which, upon sensing a specific analyte, can adsorb it onto their 3D-structure and can therefore be used to remove them from a given environment. High specificity can be obtained by using molecularly imprinted polymers. Typical detection principles involve optical methods including fluorescence and chemiluminescence, and volume changes in colloidal photonic crystals, as well as electrochemical methods. Here, we explore the current research utilizing hydrogel-based sensors in three main areas: (1) biomedical applications, (2) for detecting and quantifying pharmaceuticals of interest, and (3) detecting and quantifying environmental contaminants in aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Völlmecke
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Rowshon Afroz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Sascha Bierbach
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Lee Josephine Brenker
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Frücht
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Glass
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Ryland Giebelhaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Axel Hoppe
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Karen Kanemaru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michal Lazarek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Lukas Rabbe
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Longfei Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrea Velasco Suarez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael Serpe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Dirk Kuckling
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (D.K.)
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3
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Polyoxazoline: A review article from polymerization to smart behaviors and biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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4
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Zhao Z, Das S, Zharnikov M. Rational Design of Porous Poly(ethylene glycol) Films as a Matrix for ssDNA Immobilization and Hybridization. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090414. [PMID: 36134960 PMCID: PMC9496007 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) films, fabricated by thermally induced crosslinking of amine- and epoxy-terminated four-arm STAR-PEG precursors, were used as porous and bioinert matrix for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) immobilization and hybridization. The immobilization relied on the reaction between the amine groups in the films and N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS) ester groups of the NHS-ester-decorated ssDNA. Whereas the amount of reactive amine groups in the films with the standard 1:1 composition of the precursors turned out to be too low for efficient immobilization, it could be increased noticeably using an excess (2:1) concentration of the amine-terminated precursor. The respective films retained the bioinertness of the 1:1 prototype and could be successfully decorated with probe ssDNA, resulting in porous, 3D PEG-ssDNA sensing assemblies. These assemblies exhibited high selectivity with respect to the target ssDNA strands, with a hybridization efficiency of 78–89% for the matching sequences and full inertness for non-complementary strands. The respective strategy can be applied to the fabrication of DNA microarrays and DNA sensors. As a suitable transduction technique, requiring no ssDNA labeling and showing high sensitivity in the PEG-ssDNA case, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is suggested.
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5
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Phosphorylcholine-based hydrogel for immobilization of biomolecules. Application to fluorometric microarrays for use in hybridization assays and immunoassays, and nanophotonic biosensing. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:570. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Southan A, Lang T, Schweikert M, Tovar GEM, Wege C, Eiben S. Covalent incorporation of tobacco mosaic virus increases the stiffness of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels. RSC Adv 2018; 8:4686-4694. [PMID: 35539563 PMCID: PMC9077753 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10364f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are versatile materials, finding applications as adsorbers, supports for biosensors and biocatalysts or as scaffolds for tissue engineering. A frequently used building block for chemically cross-linked hydrogels is poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA). However, after curing, PEG-DA hydrogels cannot be functionalized easily. In this contribution, the stiff, rod-like tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is investigated as a functional additive to PEG-DA hydrogels. TMV consists of more than 2000 identical coat proteins and can therefore present more than 2000 functional sites per TMV available for coupling, and thus has been used as a template or building block for nano-scaled hybrid materials for many years. Here, PEG-DA (M n = 700 g mol-1) hydrogels are combined with a thiol-group presenting TMV mutant (TMVCys). By covalent coupling of TMVCys into the hydrogel matrix via the thiol-Michael reaction, the storage modulus of the hydrogels is increased compared to pure PEG-DA hydrogels and to hydrogels containing wildtype TMV (wt-TMV) which is not coupled covalently into the hydrogel matrix. In contrast, the swelling behaviour of the hydrogels is not altered by TMVCys or wt-TMV. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the TMV particles are well dispersed in the hydrogels without any large aggregates. These findings give rise to the conclusion that well-defined hydrogels were obtained which offer the possibility to use the incorporated TMV as multivalent carrier templates e.g. for enzymes in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Southan
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany +49 711 68568162
| | - T Lang
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany +49 711 68568162
| | - M Schweikert
- Department of Biobased Materials, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 57 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - G E M Tovar
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany +49 711 68568162
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - C Wege
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 57 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - S Eiben
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 57 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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7
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Patel M, Kaneko T, Matsumura K. Switchable release nano-reservoirs for co-delivery of drugs via a facile micelle–hydrogel composite. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:3488-3497. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00701a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Jung YK, Kim J, Mathies RA. Microfluidic hydrogel arrays for direct genotyping of clinical samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 79:371-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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10
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Mehrabani S, Maker AJ, Armani AM. Hybrid integrated label-free chemical and biological sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 14:5890-928. [PMID: 24675757 PMCID: PMC4029679 DOI: 10.3390/s140405890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Label-free sensors based on electrical, mechanical and optical transduction methods have potential applications in numerous areas of society, ranging from healthcare to environmental monitoring. Initial research in the field focused on the development and optimization of various sensor platforms fabricated from a single material system, such as fiber-based optical sensors and silicon nanowire-based electrical sensors. However, more recent research efforts have explored designing sensors fabricated from multiple materials. For example, synthetic materials and/or biomaterials can also be added to the sensor to improve its response toward analytes of interest. By leveraging the properties of the different material systems, these hybrid sensing devices can have significantly improved performance over their single-material counterparts (better sensitivity, specificity, signal to noise, and/or detection limits). This review will briefly discuss some of the methods for creating these multi-material sensor platforms and the advances enabled by this design approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Mehrabani
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Ashley J Maker
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Andrea M Armani
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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11
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Englert C, Tauhardt L, Hartlieb M, Kempe K, Gottschaldt M, Schubert US. Linear Poly(ethylene imine)-Based Hydrogels for Effective Binding and Release of DNA. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1124-31. [DOI: 10.1021/bm4017572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Englert
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Lutz Tauhardt
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Hartlieb
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
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12
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Islam MR, Gao Y, Li X, Serpe MJ. Responsive polymers for biosensing and protein delivery. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:2444-2451. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21657h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Responsive polymers have found their way into numerous sensing and drug delivery platforms; some examples of biosensing and protein delivery are highlighted here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molla R. Islam
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton, Canada
| | - Yongfeng Gao
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton, Canada
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton, Canada
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13
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Responsive polymers for analytical applications: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 789:17-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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