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Sricharoen P, Limchoowong N, Techawongstien S, Chanthai S. A novel extraction method for β-carotene and other carotenoids in fruit juices using air-assisted, low-density solvent-based liquid-liquid microextraction and solidified floating organic droplets. Food Chem 2016; 203:386-393. [PMID: 26948629 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Green extraction using air-assisted, low-density solvent-based liquid-liquid microextraction and solidified floating organic droplets (AA-LDS-LLME-SFOD) prior to spectrophotometry was successfully applied for quantitation of carotenoids in fruit juices. Under optimal conditions, β-carotene could be quantified with a linear response up to a concentration of 60 μg mL(-1). The procedure was performed in a microcentrifuge tube with 40 μL of 1-dodecanol as the extraction solvent and a 1.0 mL juice sample containing 8% NaCl under seven extraction cycles of air pumping by syringe. This method was validated based on linearity (0.2-30 μg mL(-1), R(2) 0.998), limit of detection (0.04 μg mL(-1)) and limit of quantification (0.13 μg mL(-1)). The precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the calibration curve slope (n=12), for inter-day and intra-day analysis was 4.85% and 7.92%, respectively. Recovery of β-carotene was in the range of 93.6-101.5%. The newly proposed method is simple, rapid and environmentally friendly, particularly as a useful screening test for food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phitchan Sricharoen
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nunticha Limchoowong
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Suchila Techawongstien
- Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Saksit Chanthai
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Stutz H, Bresgen N, Eckl PM. Analytical tools for the analysis of β-carotene and its degradation products. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:650-80. [PMID: 25867077 PMCID: PMC4487603 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1022539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
β-Carotene, the precursor of vitamin A, possesses pronounced radical scavenging properties. This has centered the attention on β-carotene dietary supplementation in healthcare as well as in the therapy of degenerative disorders and several cancer types. However, two intervention trials with β-carotene have revealed adverse effects on two proband groups, that is, cigarette smokers and asbestos-exposed workers. Beside other causative reasons, the detrimental effects observed have been related to the oxidation products of β-carotene. Their generation originates in the polyene structure of β-carotene that is beneficial for radical scavenging, but is also prone to oxidation. Depending on the dominant degradation mechanism, bond cleavage might occur either randomly or at defined positions of the conjugated electron system, resulting in a diversity of cleavage products (CPs). Due to their instability and hydrophobicity, the handling of standards and real samples containing β-carotene and related CPs requires preventive measures during specimen preparation, analyte extraction, and final analysis, to avoid artificial degradation and to preserve the initial analyte portfolio. This review critically discusses different preparation strategies of standards and treatment solutions, and also addresses their protection from oxidation. Additionally, in vitro oxidation strategies for the generation of oxidative model compounds are surveyed. Extraction methods are discussed for volatile and non-volatile CPs individually. Gas chromatography (GC), (ultra)high performance liquid chromatography (U)HPLC, and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) are reviewed as analytical tools for final analyte analysis. For identity confirmation of analytes, mass spectrometry (MS) is indispensable, and the appropriate ionization principles are comprehensively discussed. The final sections cover analysis of real samples and aspects of quality assurance, namely matrix effects and method validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Stutz
- Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - N. Bresgen
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - P. M. Eckl
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Al-Abboodi A, Tjeung R, Doran PM, Yeo LY, Friend J, Yik Chan PP. In situ generation of tunable porosity gradients in hydrogel-based scaffolds for microfluidic cell culture. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1655-70. [PMID: 24711346 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Compared with preformed anisotropic matrices, an anisotropic matrix that allows users to alter its properties and structure in situ after synthesis offers the important advantage of being able to mimic dynamic in vivo microenvironments, such as in tissues undergoing morphogenesis or in wounds undergoing tissue repair. In this study, porous gradients are generated in situ in a hydrogel comprising enzymatically crosslinked gelatin hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (GTN-HPA) conjugate and carboxylmethyl cellulose tyramine (CMC-TYR) conjugate. The GTN-HPA component acts as the backbone of the hydrogel, while CMC-TYR acts as a biocompatible sacrificial polymer. The hydrogel is then used to immobilize HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells in a microfluidic chamber. After diffusion of a biocompatible cellulase enzyme through the hydrogel in a spatially controlled manner, selective digestion of the CMC component of the hydrogel by the cellulase gives rise to a porosity gradient in situ instead of requiring its formation during hydrogel synthesis as with other methods. The influence of this in situ tunable porosity gradient on the chemotactic response of cancer cells is subsequently studied both in the absence and presence of chemoattractant. This platform illustrates the potential of hydrogel-based microfluidics to mimic the 3D in vivo microenvironment for tissue engineering and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswan Al-Abboodi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Monash University; Clayton VIC 3800
