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Lloyd SM, He Y. Exploring Extracellular Matrix Crosslinking as a Therapeutic Approach to Fibrosis. Cells 2024; 13:438. [PMID: 38474402 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural support for tissues and regulatory signals for resident cells. ECM requires a careful balance between protein accumulation and degradation for homeostasis. Disruption of this balance can lead to pathological processes such as fibrosis in organs across the body. Post-translational crosslinking modifications to ECM proteins such as collagens alter ECM structure and function. Dysregulation of crosslinking enzymes as well as changes in crosslinking composition are prevalent in fibrosis. Because of the crucial roles these ECM crosslinking pathways play in disease, the enzymes that govern crosslinking events are being explored as therapeutic targets for fibrosis. Here, we review in depth the molecular mechanisms underlying ECM crosslinking, how ECM crosslinking contributes to fibrosis, and the therapeutic strategies being explored to target ECM crosslinking in fibrosis to restore normal tissue structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Lloyd
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Yupeng He
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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Ezzo M, Hinz B. Novel approaches to target fibroblast mechanotransduction in fibroproliferative diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 250:108528. [PMID: 37708995 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cells to sense and respond to changes in mechanical environment is vital in conditions of organ injury when the architecture of normal tissues is disturbed or lost. Among the various cellular players that respond to injury, fibroblasts take center stage in re-establishing tissue integrity by secreting and organizing extracellular matrix into stabilizing scar tissue. Activation, activity, survival, and death of scar-forming fibroblasts are tightly controlled by mechanical environment and proper mechanotransduction ensures that fibroblast activities cease after completion of the tissue repair process. Conversely, dysregulated mechanotransduction often results in fibroblast over-activation or persistence beyond the state of normal repair. The resulting pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix is called fibrosis, a condition that has been associated with over 40% of all deaths in the industrialized countries. Consequently, elements in fibroblast mechanotransduction are scrutinized for their suitability as anti-fibrotic therapeutic targets. We review the current knowledge on mechanically relevant factors in the fibroblast extracellular environment, cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion structures, stretch-activated membrane channels, stress-regulated cytoskeletal structures, and co-transcription factors. We critically discuss the targetability of these elements in therapeutic approaches and their progress in pre-clinical and/or clinical trials to treat organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Ezzo
- Keenan Research Institute for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Keenan Research Institute for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Yin X, Konishi T, Horikawa K, Tanaka R, Togo Y, Noda T, Hosoi M, Tsuchida M, Kunoh T, Wada S, Nakamura T, Tsuda E, Sasaki R, Mizukami T, Hasegawa M. Structure and Function of Potential Glycosylation Sites of Dynactin-Associated Protein dynAP. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:611-620. [PMID: 35022995 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of human dynactin-associated protein (dynAP) transforms NIH3T3 cells. DynAP is a single-pass transmembrane protein with a carboxy-terminal region (amino acids 135-210) exposed to the outside of the cell possessing one potential N-glycosylation site (position 143) and a distal C-terminal region (residues 173-210) harboring a Thr/Ser-rich (T/S) cluster that may be O-glycosylated. In SDS-PAGE, dynAP migrates anomalously at ~ 45 kDa, much larger than expected (22.5 kDa) based on the amino acid composition. Using dynAP mutants, we herein showed that the T/S cluster region is responsible for the anomalous migration. The T/S cluster region is required for transport to the cytoplasmic membrane and cell transformation. We produced and purified the extracellular fragment (dynAP135-210) in secreted form and analyzed the attached glycans. Asn143 displayed complex-type glycosylation, suggesting that oligosaccharide transferase may recognize the NXT/S sequon in the secretory form, but not clearly in full-length dynAP. Core I-type O-glycosylation (Gal-GalNAc) was observed, but the mass spectrometry signal was weak, clearly indicating that further studies are needed to elucidate modifications in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Yin
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-cho, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Takayuki Konishi
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-cho, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Kazuo Horikawa
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-cho, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Ryota Tanaka
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-cho, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yuki Togo
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-cho, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Takanori Noda
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-cho, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Miho Hosoi
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-cho, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan.,Frontier Pharma, 1281-8 Tamura-cho, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Mie Tsuchida
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-cho, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan.,Frontier Pharma, 1281-8 Tamura-cho, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Kunoh
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-cho, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Shuichi Wada
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-cho, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Nakamura
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-cho, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Eisuke Tsuda
- Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories 1, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-8710, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Sasaki
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-cho, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan.,Frontier Pharma, 1281-8 Tamura-cho, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Tamio Mizukami
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-cho, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan.,Frontier Pharma, 1281-8 Tamura-cho, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Makoto Hasegawa
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-cho, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan.
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