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Feng RR, Wang M, Zhang W, Gai F. Unnatural Amino Acids for Biological Spectroscopy and Microscopy. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6501-6542. [PMID: 38722769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Due to advances in methods for site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids (UAAs) into proteins, a large number of UAAs with tailored chemical and/or physical properties have been developed and used in a wide array of biological applications. In particular, UAAs with specific spectroscopic characteristics can be used as external reporters to produce additional signals, hence increasing the information content obtainable in protein spectroscopic and/or imaging measurements. In this Review, we summarize the progress in the past two decades in the development of such UAAs and their applications in biological spectroscopy and microscopy, with a focus on UAAs that can be used as site-specific vibrational, fluorescence, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes. Wherever applicable, we also discuss future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-Ran Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Manxi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Feng Gai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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2
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Han J, Lyutenko NV, Sorochinsky AE, Okawara A, Konno H, White S, Soloshonok VA. Tailor-Made Amino Acids in Pharmaceutical Industry: Synthetic Approaches to Aza-Tryptophan Derivatives. Chemistry 2021; 27:17510-17528. [PMID: 34913215 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the recent years there has been a noticeable upsurge of interest in aza-analogs of tryptophan which are isosteric to the latter and found numerous applications in medicinal, bioorganic chemistry, and peptide research. In the present review article, five aza-tryptophan derivatives are profiled, including aza-substitution in the positions 2, on the five-membered ring, as well as in positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 on the six-membered ring. A detailed and comprehensive literature overview of the synthetic methods for the preparation of these aza-tryptophans is presented and general facets of the biological properties and most promising applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Nataliya V Lyutenko
- Department of Fine Organic Synthesis V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1 Murmanska str., Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
| | - Alexander E Sorochinsky
- Department of Fine Organic Synthesis V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1 Murmanska str., Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
| | - Ayaka Okawara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Konno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Sarah White
- Oakwood Chemical, Inc., 730 Columbia Hwy. N, Estill, SC, 29918, USA
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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3
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Raya-Tonetti F, Müller M, Sacur J, Kitazawa H, Villena J, Vizoso-Pinto MG. Novel LysM motifs for antigen display on lactobacilli for mucosal immunization. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21691. [PMID: 34737363 PMCID: PMC8568972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized two LysM domains of Limosilactobacillus fermentum, belonging to proteins Acglu (GenBank: KPH22907.1) and Pgb (GenBank: KPH22047.1) and bacterium like particles (BLP) derived from the immunomodulatory strain Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IBL027 (BLPs027) as an antigen display platform. The fluorescence protein Venus fused to the novel LysM domains could bind to the peptidoglycan shell of lactobacilli and resisted harsh conditions such as high NaCl and urea concentrations. Acglu with five LysM domains was a better anchor than Pgb baring only one domain. Six-week-old BALB/c mice were nasally immunized with the complex Venus-Acglu-BLPs027 at days 0, 14 and 28. The levels of specific serum IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a and the levels of total immunoglobulins (IgT) and IgA in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) were evaluated ten days after the last boosting. Venus-Acglu-BLPs027, nasally administered, significantly increased specific BAL IgT and IgA, and serum IgG levels. In addition, spleen cells of mice immunized with Venus-Acglu-BLPs027 secreted TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-4 when stimulated ex vivo in a dose-dependent manner. We constructed a Gateway compatible destination vector to easily fuse the selected LysM domain to proteins of interest for antigen display to develop mucosal subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Raya-Tonetti
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Ciencias Básicas & Or. Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Melisa Müller
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Ciencias Básicas & Or. Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Jacinto Sacur
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Ciencias Básicas & Or. Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan. .,Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Julio Villena
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), 4000, Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Maria Guadalupe Vizoso-Pinto
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina. .,Laboratorio de Ciencias Básicas & Or. Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina.
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4
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Newton LD, Pascu SI, Tyrrell RM, Eggleston IM. Development of a peptide-based fluorescent probe for biological heme monitoring. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:467-471. [PMID: 30574967 PMCID: PMC6350759 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02290a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Heme plays a vital role in cell biology and dysregulation of heme levels is implicated in a wide range of diseases. However, monitoring heme levels in biological systems is currently not straightforward. A short synthetic peptide probe containing 7-azatryptophan is shown to bind hemin in vitro with quenching of the azatryptophan fluorescence. This chemical tool can be used to detect the change in free heme induced in human skin cells upon exposure to UVA irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D. Newton
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
, University of Bath
,
Bath BA2 7AY
, UK
.
| | - Sofia I. Pascu
- Department of Chemistry
, University of Bath
,
Bath BA2 7AY
, UK
| | - Rex M. Tyrrell
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
, University of Bath
,
Bath BA2 7AY
, UK
.
| | - Ian M. Eggleston
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
, University of Bath
,
Bath BA2 7AY
, UK
.
