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Sundar D, Yu Y, Katiyar SP, Putri JF, Dhanjal JK, Wang J, Sari AN, Kolettas E, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. Wild type p53 function in p53 Y220C mutant harboring cells by treatment with Ashwagandha derived anticancer withanolides: bioinformatics and experimental evidence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:103. [PMID: 30808373 PMCID: PMC6390572 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Tumor suppressor p53 protein is frequently mutated in a large majority of cancers. These mutations induce local or global changes in protein structure thereby affecting its binding to DNA. The structural differences between the wild type and mutant p53 thus provide an opportunity to selectively target mutated p53 harboring cancer cells. Restoration of wild type p53 activity in mutants using small molecules that can revert the structural changes have been considered for cancer therapeutics. Methods We used bioinformatics and molecular docking tools to investigate the structural changes between the wild type and mutant p53 proteins (p53V143A, p53R249S, p53R273H and p53Y220C) and explored the therapeutic potential of Withaferin A and Withanone for restoration of wild type p53 function in cancer cells. Cancer cells harboring the specific mutant p53 proteins were used for molecular assays to determine the mutant or wild type p53 functions. Results We found that p53V143A mutation does not show any significant structural changes and was also refractory to the binding of withanolides. p53R249S mutation critically disturbed the H-bond network and destabilized the DNA binding site. However, withanolides did not show any selective binding to either this mutant or other similar variants. p53Y220C mutation created a cavity near the site of mutation with local loss of hydrophobicity and water network, leading to functionally inactive conformation. Mutated structure could accommodate withanolides suggesting their conformational selectivity to target p53Y220C mutant. Using human cell lines containing specific p53 mutant proteins, we demonstrated that Withaferin A, Withanone and the extract rich in these withanolides caused restoration of wild type p53 function in mutant p53Y220C cells. This was associated with induction of p21WAF-1-mediated growth arrest/apoptosis. Conclusion The study suggested that withanolides may serve as highly potent anticancer compounds for treatment of cancers harboring a p53Y220C mutation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1099-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durai Sundar
- DAILAB, Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India
| | - Yue Yu
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 8565, Japan
| | - Shashank P Katiyar
- DAILAB, Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India
| | - Jayarani F Putri
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 8565, Japan
| | - Jaspreet Kaur Dhanjal
- DAILAB, Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India
| | - Jia Wang
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 8565, Japan
| | - Anissa Nofita Sari
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 8565, Japan
| | - Evangelos Kolettas
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, and Biomedical Research Division, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Sunil C Kaul
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 8565, Japan.
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 8565, Japan.
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Heffernan-Stroud LA, Obeid LM. p53 and regulation of bioactive sphingolipids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 51:219-28. [PMID: 21035490 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Both the sphingolipid and p53 pathways are important regulators- and apparent collaborators-of cell-fate decisions. Whereas some investigations have suggested that ceramide and more complex sphingolipids function upstream of p53 or in a p53-independent manner, other studies propose that p53-dependent alterations in these sphingolipids can also contribute to apoptosis. Further studies focusing on sphingolipid metabolizing enzymes have revealed that they function similarly both upstream and downstream of p53 activation. However, whereas various components of the sphingolipid and p53 pathways may simultaneously function to elicit apoptosis and/or growth inhibition, SMase and SK1 may undergo explicit regulation by p53 that could contribute to ceramide-induced senescence in cells. Thus, we propose that regulation of bioactive sphingolipid signaling molecules could be of therapeutic benefit in the treatment of p53-dependent cancers.
