1
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Aryal B, Lehtimaki M, Rao VA. Stress-mediated polysorbate 20 degradation and its potential impact on therapeutic proteins. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1217-1232. [PMID: 38740663 PMCID: PMC11196320 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polysorbates are the most commonly used surfactants in formulations to stabilize therapeutic proteins against interfacial stresses. Polysorbates can undergo oxidative or enzyme-mediated hydrolytic degradation to produce free fatty acids (FFAs) and subvisible particles in formulations. To determine which product related variables contribute to PS20 degradation, we investigated the effects of storage temperature, formulation, pH, presence of hydrolytic enzymes, and specific fatty acid composition on different grades of PS20 in relation to their PS20 degradation profile and consequently the quality of protein drug products. METHODS Bevacizumab and T-DM1 were reformulated in the freshly prepared therapeutic protein formulations containing either compendial PS20 or non-compendial PS20 with high % lauric acid and spiked with exogenous esterase or lipase. The release of FFAs and formation of particles were monitored at 4°C and 37°C. Protein quality was assessed for secondary structures, purity, and biological activity. RESULTS Hydrolytic release of FFAs and formation of subvisible particles were found to be dependent on grades of PS20, types of enzymes used, incubation temperature, and pH. Esterase- or lipase-mediated degradation of PS20 and formation of subvisible particles in drug formulation showed no significant impact on the biological activity and stability of therapeutic proteins against degradation or aggregation. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that degradation of PS20 and formation of FFA particles depend on the fatty acid composition of PS20, types of hydrolytic enzymes, pH, and temperature. The presence of FFA subvisible particles showed no significant impact on the purity and biological activity of the therapeutic proteins under the tested conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baikuntha Aryal
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology Research and Review III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administrations, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Mari Lehtimaki
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology Research and Review III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administrations, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - V Ashutosh Rao
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology Research and Review III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administrations, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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2
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Markus T, Lumer J, Stasavage R, Ruffner DB, Philips LA, Cheong FC. Monitoring polysorbate 80 degradation in protein solutions using Total Holographic Characterization. Int J Pharm 2024; 652:123843. [PMID: 38266941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The degradation of polysorbate surfactants can limit the shelf life of biologic pharmaceutical products. Polysorbate is susceptible to degradation via either oxidation or hydrolysis pathways which releases free fatty acids (FFA) and other complex polymers. Degradants from Polysorbate 80 (PS80) can form particles and impact drug product quality. PS80 degradation products appear at low concentrations, and their refractive indexes are similar to that of the buffer, making them very challenging to detect. Furthermore, aggregates of FFA are similar in size and refractive index to protein aggregates adding complexity to characterizing these particles in protein solutions. Total Holographic Characterization (THC) is used in this work to characterize FFA particles of oleic acid and linoleic acid, the two most common degradation products of PS80. We demonstrate that the characteristic THC profile of the FFA oleic acid emulsion droplets can be used to monitor the degradation of PS80. THC can detect oleic acid at a concentration down to less than 100 ng/mL. Using the characteristic THC signal of oleic acid as a marker, the degradation of PS80 in protein solutions can be monitored quantitatively even in the presence of other contaminants of the same size, including silicone oil emulsion droplets and protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana Lumer
- Spheryx Inc., 330 East 38th Street, 48J, NY, 10016, USA
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3
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Riccardi C, Carlson DP, Graham KS, Shameem M, Kamen DE. Evaluation of the In-Use Stability of Monoclonal Antibody IV Admixtures Prepared from Drug Products Containing Polysorbate 20 Degraded by Host-Cell Lipases. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:3045-3055. [PMID: 37643700 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Host-cell lipases can be present in monoclonal antibody drug products and can degrade polysorbates present in the formulations as stabilizers. We hypothesized that the in-use stability of the IV admixture prepared from such a drug product might be impacted by decreasing levels of polysorbate 20. Host-cell lipase activity has, in fact, been observed during development of one of our therapeutic monoclonal antibody drug products. Throughout the course of the product shelf life, polysorbate 20 levels decreased but no other quality attributes of the drug product were impacted. An experimental approach was developed to simulate how the prepared IV admixture in-use stability is affected as polysorbate 20 concentration in the drug product decreased over the shelf life, and from that a minimum level of polysorbate 20 required in the drug product was determined to estimate the in-use stability of the IV admixture as the polysorbate 20 in the drug product degrades. The results indicate that although the observed degradation of polysorbate 20 does not affect quality attributes of this drug product, in-use stability of the IV admixture as a function of polysorbate degradation can be impacted and should be assessed to ensure sufficient quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Riccardi
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Formulation Development, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York, NY 10591, USA
| | - Dane P Carlson
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Formulation Development, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York, NY 10591, USA
| | - Kenneth S Graham
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Formulation Development, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York, NY 10591, USA
| | - Mohammed Shameem
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Formulation Development, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York, NY 10591, USA
| | - Douglas E Kamen
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Formulation Development, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York, NY 10591, USA.
