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Haghmorad D, Soltanmohammadi A, Jadid Tavaf M, Zargarani S, Yazdanpanah E, Shadab A, Yousefi B. The protective role of interaction between vitamin D, sex hormones and calcium in multiple sclerosis. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:735-753. [PMID: 36369838 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2147431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder that causes disability and paralysis, especially among young adults. Although interactions of several factors, such as viral infections, autoimmunity, genetic and environmental factors, performance a role in the beginning and progression of the disease, the exact cause of MS is unknown to date. Different immune cells such as Th1 and Th17 play an impressive role in the immunopathogenesis of MS, while, regulatory cells such as Th2 and Treg diminish the severity of the illness. Sex hormones have a vital role in many autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Testosterone, estrogen and progesterone have various roles in the progress of MS, which higher prevalence of disease in women and more severe in men reveals the importance of sex hormones' role in this disease. Vitamin D after chemical changes in the body, as an active hormone called calcitriol, plays an important role in regulating immune responses and improves MS by modulating the immune system. The optimum level of calcium in the body with vitamin D modulates immune responses and calcium as an essential ion in the body plays a key role in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The interaction between vitamin D and sex hormones has protective and therapeutic effects against MS and functional synergy between estrogen and calcitriol occurs in disease recovery. Moreover, vitamin D and calcium interact with each other to regulate the immune system and shift them to anti-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Haghmorad
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Azita Soltanmohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Maryam Jadid Tavaf
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Simin Zargarani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Yazdanpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Allergy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Shadab
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Ghareghani M, Ghanbari A, Eid A, Shaito A, Mohamed W, Mondello S, Zibara K. Hormones in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal models. Transl Neurosci 2021; 12:164-189. [PMID: 34046214 PMCID: PMC8134801 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which activated immune cells attack the CNS and cause inflammation and demyelination. While the etiology of MS is still largely unknown, the interaction between hormones and the immune system plays a role in disease progression, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are incompletely understood. Several in vitro and in vivo experimental, but also clinical studies, have addressed the possible role of the endocrine system in susceptibility and severity of autoimmune diseases. Although there are several demyelinating models, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the oldest and most commonly used model for MS in laboratory animals which enables researchers to translate their findings from EAE into human. Evidences imply that there is great heterogeneity in the susceptibility to the induction, the method of induction, and the response to various immunological or pharmacological interventions, which led to conflicting results on the role of specific hormones in the EAE model. In this review, we address the role of endocrine system in EAE model to provide a comprehensive view and a better understanding of the interactions between the endocrine and the immune systems in various models of EAE, to open up a ground for further detailed studies in this field by considering and comparing the results and models used in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ghareghani
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Amir Ghanbari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Ali Eid
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdullah Shaito
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wael Mohamed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Menoufia Medical School, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences – I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Krementsov DN, Asarian L, Fang Q, McGill MM, Teuscher C. Sex-Specific Gene-by-Vitamin D Interactions Regulate Susceptibility to Central Nervous System Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1622. [PMID: 30065723 PMCID: PMC6056725 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D3 (VitD) insufficiency is postulated to represent a major modifiable risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS). While low VitD levels strongly correlate with higher MS risk in white populations, this is not the case for other ethnic groups, suggesting the existence of a genetic component. Moreover, VitD supplementation studies in MS so far have not shown a consistent benefit. We sought to determine whether direct manipulation of VitD levels modulates central nervous system autoimmune disease in a sex-by-genotype-dependent manner. To this end, we used a dietary model of VitD modulation, together with the autoimmune animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To assess the impact of genotype-by-VitD interactions on EAE susceptibility, we utilized a chromosome substitution (consomic) mouse model that incorporates the genetic diversity of wild-derived PWD/PhJ mice. High VitD was protective in EAE in female, but not male C57BL/6J (B6) mice, and had no effect in EAE-resistant PWD/PhJ (PWD) mice. EAE protection was accompanied by sex- and genotype-specific suppression