- Australia Mico/Nanophysics Research Laboratory; RMIT University; Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Ricky Tjeung
- Mico/Nanophysics Research Laboratory; RMIT University; Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication; Australia National Fabrication Facility; Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Pauline M. Doran
- Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology; Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn; Melbourne VIC 3122 Australia
| | - Leslie Y. Yeo
- Mico/Nanophysics Research Laboratory; RMIT University; Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication; Australia National Fabrication Facility; Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - James Friend
- Mico/Nanophysics Research Laboratory; RMIT University; Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication; Australia National Fabrication Facility; Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Peggy Pui Yik Chan
- Mico/Nanophysics Research Laboratory; RMIT University; Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication; Australia National Fabrication Facility; Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
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Fu H, Wu C, Riaz H, Zhang H, Han L, Bai L, Yang F, Yang L. β-Cryptoxanthin uptake in THP-1 macrophages upregulates the CYP27A1 signaling pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:425-36. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Northwest A&F University; Yangling P. R. China
| | - Canjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; Education Ministry of China; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Hasan Riaz
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; Education Ministry of China; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Hualin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; Education Ministry of China; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Li Han
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; Education Ministry of China; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Liya Bai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding; Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Jinan P. R. China
| | - Feifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; Education Ministry of China; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Liguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; Education Ministry of China; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P. R. China
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Scalbert A, Andres-Lacueva C, Arita M, Kroon P, Manach C, Urpi-Sarda M, Wishart D. Databases on food phytochemicals and their health-promoting effects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:4331-48. [PMID: 21438636 DOI: 10.1021/jf200591d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Considerable information on the chemistry and biological properties of dietary phytochemicals has accumulated over the past three decades. The scattering of the data in tens of thousands publications and the diversity of experimental approaches and reporting formats all make the exploitation of this information very difficult. Some of the data have been collected and stored in electronic databases so that they can be automatically updated and retrieved. These databases will be particularly important in the evaluation of the effects on health of phytochemicals and in facilitating the exploitation of nutrigenomic data. The content of over 50 databases on chemical structures, spectra, metabolic pathways in plants, occurrence and concentrations in foods, metabolism in humans and animals, biological properties, and effects on health or surrogate markers of health is reviewed. Limits of these databases are emphasized, and needs and recommendations for future developments are underscored. More investments in the construction of databases on phytochemicals and their effects on health are clearly needed. They should greatly contribute to the success of future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Scalbert
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
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van Helden YGJ, Keijer J, Heil SG, Picó C, Palou A, Oliver P, Munnia A, Briedé JJ, Peluso M, Franssen-van Hal NL, van Schooten FJ, Godschalk RWL. Beta-carotene affects oxidative stress-related DNA damage in lung epithelial cells and in ferret lung. Carcinogenesis 2010; 30:2070-6. [PMID: 19638427 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-carotene (BC) was found to enhance lung cancer risk in smokers. This adverse effect was unexpected because BC was thought to act as an anti-oxidant against cigarette smoke-derived radicals. These radicals can directly or indirectly damage DNA, leading to the formation of pro-mutagenic DNA lesions such as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) and 3-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentafuranosyl)pyrimido[1,2-alpha]purin-10(3H)-one deoxyguanosine (M(1)dG). Later, it was suggested that high concentrations of BC could also result in pro-oxidant effects. Therefore, we investigated whether high but physiologically feasible concentrations of BC were able to alter (i) the formation of radicals in vitro assessed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, (ii) the levels of 8-oxo-dG and M(1)dG in vitro in lung epithelial cells after incubation with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and the smoke-derived carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and (iii) the levels of 8-oxo-dG and M(1)dG in vivo in ferrets' lung after chronic exposure to B[a]P. BC increased in vitro hydroxyl radical formation in the Fenton reaction but inhibited the formation of carbon-centered radicals. Similarly, BC was able to enhance 8-oxo-dG in vitro in lung epithelial cells. On the other hand, BC significantly inhibited M(1)dG formation in lung epithelial cells, especially after induction of M(1)dG by H(2)O(2) or B[a]P. Finally, BC supplementation of ferrets also resulted in a significant decrease in M(1)dG, but in contrast to the in vitro experiments, no effect was observed on 8-oxo-dG levels, probably because of increased base excision repair capacities as assessed by a modified comet assay. These data indicate that the fate of BC being a pro- or anti-oxidant strongly depends on the type of radical involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne G J van Helden