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4
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Gupta SK, Graf T, Edelmann FT, Seelmann H, Reintinger M, Hilringhaus L, Bergmann F, Wiedmann M, Falkenstein R, Wegele H, Yuk IH, Leiss M. A fast and sensitive high-throughput assay to assess polysorbate-degrading hydrolytic activity in biopharmaceuticals. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 187:120-129. [PMID: 37116764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of polysorbate in biopharmaceutical products has been ascribed to the enzymatic activity from trace levels of residual host cell proteins. In recent years, significant efforts to identify the causative enzymes typically used elaborate, material-intensive and time-consuming approaches. Therefore, the lack of fast and sensitive assays to monitor their activity remains a major bottleneck for supporting process optimization and troubleshooting activities where time and sample throughput are crucial constraints. To address this bottleneck, we developed a novel Electrochemiluminescence-based Polysorbase Activity (EPA) assay to measure hydrolytic activities in biotherapeutics throughout the drug substance manufacturing process. By combining the favorable features of an in-house designed surrogate substrate with a well-established detection platform, the method yields fast (∼36 h turnaround time) and highly sensitive readouts compatible with high-throughput testing. The assay capability for detecting substrate conversion in a precise and reliable manner was demonstrated by extensive qualification studies and by employing a number of recombinant hydrolases associated with polysorbate hydrolysis. In addition, high assay sensitivity and wide applicability were confirmed for in-process pool samples of three different antibody products by performing a head-to-head comparison between this method and an established liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry based assay for the quantification of free fatty acids. Overall, our results suggest that this new approach is well-suited to resolve differences in hydrolytic activity through all stages of purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Gupta
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Graf
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Franziska T Edelmann
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Helen Seelmann
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Markus Reintinger
- Reagent Research and Design, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Lars Hilringhaus
- Reagent Research and Design, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Frank Bergmann
- Reagent Research and Design, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Michael Wiedmann
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Roberto Falkenstein
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Harald Wegele
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Inn H Yuk
- Pharma Technical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael Leiss
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany.