of proinflammatory transcriptional programs in CD4 T effector cells, but not CD4 regulatory T cells. Decreased expression of proinflammatory genes was observed with high VitD in female CD4 T effector cells, specifically implicating a key role of MHC class II genes, interferon gamma, and Th1 cell-mediated neuroinflammation. In consomic strains, effects of VitD on EAE were also sex- and genotype dependent, whereby high VitD: (1) was protective, (2) had no effect, and (3) unexpectedly had disease-exacerbating effects. Systemic levels of 25(OH)D differed across consomic strains, with higher levels associated with EAE protection only in females. Analysis of expression of key known VitD metabolism genes between B6 and PWD mice revealed that their expression is genetically determined and sex specific and implicated Cyp27b1 and Vdr as candidate genes responsible for differential EAE responses to VitD modulation. Taken together, our results support the observation that the association between VitD status and MS susceptibility is genotype dependent and suggest that the outcome of VitD status in MS is determined by gene-by-sex interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry N Krementsov
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Loredana Asarian
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Qian Fang
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Mahalia M McGill
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Cory Teuscher
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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Irving AA, Marling SJ, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by ultraviolet light is not mediated by isomerization of urocanic acid. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:8. [PMID: 28056806 PMCID: PMC5217575 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ultraviolet B irradiation confers strong resistance against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis. This protection by ultraviolet B is independent of vitamin D production but causes isomerization of urocanic acid, a naturally occurring immunosuppressant. Methods To determine whether UCA isomerization from trans to cis is responsible for the protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis afforded by ultraviolet B, trans- or cis-urocanic acid was administered to animals and their disease progression was monitored. Results Disease incidence was reduced by 74% in animals exposed to ultraviolet B, and skin cis-urocanic acid levels increased greater than 30%. However, increasing skin cis-urocanic acid levels independent of ultraviolet B was unable to alter disease onset or progression. Conclusions It is unlikely that urocanic acid isomerization is responsible for the ultraviolet B-mediated suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Additional work is needed to investigate alternative mechanisms by which UVB suppresses disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Irving
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Steven J Marling
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Lori A Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Hector F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Abstract
Achesonet al.(1960) observed an inverse relationship between sunlight exposure and the incidence of Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- H. F. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Madison
- USA
| | - L. Plum
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Madison
- USA
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Wang Y, Marling SJ, Martino VM, Prahl JM, Deluca HF. The absence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1α-hydroxylase potentiates the suppression of EAE in mice by ultraviolet light. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 163:98-102. [PMID: 27108944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) light suppresses the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) in patients and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. Although vitamin D3 is produced by ultraviolet light, the suppression of EAE by narrow band UVB (NBUVB) is independent of vitamin D3. However, it is possible that the NBUVB suppression of EAE can be further influenced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3). We used NBUVB lamps (10KJ/m(2)) to irradiate both wild type (WT) and 1α-hydroxylase knockout mice (CYP27B1 KO) that were then induced to develop EAE. There was a complete elimination of EAE development by NBUVB in the KO mice. On the other hand, the NBUVB treatment of WT mice reduced but did not eliminate the severity or incidence of EAE. This suggests that the presence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 actually counteracts the suppressive effect of NBUVB. In support of this concept, cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-10) and chemokine (CCL-5) mRNA in spinal cord were reduced in wild type or eliminated in the KO mice by the NBUVB. Cytokine mRNA levels in the spinal cord correlated with clinical scores in both WT and KO mice.
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MESH Headings
- 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase/deficiency
- 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Animals
- Calcitriol/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL5/genetics
- Chemokine CCL5/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Ultraviolet Rays
- Ultraviolet Therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, United States
| | - Steve J Marling
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, United States
| | - Victoria M Martino
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, United States
| | - Jean M Prahl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, United States
| | - Hector F Deluca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, United States.
