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Chaturvedi S, Bawake S, Sharma N. Recent advancements in disulfide bridge characterization: Insights from mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9713. [PMID: 38361473 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Disulfide bridges (DSB) play an important role in stabilizing three-dimensional structures of biopharmaceuticals, single purified proteins, and various cyclic peptide drugs that contain disulfide in their structures. Incorrect cross-linking known as DSB scrambling results in misfolded structures that can be inactive, immunogenic, and susceptible to aggregation. Very few articles have been published on the experimental annotation of DSBs in proteins and cyclic peptide drugs. Accurate characterization of the disulfide bond is essential for understanding protein confirmation. METHODS Characterizing DSBs using mass spectrometry (MS) involves the chemical and enzymatic digestion of samples to obtain smaller peptide fragments, in both reduced and nonreduced forms. Subsequently, these samples are analyzed using MS to locate the DSB, either through interpretation or by employing various software tools. RESULTS The main challenge in DSB analysis methods using sample preparation is to obtain a sample solution in which nonnative DSBs are not formed due to high pH, temperature, and presence of free sulfhydryl groups. Formation of nonnative DSBs can lead to erroneous annotation of disulfide bond. Sample preparation techniques, fragmentation methods for DSB analysis, and contemporary approaches for DSB mapping using this fragmentation were discussed. CONCLUSIONS This review presents the latest advancement in MS-based characterization; also a critical perspective is presented for further annotation of DSBs using MS, primarily for single purified proteins or peptides that are densely connected and rich in cysteine. Despite significant breakthroughs resulting from advancements in MS, the analysis of disulfide bonds is not straightforward; it necessitates expertise in sample preparation and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Chaturvedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India), NIPER Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sanket Bawake
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India), NIPER Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Nitish Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India), NIPER Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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2
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Kuo CM, Jen HH, Chen FY, Akbarian M, Ou TH, Liu KY, Lin JL, Chen SH. High-performance peptide and disulfide mapping by direct injection of intact proteins using on-line coupled UV-liquid chromatography microdroplet mass spectrometry (UVLC-MMS). Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1279:341790. [PMID: 37827684 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Microdroplet mass spectrometry (MMS), achieving ultra-fast enzyme digestion in the ionization source, holds great promises for innovating protein analysis. Here, in-depth protein characterization is demonstrated by direct injection of intact protein mixtures via on-line coupling MMS with capillary C4 liquid chromatography (LC) containing UV windows (UVLC-MMS) through an enzyme introduction tee. We showed complete sets of peptides of individual proteins (hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, and ribonuclease A) in a mixture could be obtained in one injection. Such full (100%) sequence coverage, however, could not be achieved by conventional nanoLC-MS method using bottom-up approach with single enzyme. Moreover, direct injection of a chaperone α-crystalline (α-Cry) complex yielded identification of post-translational modifications including novel sites and semi-quantitative characterization including 3:1 stoichiometry ratio of αA- and αB-Cry sub-units and ∼1.4 phosphorylation/subunit on S45 (novel site) and S122 (main site) of αA-Cry, ∼0.7 phosphorylation/subunit on S19 (main site) and S45 of αB-Cry, as well as 100% acetylation on both N-termini of each subunits by matching the mass and retention time of the intact and its digested peptides. Furthermore, trifluoroacetic acid was able to be used in the mobile phase with UVLC-MMS to improve the separation of differentially reduced intact species and detectability of the droplet-digested products. This allowed us to completely map four disulfide linkages of ribonuclease A based on collision-induced dissociation of disulfide clusters, some of which would otherwise not be detected, preventing scrambling or shuffling errors arising from lengthy bulk solution digestion by the bottom-up approach. Integration of UVLC and MMS greatly improves droplet digestion efficiency and MS detection, enabling highly efficient workflow for in-depth and accurate protein characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Ming Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hsiang Jen
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Mohsen Akbarian
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Hong Ou
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Lee Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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3