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5
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Oliveira-Souza WP, Bronze F, Broos J, Marcondes MF, Oliveira V. On the efficient bio-incorporation of 5-hydroxy-tryptophan in recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli with T7 RNA polymerase-based vectors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 492:343-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Jee PF, Chen FS, Shu MH, Wong WF, Abdul Rahim R, AbuBakar S, Chang LY. Insertion of single-chain variable fragment (scFv) peptide linker improves surface display of influenza hemagglutinin (HA1) on non-recombinant Lactococcus lactis. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 33:154-162. [PMID: 27802566 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heterologous protein displayed on the surface of Lactococcus lactis using the binding domain of N-acetylmuramidase (AcmA) has a potential application in vaccine delivery. In this study, we developed a non-recombinant L. lactis surface displaying the influenza A (H1N1) 2009 hemagglutinin (HA1). Three recombinant proteins, HA1/L/AcmA, HA1/AcmA, and HA1 were overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and purified. In the binding study using flow cytometry, the HA1/L/AcmA, which contained the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) peptide linker showed significantly higher percentage of binding counts and mean fluorescence binding intensity (MFI) (51.7 ± 1.4% and 3,594.0 ± 675.9, respectively) in comparison to the HA1/AcmA without the scFv peptide linker (41.1 ± 1.5% and 1,652.0 ± 34.1, respectively). Higher amount of HA1/L/AcmA (∼2.9 × 104 molecules per cell) was displayed on L. lactis when compared to HA1/AcmA (∼1.1 × 104 molecules per cell) in the immunoblotting analysis. The HA1/L/AcmA completely agglutinated RBCs at comparable amount of protein to that of HA1/AcmA and HA1. Computational modeling of protein structures suggested that scFv peptide linker in HA1/L/AcmA kept the HA1 and the AcmA domain separated at a much longer distance in comparison to HA1/AcmA. These findings suggest that insertion of the scFv peptide linker between HA1 and AcmA improved binding of recombinant proteins to L. lactis. Hence, insertion of scFv peptide linker can be further investigated as a potential approach for improvement of heterologous proteins displayed on the surface of L. lactis using the AcmA binding domain. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:154-162, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Fong Jee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fez-Shin Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Meng-Hooi Shu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Raha Abdul Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Li-Yen Chang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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7
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Shao J, Marcondes MFM, Oliveira V, Broos J. Development of Chemically Defined Media to Express Trp-Analog-Labeled Proteins in a Lactococcus lactis Trp Auxotroph. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 26:269-76. [PMID: 27172771 DOI: 10.1159/000445687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically defined media for growth of Lactococcus lactis strains contain about 50 components, making them laborious and expensive growth media. However, they are crucial for metabolism studies as well as for expression of heterologous proteins labeled with unnatural amino acids. In particular, the L. lactis Trp auxotroph PA1002, overexpressing the tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase enzyme of L. lactis, is very suitable for the biosynthetic incorporation of Trp analogs in proteins because of its most relaxed substrate specificity reported towards Trp analogs. Here we present two much simpler defined media for L. lactis, which consist of only 24 or 31 components, respectively, and with which the L. lactis Trp auxotroph shows similar growth characteristics as with a 50-component chemically defined medium. Importantly, the expression levels of two recombinant proteins used for evaluation were up to 2-3 times higher in these new media than in the 50-component medium, without affecting the Trp analog incorporation efficiency. Taken together, the simplest chemically defined media reported so far for L. lactis are presented. Since L. lactis also shows auxotrophy for Arg, His, Ile, Leu Val, and Met, our simplified media may also be useful for the biosynthetic incorporation of analogs of these five amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Shao
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry and Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Leo JC, Oberhettinger P, Chaubey M, Schütz M, Kühner D, Bertsche U, Schwarz H, Götz F, Autenrieth IB, Coles M, Linke D. The Intimin periplasmic domain mediates dimerisation and binding to peptidoglycan. Mol Microbiol 2014; 95:80-100. [PMID: 25353290 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intimin and Invasin are prototypical inverse (Type Ve) autotransporters and important virulence factors of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Yersinia spp. respectively. In addition to a C-terminal extracellular domain and a β-barrel transmembrane domain, both proteins also contain a short N-terminal periplasmic domain that, in Intimin, includes a lysin motif (LysM), which is thought to mediate binding to peptidoglycan. We show that the periplasmic domain of Intimin does bind to peptidoglycan both in vitro and in vivo, but only under acidic conditions. We were able to determine a dissociation constant of 0.8 μM for this interaction, whereas the Invasin periplasmic domain, which lacks a LysM, bound only weakly in vitro and failed to bind peptidoglycan in vivo. We present the solution structure of the Intimin LysM, which has an additional α-helix conserved within inverse autotransporter LysMs but lacking in others. In contrast to previous reports, we demonstrate that the periplasmic domain of Intimin mediates dimerisation. We further show that dimerisation and peptidoglycan binding are general features of LysM-containing inverse autotransporters. Peptidoglycan binding by the periplasmic domain in the infection process may aid in resisting mechanical and chemical stress during transit through the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Leo
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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9
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Biosynthetic incorporation of the azulene moiety in proteins with high efficiency. Amino Acids 2014; 47:213-6. [PMID: 25399056 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthetic incorporation of β-(1-azulenyl)-L-alanine, an isostere of tryptophan, is reported using a tryptophan auxotroph expression host. The azulene moiety introduced this way in proteins features many attractive spectroscopic properties, particularly suitable for in vivo studies.