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DeLuca HF. Is there more to learn about functional vitamin D metabolism? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 148:3-6. [PMID: 25194637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The state of information on the enzymes responsible for the conversion of vitamin D3 to 1α,25-dhydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3), the metabolic active form responsible for the well-known function of vitamin D on calcium metabolism and bone mineralization has been briefly reviewed. There remains an unidentified enzyme responsible for 25% of the 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D3, while 75% of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH-D3) arises from CYP2R1. The well-established suppression of multiple sclerosis (MS) by sunlight has been confirmed using the mouse model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This suppression results from a narrow band of ultraviolet light (300-315nm) that does not increase serum 25-OH-D3. Thus, UV light suppresses EAE by a mechanism not involving vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency unexpectedly suppresses the development of EAE. Further, vitamin D receptor knockout in susceptible mice also prevents the development of EAE. On the other hand, deletion of CYP2R1 and the 1α-hydroxylase, CYP27B1, does not impair the development of EAE. Thus, either vitamin D itself or a heretofore-unknown metabolite is needed for the development of a component of the immune system necessary for development of EAE. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled '17th Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA.
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Abstract
The exploration of vitamin D metabolism and function has led to the discovery of active forms of vitamin D that find great usefulness in treating patients with bone disease or renal failure and also perhaps in topical application for the treatment of skin disorders, such as psoriasis. It may also be effective in some types of autoimmune disease. This warrants our attention to maintaining an adequate vitamin D level in our blood to assure that the expected functions of vitamin D take place. However, we must not get so overenthusiastic as to expect vitamin D to be effective in treating or preventing many diverse diseases and especially caution is urged in considering that vitamin D compounds might be used to suppress cancerous growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706-1544
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Wang Y, Marling SJ, McKnight SM, Danielson AL, Severson KS, Deluca HF. Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by 300-315nm ultraviolet light. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 536:81-6. [PMID: 23747577 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating disease, with lowest incidence in equatorial regions and highest incidence in temperate regions. This relationship is believed to be related to sunlight or UV light exposure. Recent evidence with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, established that this suppression is not mediated by vitamin D production. UV is comprised of three general wave bands: UVC (100-280nm), UVB (280-320nm) and UVA (320-400nm). In the present study we used four lamps that emit different wavelengths of UV: (1) broad band UVB (BB-UVB: 280-320nm); (2) narrow band UVB (NB-UVB: 300-315nm); (3) broad band UVA (BB-UVA: 300-400nm); and (4) long wavelength UVA (UVA-1: 340-400nm). The effect of these light sources was studied in vitamin D-sufficient C57BL/6 mice. The NB-UVB largely accounted for the suppression and delay of onset of EAE by BB-UVB. In contrast, UVA-1 failed to suppress EAE severity at low (∼2.5KJ/m(2)), medium (∼5.0KJ/m(2)) and high (∼10.0KJ/m(2)) doses. Serum calcium and 25-(OH)D3 levels were unchanged after both NB-UVB and UVA-1 treatments. The results demonstrate that NB-UVB (300-315nm) is largely responsible for light-induced suppression of EAE and its effect is not via production of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in normal Biozzi and C57BL/6 mice and during the course of chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (CR EAE). Inflamm Res 2013; 62:659-67. [PMID: 23603993 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The aim of the study was to examine possible variations in the levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25-(OH)D] in sera from normal Biozzi and C57BL/6 mice and during the course of chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (CR EAE). MATERIAL Serum concentrations of 25-(OH)D were measured in normal male and female Biozzi and C57BL/6 mice, at 3-4 weeks old and 8-10 weeks old, with a minimum of six animals/group. Levels of the vitamin were also determined in CR EAE-inoculated mice, and controls, during the course of the disease using a minimum of six animals/treatment. METHODS Cardiac blood was collected from the groups of normal, control and CR EAE-sensitised mice and sera prepared, by centrifugation of clotted samples, and assayed for 25-(OH)D levels by chemiluminescence assay. RESULTS Normal male and female Biozzi and C57BL/6 mice had significantly higher levels of 25-(OH)D at 8-10 weeks old compared to concentrations at 3-4 weeks of age (P < 0.005). Also, levels of the vitamin were significantly raised in C57BL/6 male and female mice compared to values in samples from corresponding Biozzi mice. In addition, the amounts of 25-(OH)D in sera from female Biozzi and C57BL/6 mice were significantly increased compared to strain and aged-matched male mice. The CR EAE mice with acute stage disease had significantly higher 25-(OH)D levels compared to controls (P < 0.005). Vitamin concentrations fell to within controls values with the progression of CR EAE. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary studies have revealed marked differences between the amounts of 25-(OH)D in sera from Biozzi and C57BL/6 mice together with clear gender bias. The investigations also show significant, but selective changes, in levels of the vitamin during the course of CR EAE that are not always associated with the neurological disease state.