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Zarkovic TM, Borden SA, Krogh ET, Gill CG. A passive membrane system for on-line mass spectrometry reagent addition. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9487. [PMID: 36739105 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Post-separation addition of chemical modifiers in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is widely used for improving ionization sensitivity and selectivity. This is typically accomplished using a post-column T-junction, which can result in sample dilution and imperfect mixing. We present a passive semi-permeable hollow fiber membrane approach for the addition of chemical modifiers that avoids these issues. METHODS Model compounds were directly infused by flow injection to an electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometer after passing through a polydimethylsiloxane hollow fiber membrane. Ionization enhancement reagents were introduced into the flowing stream by membrane permeation from aqueous solutions. Ionization enhancement from volatile acids and bases in positive and negative electrospray ionization was evaluated to assess the feasibility of this approach. RESULTS The membrane-based apparatus resulted in relative ionization enhancement factors of up to 14×, depending upon the analyte, reagent, and ionization mode used. Ionization enhancement signal stability is reasonable (relative standard deviation of 5-7%) for extended periods from the same reagent solution, and minimal analyte dilution is observed. A proof-of-concept demonstration of the chromatographic "trifluoroacetic acid fix" strategy is presented. CONCLUSIONS An on-line mass spectrometry ionization reagent addition method with potential post-chromatography reagent addition applications was developed using a hollow fiber polydimethylsiloxane membrane. This approach offers a promising alternative to traditional methods requiring additional hardware such as pumps and T-junctions that can result in sample dilution and imperfect reagent mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taelor M Zarkovic
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Scott A Borden
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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4
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Kleinberg A, Joseph R, Mao Y, Li N. Ultrasensitive disulfide scrambling analysis of mAbs by LC-MS with post-column reduction and glycine signal enhancement. Anal Biochem 2022; 653:114773. [PMID: 35688259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Explicitly confirming the complete disulfide bond linkage pattern of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) presents a challenge in the biopharmaceutical industry. Although proper native disulfide connections are in high abundance for analytical purposes within a peptide mapping digest under non-reducing conditions, disulfide scrambling can also exist but be difficult to detect, let alone characterize, particularly at low levels. Here, we developed an ultrasensitive high-confidence method for identifying explicit disulfide connectivity in mAbs. By applying a post-column addition of tris (2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP) to the liquid chromatography (LC) eluent of a non-reduced mAb digest, partial reduction of disulfide peptides is achieved after the initial peptide separation, allowing both the parent disulfide and its reduced daughter peptides to co-elute for simultaneous mass spectrometry (MS) detection. Combining this concept with the recently discovered ability of glycine to enhance MS signal when added to the LC eluent, we demonstrate a method for detecting, characterizing and quantifying low-abundance disulfide scrambling in mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kleinberg
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, United States
| | - Rachel Joseph
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, United States
| | - Yuan Mao
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, United States.
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, United States
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5
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Yang X, Zhang L, Xia Y. Photochemical Disulfide-Ene Modification Enhances Protein Sequencing and Disulfide Mapping by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15231-15235. [PMID: 34751558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A new photochemical disulfide-ene reaction system capable of alkylating protein disulfide bonds in seconds has been established. The system is simple, containing acetone and isopropanol for disulfide reduction under 254 nm UV irradiation and norbornene as a highly efficient alkylation reagent. Enhanced characterization of disulfide-rich proteins with significantly shortened analysis time is demonstrated by coupling the reaction online with mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Longfei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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6
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Yang X, Xia Y. Mapping Complex Disulfide Bonds via Implementing Photochemical Reduction Online with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:307-314. [PMID: 33136395 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Assigning disulfide linkage is a crucial task for protein identification. The current bottom-up proteomics workflow has limitations in characterizing peptide digests containing multiple disulfide bonds due to the difficulty of controlling partial reduction via conventional chemical reduction methods. Previously, our lab reported the development of an acetone/2-propanol (IPA) photoinitiating system for rapid (on second time scale) and tunable disulfide bond reduction. Herein, we incorporated this reaction system onto a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) system for bottom-up protein analysis applications. The photochemical reduction reaction was implemented in a flow microreactor which allowed for up to 15 s 254 nm UV irradiation. The microreactor was installed post LC separation and right before electrospray ionization, while a T-junction was used to introduce the photoinitiating solution to the LC eluent before entering the microreactor. The degree of disulfide reduction was tunable from partial reduction to complete reduction for peptides containing one or multiple disulfide bonds. Significantly improved sequence coverage was obtained from complete disulfide reduction, while assignment of the disulfide connectivity was facilitated from partial disulfide reduction when coupled with tandem mass spectrometry via collision-induced dissociation. As a proof-of-concept test, trypsin digests of lysozyme (four disulfide bonds) and bovine serum albumin (BSA, 17 disulfide bonds) were analyzed by the LC-MS system coupled with online reduction. Sequence coverage was improved from 35% to 100% and 13% to 87% for lysozyme and BSA, respectively. All four disulfide bonds of lysozyme were determined. For BSA, nine disulfide bonds were characterized and eight adjacent disulfide bonds were narrowed down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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7