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5
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Zhang S, Zhao B, Adaniya S, Xiao H, Li N. Ultrasensitive Quantification Method for Understanding Biologically Relevant Concentrations of Host Cell Proteins in Therapeutics. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6002-6008. [PMID: 36977129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Certain host cell proteins (HCPs) in biotherapeutic drugs may be detrimental to drug product quality even when they are present at the subppm level. Therefore, an analytical method that can reliably quantify trace amounts of HCPs is desirable. This study demonstrates a novel strategy to quantify HCPs present at subppm levels with ProteoMiner enrichment coupled with limited digestion followed by targeted analysis with nano-liquid chromatography-parallel reaction monitoring. The method can achieve LLOQ values as low as 0.06 ppm, with an accuracy of 85%-111% of the theoretical value, and inter-run and intrarun precision within 12% and 25%, respectively. The approach was applied to the quantification of five high-risk HCPs in drug products. The results indicated that 2.5 ppm lysosomal acid lipase, 0.14 ppm liver carboxylesterase, 1.8 ppm palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1, and 1 ppm cathepsin D affected the stability of drug products, whereas drug products could safely contain 1.5 ppm lipoprotein lipase, 0.1 ppm lysosomal acid lipase, or 0.3 ppm cathepsin D. In combination with lipase activity analysis, the accurate quantification of lipases/esterases in drug products enables better understanding and comparison of the enzymatic activity of polysorbate degradation from endogenous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Zhang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6706, United States
| | - Bo Zhao
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6706, United States
| | - Stephanie Adaniya
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6706, United States
| | - Hui Xiao
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6706, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6706, United States
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6
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Diederichs T, Mittag JJ, Humphrey J, Voss S, Carle S, Buske J, Garidel P. Existence of a superior polysorbate fraction in respect to protein stabilization and particle formation? Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122660. [PMID: 36740078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Biologicals including monoclonal antibodies are the current flagships in pharmaceutical industry. However, they are exposed to a multitude of destabilization conditions like for instance hydrophobic interfaces, leading to reduced biological activity. Polysorbates are commonly applied to effectively stabilize these active pharmaceutical ingredients against colloidal stress. Nevertheless, chemical instability of polysorbate via hydrolysis or oxidation results in degradation products that might form particles via phase separation. Polysorbates are mixtures of hundreds of individual components, and recently purer quality grades with reduced variations in the fatty acid composition are available. As the protective function of polysorbate itself is not completely understood, even less is known about its individual components, raising the question of the existence of a superior polysorbate species in respect to protein stabilization or degradation susceptibility. Here, we evaluated the protective function of four main fractions of polysorbate 20 (PS20) in agitation studies with monoclonal antibodies, followed by particle analysis as well as protein and polysorbate content determination. The commercially-available inherent mixtures PS20 high purity and PS20 all-laurate, as well as the fraction isosorbide-POE-monolaurate showed superior protection against mechanical-induced stress (visual inspection and turbidity) at the air-water interface in comparison to sole sorbitan-POE-monolaurate, -dilaurate, and -trilaurate. Fractions composed mainly of higher-order esters like sorbitan-POE-dilaurate and sorbitan-POE-trilaurate indicated high turbidities as indication for subvisible and small particles accompanied by a reduced protein monomer content after agitation. For the isosorbide-POE-monolaurates as well as for the inherent polysorbate mixtures no obvious differences in protein content and protein aggregation (SEC) were observed, reflecting the observations from visual appearance. However, absolute polysorbate concentrations vary drastically between different species in the actual formulations. As there are still open questions in respect to protein specificity or regarding mixtures versus individual components of PS20, further studies must be performed, to gain a better understanding of a "generalized" stabilizing effect of polysorbates on monoclonal antibodies. The knowledge of the characteristics of individual polysorbate species can have the potential to pave the way to superior detergents in respect to protein stabilization and/or degradation susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Diederichs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
| | - Judith J Mittag
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - James Humphrey
- Croda Europe Ltd, Cowick Hall, DN14 9AA, Snaith, United Kingdom
| | - Söhnke Voss
- Croda Europe Ltd, Cowick Hall, DN14 9AA, Snaith, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Carle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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7
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Wuchner K, Yi L, Chery C, Nikels F, Junge F, Crotts G, Rinaldi G, Starkey JA, Bechtold-Peters K, Shuman M, Leiss M, Jahn M, Garidel P, de Ruiter R, Richer SM, Cao S, Peuker S, Huille S, Wang T, Brun VL. Industry Perspective on the Use and Characterization of Polysorbates for Biopharmaceutical Products Part 2: Survey Report on Control Strategy Preparing for the Future. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2955-2967. [PMID: 36002077 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate (PS) 20 and 80 are the main surfactants used to stabilize biopharmaceutical products. Industry practices on various aspects of PS based on a confidential survey and following discussions by 16 globally acting major biotechnology companies is presented in two publications. Part 1 summarizes the current practice and use of PS during manufacture in addition to aspects like current understanding of the (in)stability of PS, the routine QC testing and control of PS, and selected regulatory aspects of PS.1 The current part 2 of the survey focusses on understanding, monitoring, prediction, and mitigation of PS degradation pathways in order to propose an effective control strategy. The results of the survey and extensive cross-company discussions are put into relation with currently available scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wuchner
- Janssen R&D, DPDS BTDS Analytical Development, Hochstr. 201, 8200 Schaffhausen, Switzerland.