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Spanier JA, Nashold FE, Olson JK, Hayes CE. The Ifng gene is essential for Vdr gene expression and vitamin D₃-mediated reduction of the pathogenic T cell burden in the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a multiple sclerosis model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3188-97. [PMID: 22896638 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence suggests that vitamin D3 insufficiency may contribute causally to multiple sclerosis (MS) risk. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) research firmly supports this hypothesis. Vitamin D3 supports 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-[OH]2D3) synthesis in the CNS, initiating biological processes that reduce pathogenic CD4+ T cell longevity. MS is prevalent in Sardinia despite high ambient UV irradiation, challenging the vitamin D-MS hypothesis. Sardinian MS patients frequently carry a low Ifng expresser allele, suggesting that inadequate IFN-γ may undermine vitamin D3-mediated inhibition of demyelinating disease. Testing this hypothesis, we found vitamin D3 failed to inhibit EAE in female Ifng knockout (GKO) mice, unlike wild-type mice. The two strains did not differ in Cyp27b1 and Cyp24a1 gene expression, implying equivalent vitamin D3 metabolism in the CNS. The 1,25-(OH)2D3 inhibited EAE in both strains, but 2-fold more 1,25-(OH)2D3 was needed in GKO mice, causing hypercalcemic toxicity. Unexpectedly, GKO mice had very low Vdr gene expression in the CNS. Injecting IFN-γ intracranially into adult mice did not increase Vdr gene expression. Correlating with low Vdr expression, GKO mice had more numerous pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells in the CNS, and 1,25-(OH)2D3 reduced these cells in GKO and wild-type mice without altering Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Thus, the Ifng gene was needed for CNS Vdr gene expression and vitamin D3-dependent mechanisms that inhibit EAE. Individuals with inadequate Ifng expression may have increased MS risk despite high ambient UV irradiation because of low Vdr gene expression and a high encephalitogenic T cell burden in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Spanier
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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12
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Cantorna MT. Vitamin D, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 523:103-6. [PMID: 22085500 PMCID: PMC3374859 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has now been more than 20years since the vitamin D receptor was identified in cells of the immune system. The immune system has now been established as an important target of vitamin D. Vitamin D receptor knockout and vitamin D deficient mice have a surplus of effector T cells that have been implicated in the pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The active form of vitamin D directly and indirectly suppresses the function of these pathogenic T cells while inducing several regulatory T cells that suppress MS and IBD development. There is reason to believe that vitamin D could be an environmental factor that may play a role in the development of these immune mediated diseases in the clinic but at present there has not been a causal relationship established. Nonetheless, current evidence suggests that improving vitamin D status and/or using vitamin D receptor agonists may be useful in MS and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita T Cantorna
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, 115 Henning Bldg., The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice requires vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:8501-4. [PMID: 22592802 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206054109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis, has been studied in mice that were (i) vitamin D-deficient, (ii) minus the vitamin D receptor, (iii) minus a vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, and (iv) minus the vitamin D 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase. EAE development was markedly suppressed in mice lacking the vitamin D receptor and partially suppressed in vitamin D-insufficient mice. However, the absence of either of the two key hydroxylases (i.e., 25-hydroxylase and 1α-hydroxylase) neither inhibits nor enhances the development of EAE. These results indicate that vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor are required for the development of EAE. The results also suggest that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) may not play a role in this autoimmune response.