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Kuo CM, Wei SY, Du SH, Lin JL, Chu CH, Chen CH, Tai JH, Chen SH. Comprehensive Workflow for Mapping Disulfide Linkages Including Free Thiols and Error Checking by On-Line UV-Induced Precolumn Reduction and Spiked Control. Anal Chem 2020; 93:1544-1552. [PMID: 33378175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mapping highly complicated disulfide linkages and free thiols via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS2) is challenging because of the difficulties in optimizing sample preparation to acquire critical MS data and detecting mispairings. Herein, we report a highly efficient and comprehensive workflow using an on-line UV-induced precolumn reduction tandem mass spectrometry (UV-LC-MS2) coupled with two-stage data analysis and spiked control. UV-LC-MS2 features a gradient run of acetonitrile containing a tunable percentage of photoinitiators (acetone/alcohol) that drives the sample to the MS through a UV-flow cell and reverse phase column to separate UV-induced products for subsequent fragmentation via low energy collision-induced dissociation. This allowed the alkylated thiol-containing and UV-reduced cysteine-containing peptides to be identified by a nontargeted database search. Expected or unexpected disulfide/thiol mapping was then carried out based on the search results, and data were derived from partially reduced species by photochemical reaction. Complete assignments of native and scrambled disulfide linkages of insulin, α-lactalbumin, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as well as the free C34-BSA were demonstrated using none or single enzyme digestion. This workflow was applied to characterize unknown disulfide/thiol patterns of the recombinant cyclophilin 1 monomer (rTvCyP1 mono) from the human pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis. α-Lactalbumin was judiciously chosen as a spiked control to minimize mispairings due to sample preparation. rTvCyP1 was determined to contain a high percentage of thiol (>80%). The rest of rTvCyP1 mono were identified to contain two disulfide/thiol patterns, of which C41-C169 linkage was confirmed to exist as C53-C181 in rTvCyP2, a homologue of rTvCyP1. This platform identifies heterogeneous protein disulfide/thiol patterns in a de-novo fashion with artifact control, opening up an opportunity to characterize crude proteins for many applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Ming Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yao Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Han Du
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Lee Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsin Chu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | | | - Jung-Hsiang Tai
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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8
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Srzentić K, Nagornov KO, Fornelli L, Lobas AA, Ayoub D, Kozhinov AN, Gasilova N, Menin L, Beck A, Gorshkov MV, Aizikov K, Tsybin YO. Multiplexed Middle-Down Mass Spectrometry as a Method for Revealing Light and Heavy Chain Connectivity in a Monoclonal Antibody. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12527-12535. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Srzentić
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Luca Fornelli
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna A. Lobas
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniel Ayoub
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Natalia Gasilova
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Menin
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alain Beck
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 74160 St. Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Mikhail V. Gorshkov
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology State University, 141707 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | | | - Yury O. Tsybin
- Spectroswiss, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Cramer CN, Kelstrup CD, Olsen JV, Haselmann KF, Nielsen PK. Generic Workflow for Mapping of Complex Disulfide Bonds Using In-Source Reduction and Extracted Ion Chromatograms from Data-Dependent Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8202-8210. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian N. Cramer
- Protein Engineering, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
- Proteomics Program, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian D. Kelstrup
- Proteomics Program, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper V. Olsen
- Proteomics Program, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim F. Haselmann
- Protein Engineering, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Peter Kresten Nielsen
- Protein Engineering, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
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10