| | - Linda Yi
- Analytical Development, Biogen, Morrisville, NC 27709, USA
| | - Cyrille Chery
- UCB, Analytical Development Sciences for Biologicals, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Felix Nikels
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Friederike Junge
- Analytical Research and Development, NBE Analytical R&D, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH& Co. KG, Knollstraße, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - George Crotts
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Gianluca Rinaldi
- Merck Serono SpA, Guidonia Montecelio, Italy, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jason A Starkey
- Pfizer, Inc. Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development 875 W. Chesterfield Parkway, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | | | - Melissa Shuman
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Michael Leiss
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, 82377, Germany
| | - Michael Jahn
- Lonza AG, Drug Product Services, Hochbergerstr. 60G, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Rien de Ruiter
- Byondis B.V., Downstream Processing, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah M Richer
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Shawn Cao
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Sebastian Peuker
- Bayer AG, Product Supply, Analytical Development and Clinical QC for Biotech Products, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 217-233, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sylvain Huille
- Sanofi R&D, Biologics Drug Products Development,13 quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry-sur Seine, France
| | - Tingting Wang
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Virginie Le Brun
- Lonza AG, Drug Product Services, Hochbergerstr. 60G, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Zhang S, Xiao H, Li N. The Characterization of Polysorbate. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e489. [PMID: 35857882 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polysorbates (PSs), including PS20 and PS80, are non-ionic surfactants widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to enhance drug solubility and stability. Despite their wide application, PSs are prone to degradation by either hydrolysis or oxidation in drug formulations during storage; therefore, a PS characterization method assessing protein products is needed for stability testing and for understanding the degradation pathway. In this article, we detail our protocol for sample preparation for forced degradation study and our instrumentation setup for PS profiling and quantitation in protein samples. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Sample preparation for forced degradation of polysorbate in protein samples Basic Protocol 2: Two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detector or mass spectrometry to analyze polysorbate degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Zhang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Hui Xiao
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Ning Li
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York
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9
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Li X, Wang F, Li H, Richardson DD, Roush DJ. The measurement and control of high-risk host cell proteins for polysorbate degradation in biologics formulation. Antib Ther 2022; 5:42-54. [PMID: 35155990 PMCID: PMC8826928 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonionic surfactant polysorbates, including PS-80 and PS-20, are commonly used in the formulation of biotherapeutic products for both preventing surface adsorption and acting as stabilizer against protein aggregation. Trace levels of residual host cell proteins (HCPs) with lipase or esterase enzymatic activity have been shown to degrade polysorbates in biologics formulation. The measurement and control of these low abundance, high-risk HCPs for polysorbate degradation are an industry-wide challenge to achieve desired shelf life of biopharmaceuticals in liquid formulation, especially for high-concentration formulation product development. Here, we reviewed the challenges, recent advances, and future opportunities of analytical method development, risk assessment, and control strategies for polysorbate degradation during formulation development with a focus on enzymatic degradation. Continued efforts to advance our understanding of polysorbate degradation in biologics formulation will help develop high-quality medicines for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanwen Li
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Xuanwen Li, Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WPP042A-4015, West Point, PA 19486. Tel: 215-652-1829;
| | - Fengqiang Wang
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Douglas D Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - David J Roush
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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