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Abstract
In recent years, vitamin D has received increased attention due to the resurgence of vitamin D deficiency and rickets in developed countries together with the identification of extraskeletal vitamin D receptor-mediated actions, suggesting unexpected benefits of vitamin D in health and diseases. Although there is increased awareness of the importance of vitamin D, the role of vitamin D in extraskeletal health has been a matter of debate. In this review, we will summarize what is known and indicate the questions that remain and need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue E609, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA.
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DeLuca HF, Plum LA. Vitamin D deficiency diminishes the severity and delays onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 513:140-3. [PMID: 21784056 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis incidence is clearly inversely related to sun exposure. This observation led to the idea that vitamin D might be responsible for this relationship. Providing super-physiologic doses of the hormonal form of vitamin D, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃, suppresses an animal model of multiple sclerosis, i.e. experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) but causes unwanted hypercalcemia. Further, dietary calcium is needed for this activity of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃. B10PL mice were maintained on a vitamin D-deficient diet for two generations to produce frank vitamin D deficiency. These animals showed delayed onset and reduced severity of EAE compared to control animals on the same diet and given vitamin D₃ or provided a vitamin D-containing chow diet. Thus, vitamin D deficiency interferes with the development of this autoimmune disease rather than increasing susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA.
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16
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Abstract
The discovery of the vitamin D endocrine system and a receptor for the hormonal form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), has brought a new understanding of the relationship between vitamin D and metabolic bone diseases, and has also established the functions of vitamin D beyond the skeleton. This has ushered in many investigations into the possible roles of vitamin D in autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disorders, infectious diseases, cancers and granuloma-forming diseases. This article presents an evaluation of the possible roles of vitamin D in these diseases. The potential of vitamin D-based therapies in treating diseases for which the evidence is most compelling is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1544, USA
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Reply to Handunnetthi and Ramagopalan: UV radiation, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1008059107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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UV radiation suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis independent of vitamin D production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:6418-23. [PMID: 20308557 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1001119107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the exact cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown, a number of genetic and environmental factors are thought to influence MS susceptibility. One potential environmental factor is sunlight and the subsequent production of vitamin D. A number of studies have correlated decreased exposure to UV radiation (UVR) and low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [25(OH)D(3)] levels with an increased risk for developing MS. Furthermore, both UVR and the active form of vitamin D, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), suppress disease in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model of MS. These observations led to the hypothesis that UVR likely suppresses disease through the increased production of vitamin D. However, UVR can suppress the immune system independent of vitamin D. Therefore, it is unclear whether UVR, vitamin D, or both are necessary for the putative decrease in MS susceptibility. We have probed the ability of UVR to suppress disease in the EAE model of MS and assessed the effect of UVR on serum 25(OH)D(3) and calcium levels. Our results indicate that continuous treatment with UVR dramatically suppresses clinical signs of EAE. Interestingly, disease suppression occurs with only a modest, transient increase in serum 25(OH)D(3) levels. Further analysis demonstrated that the levels of 25(OH)D(3) obtained upon UVR treatment were insufficient to suppress EAE independent of UVR treatment. These results suggest that UVR is likely suppressing disease independent of vitamin D production, and that vitamin D supplementation alone may not replace the ability of sunlight to reduce MS susceptibility.
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Becklund BR, James BJ, Gagel RF, DeLuca HF. The calcitonin/calcitonin gene related peptide-alpha gene is not required for 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 488:105-8. [PMID: 19563774 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), can suppress disease in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis. Calcium appears to be a critical component of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated suppression of EAE, as complete disease prevention only occurs with a concomitant increase in serum calcium levels. Calcitonin (CT) is a peptide hormone released in response to acute increases in serum calcium, which led us to explore its importance in 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated suppression of EAE. Previously, we discovered that co-administration of pharmacological doses of CT enhanced the suppressive effect of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) on EAE, suggesting CT may play a role in 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated suppression of EAE. To determine the importance of CT in EAE we have utilized a mouse strain in which the gene encoding CT and its alternative splice product, calcitonin gene related peptide-alpha (CGRP), have been deleted. Deletion of the CT/CGRP gene had no effect on EAE progression. Furthermore, treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) suppressed EAE in CT/CGRP knock-out mice equal to that in wild type mice. Therefore, we conclude that CT is not necessary for 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated suppression of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R Becklund
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Enhancement of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by calcitonin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:5276-81. [PMID: 19282478 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0813312106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)], suppresses disease development in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, complete disease prevention only occurs with doses that dramatically elevate serum calcium levels, thus limiting the usefulness of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) as a potential MS therapeutic agent. Because calcitonin (CT) is believed to be released by hypercalcemia and has been shown to be anti-inflammatory, we examined whether suppression of EAE by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) could be mediated either in part or entirely by CT. Continuous administration of pharmacological doses of CT did not prevent EAE. However, a combination of CT and a subtherapeutic dose of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) additively suppressed EAE without causing hypercalcemia. Moreover, CT decreased the dose of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) required for disease suppression. Our results suggest that CT may be a significant factor but cannot account entirely for 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated suppression of EAE.