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Lakbub JC, Shipman JT, Desaire H. Recent mass spectrometry-based techniques and considerations for disulfide bond characterization in proteins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:2467-2484. [PMID: 29256076 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are important structural moieties of proteins: they ensure proper folding, provide stability, and ensure proper function. With the increasing use of proteins for biotherapeutics, particularly monoclonal antibodies, which are highly disulfide bonded, it is now important to confirm the correct disulfide bond connectivity and to verify the presence, or absence, of disulfide bond variants in the protein therapeutics. These studies help to ensure safety and efficacy. Hence, disulfide bonds are among the critical quality attributes of proteins that have to be monitored closely during the development of biotherapeutics. However, disulfide bond analysis is challenging because of the complexity of the biomolecules. Mass spectrometry (MS) has been the go-to analytical tool for the characterization of such complex biomolecules, and several methods have been reported to meet the challenging task of mapping disulfide bonds in proteins. In this review, we describe the relevant, recent MS-based techniques and provide important considerations needed for efficient disulfide bond analysis in proteins. The review focuses on methods for proper sample preparation, fragmentation techniques for disulfide bond analysis, recent disulfide bond mapping methods based on the fragmentation techniques, and automated algorithms designed for rapid analysis of disulfide bonds from liquid chromatography-MS/MS data. Researchers involved in method development for protein characterization can use the information herein to facilitate development of new MS-based methods for protein disulfide bond analysis. In addition, individuals characterizing biotherapeutics, especially by disulfide bond mapping in antibodies, can use this review to choose the best strategies for disulfide bond assignment of their biologic products. Graphical Abstract This review, describing characterization methods for disulfide bonds in proteins, focuses on three critical components: sample preparation, mass spectrometry data, and software tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude C Lakbub
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Joshua T Shipman
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Heather Desaire
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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11
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Furuki K, Toyo'oka T. Determination of thiol-to-protein ratio and drug-to-antibody ratio by in-line size exclusion chromatography with post-column reaction. Anal Biochem 2017; 527:33-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Cramer CN, Kelstrup CD, Olsen JV, Haselmann KF, Nielsen PK. Complete Mapping of Complex Disulfide Patterns with Closely-Spaced Cysteines by In-Source Reduction and Data-Dependent Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5949-5957. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian N. Cramer
- Protein
Engineering, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
- Proteomics
Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research,
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian D. Kelstrup
- Proteomics
Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research,
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper V. Olsen
- Proteomics
Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research,
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim F. Haselmann
- Protein
Engineering, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Peter Kresten Nielsen
- Protein
Engineering, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
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13
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Liu H, Lei QP, Washabaugh M. Characterization of IgG2 Disulfide Bonds with LC/MS/MS and Postcolumn Online Reduction. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5080-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongji Liu
- Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Qing Paula Lei
- Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Michael Washabaugh
- Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
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14
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Fekete S, Guillarme D, Sandra P, Sandra K. Chromatographic, Electrophoretic, and Mass Spectrometric Methods for the Analytical Characterization of Protein Biopharmaceuticals. Anal Chem 2015; 88:480-507. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Pat Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), President Kennedypark 26, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Koen Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), President Kennedypark 26, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
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15
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Wiesner J, Resemann A, Evans C, Suckau D, Jabs W. Advanced mass spectrometry workflows for analyzing disulfide bonds in biologics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:115-23. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1018896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Wiggins B, Liu-Shin L, Yamaguchi H, Ratnaswamy G. Characterization of cysteine-linked conjugation profiles of immunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin G2 antibody-drug conjugates. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1362-72. [PMID: 25631158 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two US FDA-approved antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs; Kadcyla(®) and Adcetris(®) ) have accelerated clinical interest in the potential of targeted cancer therapeutics as the next generation of oncology drugs that are designed to increase efficacy while reducing overall toxicity. Thiol conjugates are produced by partial reduction of the interchain disulfides, followed by conjugation with a drug-linker, resulting in a heterogeneous mix of molecules that differ with respect to the site of conjugation and the number of drugs per antibody. ADCs that have been characterized in this class have an immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) framework and there is little information available on IgG2 ADCs. As IgG1s and IgG2s differ in the number of disulfides and molecular conformations, each subclass could lead to unique combinations of possible conjugation sites. We conducted in-depth characterization of two ADCs, an IgG1 and an IgG2 conjugated to monomethyl auristatin E. The results demonstrate that the IgG1 monoclonal antibodies favor conjugation to the cysteines between the light and heavy chains, whereas IgG2s demonstrate preference for the hinge region cysteines. The drug-loading distribution and conjugation sites of ADCs have been reported to influence pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and clearance. Therefore, an understanding of the conjugation profiles is important for the selection and engineering of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wiggins
- Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., Santa Monica, California, 90404
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Nicolardi S, Deelder AM, Palmblad M, van der Burgt YEM. Structural analysis of an intact monoclonal antibody by online electrochemical reduction of disulfide bonds and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5376-82. [PMID: 24780057 DOI: 10.1021/ac500383c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Structural confirmation and quality control of recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by top-down mass spectrometry is still challenging due to the size of the proteins, disulfide content, and post-translational modifications such as glycosylation. In this study we have applied electrochemistry (EC) to overcome disulfide bridge complexity in top-down analysis of mAbs. To this end, an electrochemical cell was coupled directly to an electrospray ionization (ESI) source and a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer (MS) equipped with a 15 T magnet. By performing online EC-assisted reduction of interchain disulfide bonds in an intact mAb, the released light chains could be selected for tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis without interference from heavy-chain fragments. Moreover, the acquisition of full MS scans under denaturing conditions allowed profiling of all abundant mAb glycoforms. Ultrahigh-resolution FTICR-MS measurements provided fully resolved isotopic distributions of intact mAb and enabled the identification of the most abundant adducts and other interfering species. Furthermore, it was found that reduction of interchain disulfide bonds occurs in the ESI source dependent on capillary voltage and solvent composition. This phenomenon was systematically evaluated and compared with the results obtained from reduction in the electrochemical cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Nicolardi
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center , Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Rosati S, Yang Y, Barendregt A, Heck AJR. Detailed mass analysis of structural heterogeneity in monoclonal antibodies using native mass spectrometry. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:967-76. [PMID: 24675736 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular complexity of biopharmaceuticals puts severe demands on the bioanalytical techniques required for their comprehensive structural characterization. Mass spectrometry (MS) has gained importance in the analysis of biopharmaceuticals, taking different complementary approaches ranging from peptide-based sequencing to direct analysis of intact proteins and protein assemblies. In this protocol, we describe procedures optimized to perform the analysis of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) at the intact protein level under pseudo-native conditions, using native MS. Some of the strengths of native MS in the analysis of biopharmaceuticals are its analysis speed, sensitivity and specificity: for most experiments, the whole protocol requires one working day, whereby tens of samples can be analyzed in a multiplexed manner, making it suitable for high-throughput analysis. This method can be used for different applications such as the analysis of mixtures of mAbs, drug-antibody conjugates and the analysis of mAb post-translational modifications, including the qualitative and quantitative analysis of mAb glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rosati
- 1] Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands. [3]
| | - Yang Yang
- 1] Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands. [3]
| | - Arjan Barendregt
- 1] Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- 1] Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sandra K, Vandenheede I, Sandra P. Modern chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques for protein biopharmaceutical characterization. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:81-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Li X, Xu W, Paporello B, Richardson D, Liu H. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry with post-column partial reduction for the analysis of native and scrambled disulfide bonds. Anal Biochem 2013; 439:184-6. [PMID: 23639491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A method capable of detecting both native and scrambled disulfide bonds has been established. Nonreduced protein digests were separated using a reversed-phase C18 column, partially reduced by post-column addition of a reducing reagent, and then analyzed by mass spectrometry. Disulfide bond linkage was established by matching the retention times of cysteine-containing peptides and confirmed by the detection of the molecular weight of the disulfide-linked peptides. The application of this method was demonstrated by determination of the disulfide bond structures of an immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) molecule and lysozyme and by the detection of four scrambled disulfide bonds in the IgG1 molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Li
- Merck Research Laboratories, Union, NJ 07083, USA
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