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Chauhan N, Saxena K, Tikadar M, Jain U. Recent advances in the design of biosensors based on novel nanomaterials: An insight. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0006524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Kirti Saxena
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Mayukh Tikadar
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Utkarsh Jain
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
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Vogel K, Wei R, Pfaff L, Breite D, Al-Fathi H, Ortmann C, Estrela-Lopis I, Venus T, Schulze A, Harms H, Bornscheuer UT, Maskow T. Enzymatic degradation of polyethylene terephthalate nanoplastics analyzed in real time by isothermal titration calorimetry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145111. [PMID: 33940717 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are globally used for a variety of benefits. As a consequence of poor recycling or reuse, improperly disposed plastic waste accumulates in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to a considerable extent. Large plastic waste items become fragmented to small particles through mechanical and (photo)chemical processes. Particles with sizes ranging from millimeter (microplastics, <5 mm) to nanometer (nanoplastics, NP, <100 nm) are apparently persistent and have adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. Current research therefore focuses on whether and to what extent microorganisms or enzymes can degrade these NP. In this study, we addressed the question of what information isothermal titration calorimetry, which tracks the heat of reaction of the chain scission of a polyester, can provide about the kinetics and completeness of the degradation process. The majority of the heat represents the cleavage energy of the ester bonds in polymer backbones providing real-time kinetic information. Calorimetry operates even in complex matrices. Using the example of the cutinase-catalyzed degradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanoparticles, we found that calorimetry (isothermal titration calorimetry-ITC) in combination with thermokinetic models is excellently suited for an in-depth analysis of the degradation processes of NP. For instance, we can separately quantify i) the enthalpy of surface adsorption ∆AdsH = 129 ± 2 kJ mol-1, ii) the enthalpy of the cleavage of the ester bonds ∆EBH = -58 ± 1.9 kJ mol-1 and the apparent equilibrium constant of the enzyme substrate complex K = 0.046 ± 0.015 g L-1. It could be determined that the heat production of PET NP degradation depends to 95% on the reaction heat and only to 5% on the adsorption heat. The fact that the percentage of cleaved ester bonds (η = 12.9 ± 2.4%) is quantifiable with the new method is of particular practical importance. The new method promises a quantification of enzymatic and microbial adsorption to NP and their degradation in mimicked real-world aquatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Vogel
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig University, Bruederstr, 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ren Wei
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute for Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Lara Pfaff
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute for Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel Breite
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hassan Al-Fathi
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Irina Estrela-Lopis
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Härtelstr, 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tom Venus
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Härtelstr, 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Agnes Schulze
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hauke Harms
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute for Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Maskow
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Abstract
Temperature is an important factor in the process of life, as thermal energy transfer participates in all biological events in organisms. Due to technical limitations, there is still a lot more information to be explored regarding the correlation between life activities and temperature changes. In recent years, the emergence of a variety of new temperature measurement methods has facilitated further research in this field. Here, we introduce the latest advances in temperature sensors for biological detection and their related applications in metabolic research. Various technologies are discussed in terms of their advantages and shortcomings, and future prospects are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuexia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Ning Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the use of biocatalysts in flow reactors. This merging combines the high selectivity and mild operation conditions typical of biocatalysis with enhanced mass transfer and resource efficiency associated to flow chemistry. Additionally, it provides a sound environment to emulate Nature by mimicking metabolic pathways in living cells and to produce goods through the systematic organization of enzymes towards efficient cascade reactions. Moreover, by enabling the combination of enzymes from different hosts, this approach paves the way for novel pathways. The present review aims to present recent developments within the scope of flow chemistry involving multi-enzymatic cascade reactions. The types of reactors used are briefly addressed. Immobilization methodologies and strategies for the application of the immobilized biocatalysts are presented and discussed. Key aspects related to the use of whole cells in flow chemistry are presented. The combination of chemocatalysis and biocatalysis is also addressed and relevant aspects are highlighted. Challenges faced in the transition from microscale to industrial scale are presented and discussed.
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Motalebizadeh A, Asiaei S. Micro-fabrication by wax spraying for rapid smartphone-based quantification of bio-markers. Anal Biochem 2020; 603:113777. [PMID: 32445635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A cheap/rapid technique for the fabrication of μPADs is presented for point of care analysis. Hydrophobic channels were formed across the width of the paper by spraying hot pure wax. This biocompatible novel process yielded uniform 300 ± 5 μm hydrophilic microchannels on paper, without the use of the cleanroom, UV lamp, or organic solvents and was completed in a single step without the need for a hotplate. Hot wax is properly impregnated across paper thickness by spraying under optimized temperature and pressure. Our method is advantageous in the cost and ease of fabrication, process time (<1 min), the feasibility of mass-fabrication, readout, environmental considerations and multiplexing due to the embossed structure of remnant wax. The performance of the resulting μPAD was assessed on a multiplexed Uric acid and Nitride assay, bearing 95% of confidence level in the readout against standardized tests. A novel RGB processing app was developed for smart-phones to quantify colorimetric read-outs through a heuristic normalization equation that converts RGB to integer systems. This combinatorial sensor demonstrates a good linear range (up to 800 μM for Uric acid and 1250 μM for Nitride), low detection limit (100 μM for uric acid and 156 μM for nitride).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Motalebizadeh
- Sensors and Integrated Biomicrofluidics/MEMS Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, 1684613114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Asiaei
- Sensors and Integrated Biomicrofluidics/MEMS Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, 1684613114, Tehran, Iran; Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Laboratory, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Waterloo, Canada.
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Wang S, Sha X, Yu S, Zhao Y. Nanocalorimeters for biomolecular analysis and cell metabolism monitoring. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:011503. [PMID: 32038739 PMCID: PMC6994269 DOI: 10.1063/1.5134870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanocalorimeters, or microfabricated calorimeters, provide a promising way to characterize the thermal process of biological processes, such as biomolecule interactions and cellular metabolic activities. They enabled miniaturized heat measurement onto a chip device with potential benefits including low sample consumption, low cost, portability, and high throughput. Over the past few decades, researchers have tried to improve nanocalorimeters' performance, in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, and detection resolution, by exploring different sensing methods, thermal insulation techniques, and liquid handling methods. The enhanced devices resulted in new applications in recent years, and here we have summarized the performance parameters and applications based on categories. Finally, we have listed the current technical difficulties in nanocalorimeter research and hope for future solutions to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Wang
- Department of Control Engineering, Northeastern University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaopeng Sha
- Department of Control Engineering, Northeastern University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shifeng Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- Department of Control Engineering, Northeastern University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066001, People’s Republic of China
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