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10
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Visweswaran GRR, Leenhouts K, van Roosmalen M, Kok J, Buist G. Exploiting the peptidoglycan-binding motif, LysM, for medical and industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4331-45. [PMID: 24652063 PMCID: PMC4004799 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The lysin motif (LysM) was first identified by Garvey et al. in 1986 and, in subsequent studies, has been shown to bind noncovalently to peptidoglycan and chitin by interacting with N-acetylglucosamine moieties. The LysM sequence is present singly or repeatedly in a large number of proteins of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Since the mid-1990s, domains containing one or more of these LysM sequences originating from different LysM-containing proteins have been examined for purely scientific reasons as well as for their possible use in various medical and industrial applications. These studies range from detecting localized binding of LysM-containing proteins onto bacteria to actual bacterial cell surface analysis. On a more applied level, the possibilities of employing the LysM domains for cell immobilization, for the display of peptides, proteins, or enzymes on (bacterial) surfaces as well as their utility in the development of novel vaccines have been scrutinized. To serve these purposes, the chimeric proteins containing one or more of the LysM sequences have been produced and isolated from various prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression hosts. This review gives a succinct overview of the characteristics of the LysM domain and of current developments in its application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Ram R Visweswaran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Wong JEMM, Alsarraf HMAB, Kaspersen JD, Pedersen JS, Stougaard J, Thirup S, Blaise M. Cooperative binding of LysM domains determines the carbohydrate affinity of a bacterial endopeptidase protein. FEBS J 2014; 281:1196-208. [PMID: 24355088 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, chitin and peptidoglycan are major long-chain carbohydrates in living organisms, and constitute a substantial fraction of the biomass. Characterization of the biochemical basis of dynamic changes and degradation of these β,1-4-linked carbohydrates is therefore important for both functional studies of biological polymers and biotechnology. Here, we investigated the functional role of multiplicity of the carbohydrate-binding lysin motif (LysM) domain that is found in proteins involved in bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis and remodelling. The Bacillus subtilis peptidoglycan-hydrolysing NlpC/P60 D,L-endopeptidase, cell wall-lytic enzyme associated with cell separation, possesses four LysM domains. The contribution of each LysM domain was determined by direct carbohydrate-binding studies in aqueous solution with microscale thermophoresis. We found that bacterial LysM domains have affinity for N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNac) polymers in the lower-micromolar range. Moreover, we demonstrated that a single LysM domain is able to bind carbohydrate ligands, and that LysM domains act additively to increase the binding affinity. Our study reveals that affinity for GlcNAc polymers correlates with the chain length of the carbohydrate, and suggests that binding of long carbohydrates is mediated by LysM domain cooperativity. We also show that bacterial LysM domains, in contrast to plant LysM domains, do not discriminate between GlcNAc polymers, and recognize both peptidoglycan fragments and chitin polymers with similar affinity. Finally, an Ala replacement study suggested that the carbohydrate-binding site in LysM-containing proteins is conserved across phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaslyn E M M Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Aarhus University, Denmark
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12
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Petrović DM, Hesp BH, Broos J. Emitting State of 5-Hydroxyindole, 5-Hydroxytryptophan, and 5-Hydroxytryptophan Incorporated in Proteins. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:10792-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp406676j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dejan M. Petrović
- Laboratory
of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology
Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben H. Hesp
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Broos
- Laboratory
of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology
Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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An expression system for the efficient incorporation of an expanded set of tryptophan analogues. Amino Acids 2013; 44:1329-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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