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Roscoe WA, Kidder GM, Karlik SJ. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in connexin 43-heterozygous mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:57-73. [PMID: 17668350 DOI: 10.1080/15419060701459569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the expression of gap junction proteins (connexins) have previously been observed in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Demyelinating lesions have significantly decreased Cx43, while recovering lesions have greatly increased Cx43 and increased glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing astrocytes. This suggests an important role for gap-junctional intercellular communication in astrocytes in the recovery from CNS inflammation. To study the effects of decreased Cx43 expression during acute disease (21 days post-immunization) and in recovering spinal cord tissue (55 days post-immunization) we induced EAE in Cx43 heterozygous and wild-type mice. Mice showed signs of disease by day 10, and signs of recovery by day 25. There were no clinical or pathological differences between heterozygous and wild-type mice in the acute disease stage, except that wild-type male mice had fewer clinical signs of disease. Male mice that were heterozygous for Cx43, and therefore had decreased expression of Cx43, had increased EAE disease severity. All demyelinating lesions had reduced numbers of reactive astrocytes and a significant decrease in Cx43 expression. In the 55-day study, all heterozygous and wild-type mice were clinically improved, showed decreased pathological signs, and showed increased laminin expression, indicative of CNS recovery. Furthermore, all heterozygous mice showed a striking increase in Cx43 expression during recovery, suggesting that the regulatory factors affecting Cx43 expression are still present in mice that have only one wild-type Cx43 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Roscoe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Spach KM, Nashold FE, Dittel BN, Hayes CE. IL-10 signaling is essential for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6030-7. [PMID: 17056528 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) results from an aberrant, neuroantigen-specific, T cell-mediated autoimmune response. Because MS prevalence and severity decrease sharply with increasing sunlight exposure, and sunlight supports vitamin D(3) synthesis, we proposed that vitamin D(3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)) may protect against MS. In support of this hypothesis, 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) strongly inhibited experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This inhibition required lymphocytes other than the encephalitogenic T cells. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) might inhibit EAE through the action of IL-10-producing regulatory lymphocytes. We report that vitamin D(3) and 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) strongly inhibited myelin oligodendrocyte peptide (MOG(35-55))-induced EAE in C57BL/6 mice, but completely failed to inhibit EAE in mice with a disrupted IL-10 or IL-10R gene. Thus, a functional IL-10-IL-10R pathway was essential for 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) to inhibit EAE. The 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) also failed to inhibit EAE in reciprocal, mixed bone marrow chimeras constructed by transferring IL-10-deficient bone marrow into irradiated wild-type mice and vice versa. Thus, 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) may be enhancing an anti-inflammatory loop involving hemopoietic cell-produced IL-10 acting on brain parenchymal cells and vice versa. If this interpretation is correct, and humans have a similar bidirectional IL-10-dependent loop, then an IL-10-IL-10R pathway defect could abrogate the anti-inflammatory and neuro-protective functions of sunlight and vitamin D(3). In this way, a genetic IL-10-IL-10R pathway defect could interact with an environmental risk factor, vitamin D(3) insufficiency, to increase MS risk and severity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Calcitriol/administration & dosage
- Chimera/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Peptide Fragments/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-10/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Spach
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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