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Markopoulou S, Kontargiris E, Batsi C, Tzavaras T, Trougakos I, Boothman DA, Gonos ES, Kolettas E. Vanadium-induced apoptosis of HaCaT cells is mediated by c-fos and involves nuclear accumulation of clusterin. FEBS J 2009; 276:3784-99. [PMID: 19531052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium exerts a variety of biological effects, including antiproliferative responses through activation of the respective signaling pathways and the generation of reactive oxygen species. As epidermal cells are exposed to environmental insults, human keratinocytes (HaCaT) were used to investigate the mechanism of the antiproliferative effects of vanadyl(IV) sulfate (VOSO(4)). Treatment of HaCaT cells with VOSO(4) inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of proliferation was associated with downregulation of cyclins D1 and E, E2F1, and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21(Cip1/Waf1) and p27(Kip1). Induction of apoptosis correlated with upregulation of the c-fos oncoprotein, changes in the expression of clusterin (CLU), an altered ratio of antiapoptotic to proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein family members, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 cleavage. Forced overexpression of c-fos induced apoptosis in HaCaT cells that correlated with secretory CLU downregulation and upregulation of nuclear CLU (nCLU), a pro-death protein. Overexpression of Bcl-2 protected HaCaT cells from vanadium-induced apoptosis, whereas secretory CLU overexpression offered no cytoprotection. In contrast, nCLU sensitized HaCaT cells to apoptosis. Our data suggest that vanadium-mediated apoptosis was promoted by c-fos, leading to alterations in CLU isoform processing and induction of the pro-death nCLU protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soultana Markopoulou
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece
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Batsi C, Markopoulou S, Vartholomatos G, Georgiou I, Kanavaros P, Gorgoulis VG, Marcu KB, Kolettas E. Chronic NF-kappaB activation delays RasV12-induced premature senescence of human fibroblasts by suppressing the DNA damage checkpoint response. Mech Ageing Dev 2009; 130:409-19. [PMID: 19406145 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Normal cells divide for a limited number of generations, after which they enter a state of irreversible growth arrest termed replicative senescence. While replicative senescence is due to telomere erosion, normal human fibroblasts can undergo stress-induced senescence in response to oncogene activation, termed oncogene-induced senescence (OIS). Both, replicative and OIS, initiate a DNA damage checkpoint response (DDR) resulting in the activation of the p53-p21(Cip1/Waf1) pathway. However, while the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathway has been implicated in DDR, its role in OIS has not been investigated. Here, we show that oncogenic Ha-RasV12 promoted premature senescence of IMR-90 normal human diploid fibroblasts by activating DDR, hence verifying the classical model of OIS. However, enforced expression of a constitutively active IKKbeta T-loop mutant protein (IKKbetaca), significantly delayed OIS of IMR-90 cells by suppressing Ha-RasV12 instigated DDR. Thus, our experiments have uncovered an important selective advantage in chronically activating canonical NF-kappaB signaling to overcome the anti-proliferative OIS response of normal primary human fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Batsi
- Cell and Molecular Physiology Unit, Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Batsi C, Markopoulou S, Kontargiris E, Charalambous C, Thomas C, Christoforidis S, Kanavaros P, Constantinou AI, Marcu KB, Kolettas E. Bcl-2 blocks 2-methoxyestradiol induced leukemia cell apoptosis by a p27(Kip1)-dependent G1/S cell cycle arrest in conjunction with NF-kappaB activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:33-44. [PMID: 19447221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2) induces leukemia cells to undergo apoptosis in association with Bcl-2 inactivation but the mechanisms whereby Bcl-2 contributes to protection against programmed cell death in this context remain unclear. Here we showed that 2-ME2 inhibited the proliferation of Jurkat leukemia cells by markedly suppressing the levels of cyclins D3 and E, E2F1 and p21(Cip1/Waf1) and up-regulating p16(INK4A). Further, 2-ME2 induced apoptosis of Jurkat cells in association with down-regulation and phosphorylation of Bcl-2 (as mediated by JNK), up-regulation of Bak, activation of caspases-9 and -3 and PARP-1 cleavage. To determine the importance and mechanistic role of Bcl-2 in this process, we enforced its expression in Jurkat cells by retroviral transduction. Enforcing Bcl-2 expression in Jurkat cells abolished 2-ME2-induced apoptosis and instead produced a G1/S phase cell cycle arrest in association with markedly increased levels of p27(Kip1). Bcl-2 and p27(Kip1) were localized mainly in the nucleus in these apoptotic resistant cells. Interestingly, NF-kappaB activity and p50 levels were increased by 2-ME2 and suppression of NF-kappaB signaling reduced p27(Kip1) expression and sensitized cells to 2-ME2-induced apoptosis. Importantly, knocking-down p27(Kip1) in Jurkat Bcl-2 cells sensitized them to spontaneous and 2-ME2-induced apoptosis. Thus, Bcl-2 prevented the 2-ME2-induced apoptotic response by orchestrating a p27(Kip1)-dependent G1/S phase arrest in conjunction with activating NF-kappaB. Thus, we achieved a much better understanding of the penetrance and mechanistic complexity of Bcl-2 dependent anti-apoptotic pathways in cancer cells and why Bcl-2 inactivation is so critical for the efficacy of apoptosis and anti-proliferative inducing drugs like 2-ME2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Batsi