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Research Institute School of Nutrition, Metabolism and Toxicology, Maastricht University, PO box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Cui Y, Freedman JH. Cadmium induces retinoic acid signaling by regulating retinoic acid metabolic gene expression. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:24925-32. [PMID: 19556237 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.026609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition metal cadmium is an environmental teratogen. In addition, cadmium and retinoic acid can act synergistically to induce forelimb malformations. The molecular mechanism underlying the teratogenicity of cadmium and the synergistic effect with retinoic acid has not been addressed. An evolutionarily conserved gene, beta,beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase (BCMO), which is involved in retinoic acid biosynthesis, was studied in both Caenorhabditis elegans and murine Hepa 1-6 cells. In C. elegans, bcmo-1 was expressed in the intestine and was cadmium inducible. Similarly, in Hepa 1-6 cells, Bcmo1 was induced by cadmium. Retinoic acid-mediated signaling increased after 24-h exposures to 5 and 10 microm cadmium in Hepa 1-6 cells. Examination of gene expression demonstrated that the induction of retinoic acid signaling by cadmium may be mediated by overexpression of Bcmo1. Furthermore, cadmium inhibited the expression of Cyp26a1 and Cyp26b1, which are involved in retinoic acid degradation. These results indicate that cadmium-induced teratogenicity may be due to the ability of the metal to increase the levels of retinoic acid by disrupting the expression of retinoic acid-metabolizing genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Cui
- Comparative Genomics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina 27709, USA
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van Helden YGJ, Keijer J, Knaapen AM, Heil SG, Briedé JJ, van Schooten FJ, Godschalk RWL. Beta-carotene metabolites enhance inflammation-induced oxidative DNA damage in lung epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:299-304. [PMID: 19026740 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
beta-Carotene (BC) intake has been shown to enhance lung cancer risk in smokers and asbestos-exposed subjects (according to the ATBC and CARET studies), but the mechanism behind this procarcinogenic effect of BC is unclear. Both smoking and asbestos exposure induce an influx of inflammatory neutrophils into the airways, which results in an increased production of reactive oxygen species and formation of promutagenic DNA lesions. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the effects of BC and its metabolites (BCM) on neutrophil-induced genotoxicity. We observed that the BCM vitamin A (Vit A) and retinoic acid (RA) inhibited the H(2)O(2)-utilizing enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), which is released by neutrophils, thereby reducing H(2)O(2) conversion. Moreover, BC and BCM were able to increase (.)OH formation from H(2)O(2) in the Fenton reaction (determined by electron spin resonance spectroscopy). Addition of Vit A and RA to lung epithelial cells that were co-incubated with activated neutrophils resulted in a significant increase in the level of oxidized purines assessed by the formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase-modified comet assay. These data indicate that BCM can enhance neutrophil-induced genotoxicity by inhibition of MPO in combination with subsequent increased formation of hydroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne G J van Helden
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Research Institute NUTRIM, Maastricht University, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Lian F, Hu KQ, Russell RM, Wang XD. Beta-cryptoxanthin suppresses the growth of immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells and non-small-cell lung cancer cells and up-regulates retinoic acid receptor beta expression. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:2084-9. [PMID: 16841329 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings of an inverse association between beta-cryptoxanthin and lung cancer risk in several observational epidemiologic studies suggest that beta-cryptoxanthin could potentially act as a chemopreventive agent against lung cancer. However, the biological activity of beta-cryptoxanthin and molecular mechanism(s) by which beta-cryptoxanthin affects lung tumourigenesis have not been studied. In the present study, we found that beta-cryptoxanthin inhibited the growth of A549 cells, a non-small-cell lung cancer cell line and BEAS-2B cells, an immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line in a dose-dependent manner. beta-Cryptoxanthin suppressed the protein levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin E, up-regulated the cell cycle inhibitor p21, increased the number of lung cancer cells in the G1/G0 phase and decreased those in the S phase of the cell cycle. Consistent with inhibition of the lung cancer cell growth, beta-cryptoxanthin induced the mRNA levels of retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta) in BEAS-2B cells, although this effect was less pronounced in A549 cells. Furthermore, beta-cryptoxanthin transactivated RAR-mediated transcription activity of the retinoic acid response element. These findings suggest a mechanism of anti-proliferative action of beta-cryptoxanthin and indicate that beta-cryptoxanthin may be a promising chemopreventive agent against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhi Lian
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer Unite States Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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