- Cell and Molecular Physiology Unit, Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Sun T, McMinn P, Holcombe M, Smallwood R, MacNeil S. Agent based modelling helps in understanding the rules by which fibroblasts support keratinocyte colony formation. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2129. [PMID: 18461132 PMCID: PMC2329887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autologous keratincoytes are routinely expanded using irradiated mouse fibroblasts and bovine serum for clinical use. With growing concerns about the safety of these xenobiotic materials, it is desirable to culture keratinocytes in media without animal derived products. An improved understanding of epithelial/mesenchymal interactions could assist in this. Methodology/Principal Findings A keratincyte/fibroblast o-culture model was developed by extending an agent-based keratinocyte colony formation model to include the response of keratinocytes to both fibroblasts and serum. The model was validated by comparison of the in virtuo and in vitro multicellular behaviour of keratinocytes and fibroblasts in single and co-culture in Greens medium. To test the robustness of the model, several properties of the fibroblasts were changed to investigate their influence on the multicellular morphogenesis of keratinocyes and fibroblasts. The model was then used to generate hypotheses to explore the interactions of both proliferative and growth arrested fibroblasts with keratinocytes. The key predictions arising from the model which were confirmed by in vitro experiments were that 1) the ratio of fibroblasts to keratinocytes would critically influence keratinocyte colony expansion, 2) this ratio needed to be optimum at the beginning of the co-culture, 3) proliferative fibroblasts would be more effective than irradiated cells in expanding keratinocytes and 4) in the presence of an adequate number of fibroblasts, keratinocyte expansion would be independent of serum. Conclusions A closely associated computational and biological approach is a powerful tool for understanding complex biological systems such as the interactions between keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The key outcome of this study is the finding that the early addition of a critical ratio of proliferative fibroblasts can give rapid keratinocyte expansion without the use of irradiated mouse fibroblasts and bovine serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Department of Engineering Materials, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (TS); (SM)
| | - Phil McMinn
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Holcombe
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rod Smallwood
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila MacNeil
- Department of Engineering Materials, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (TS); (SM)
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Sun T, McMinn P, Coakley S, Holcombe M, Smallwood R, MacNeil S. An integrated systems biology approach to understanding the rules of keratinocyte colony formation. J R Soc Interface 2008; 4:1077-92. [PMID: 17374590 PMCID: PMC2396345 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2007.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Closely coupled in vitro and in virtuo models have been used to explore the self-organization of normal human keratinocytes (NHK). Although it can be observed experimentally, we lack the tools to explore many biological rules that govern NHK self-organization. An agent-based computational model was developed, based on rules derived from literature, which predicts the dynamic multicellular morphogenesis of NHK and of a keratinocyte cell line (HaCat cells) under varying extracellular Ca++ concentrations. The model enables in virtuo exploration of the relative importance of biological rules and was used to test hypotheses in virtuo which were subsequently examined in vitro. Results indicated that cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesions were critically important to NHK self-organization. In contrast, cell cycle length and the number of divisions that transit-amplifying cells could undergo proved non-critical to the final organization. Two further hypotheses, to explain the growth behaviour of HaCat cells, were explored in virtuo-an inability to differentiate and a differing sensitivity to extracellular calcium. In vitro experimentation provided some support for both hypotheses. For NHKs, the prediction was made that the position of stem cells would influence the pattern of cell migration post-wounding. This was then confirmed experimentally using a scratch wound model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Department of Engineering Materials, University of SheffieldKroto Research Institute, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Phil McMinn
- Department of Computer Science, University of SheffieldKroto Research Institute, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Simon Coakley
- Department of Computer Science, University of SheffieldKroto Research Institute, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Mike Holcombe
- Department of Computer Science, University of SheffieldKroto Research Institute, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Rod Smallwood
- Department of Computer Science, University of SheffieldKroto Research Institute, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Sheila MacNeil
- Department of Engineering Materials, University of SheffieldKroto Research Institute, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
- Author for correspondence ()
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