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Osawa J, Karakawa M, Taniguchi A, Inui Y, Usuki C, Ishida A, Kameshita I, Sueyoshi N. Functional regulation of the protein phosphatase PPM1M by phosphorylation at multiple sites with Ser/Thr-Pro motifs. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 753:109887. [PMID: 38224862 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The imbalance in the phosphorylation and the dephosphorylation of proteins leads to various diseases. Therefore, in vivo, the functions of protein kinases and protein phosphatases are strictly regulated. Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent protein phosphatase PPM1M has been implicated in immunity and cancer; however, the regulation mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we show that PPM1M is regulated in different ways by multiple phosphorylation. PPM1M has four Ser/Thr-Pro motifs (Ser27, Ser43, Ser60, and Thr254) that are recognized by proline-directed kinases, and Ser60 was found to be phosphorylated by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) in the cell. The phospho-mimetic mutation of Ser27 and Ser43 in the N-terminal domain suppresses the nuclear localization of PPM1M and promotes its accumulation in the cytoplasm. The phospho-mimetic mutation of Ser60 decreases PPM1M activity; conversely, the phospho-mimetic mutation of Thr254 increases PPM1M activity. These results suggest that the subcellular localization and phosphatase activity of PPM1M are regulated by protein kinases, including CDK5, via phosphorylation at multiple sites. Thus, PPM1M is differentially regulated by proline-directed kinases, including CDK5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Osawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Masataka Karakawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Aoi Taniguchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Yuiko Inui
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Chika Usuki
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Ishida
- Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan.
| | - Isamu Kameshita
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Sueyoshi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan.
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2
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Functions and dysfunctions of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP/PPM1F) and CaMKP-N/PPM1E. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 640:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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3
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Oi A, Katayama S, Hatano N, Sugiyama Y, Kameshita I, Sueyoshi N. Subcellular distribution of cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) is regulated through phosphorylation by dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:239-245. [PMID: 27840050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) is a Ser/Thr protein kinase primarily expressed in the central nervous system and is known to cause X-linked neurodevelopmental disorders such as Rett syndrome. However, the mechanisms regulating CDKL5 have not yet been fully clarified. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the protein kinase that directly phosphorylates CDKL5, identifying it as dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A), an enzyme binding to and phosphorylating CDKL5. We showed that subcellular distribution of CDKL5 was regulated by its phosphorylation by DYRK1A. In mouse neuroblastoma Neuro2a cells, CDKL5 was localized in both the cytosol and nucleus, whereas DYRK1A showed a typical nuclear localization. When CDKL5 and DYRK1A were co-expressed, the cytosolic localization of CDKL5 was significantly increased. Results of site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the phosphorylation site was Ser-308, in the vicinity of the nuclear localization signal. A mutation mimicking the phosphorylated serine residue by aspartate substitution (S308D) changed CDKL5 localization to the cytosol, whereas the corresponding alanine-substituted analog, CDKL5(S308A), was primarily localized to the nucleus. Taken together, these results strongly suggested that DYRK1A bound to CDKL5 and phosphorylated it on Ser-308, thus interfering with its nuclear localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Oi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Syouichi Katayama
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Naoya Hatano
- The Integrated Center for Mass Spectrometry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sugiyama
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Isamu Kameshita
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Sueyoshi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan.
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4
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Expression analyses of splice variants of zebrafish cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 and its substrate, amphiphysin 1. Gene 2016; 583:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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5
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Prévilon M, Pezet M, Vinet L, Mercadier JJ, Rouet-Benzineb P. Gender-specific potential inhibitory role of Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP) in pressure-overloaded mouse heart. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90822. [PMID: 24608696 PMCID: PMC3946626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP) has been proposed as a potent regulator of multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (i.e., CaMKII). The CaMKII-dependent activation of myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) disrupts interactions between MEF2-histone deacetylases (HDACs), thereby de-repressing downstream gene transcription. Whether CaMKP modulates the CaMKII- MEF2 pathway in the heart is unknown. Here, we investigated the molecular and functional consequences of left ventricular (LV) pressure overload in the mouse of both genders, and in particular we evaluated the expression levels and localization of CaMKP and its association with CaMKII-MEF2 signaling. Methodology and Principal Findings Five week-old B6D1/F1 mice of both genders underwent a sham-operation or thoracic aortic constriction (TAC). Thirty days later, TAC was associated with pathological LV hypertrophy characterized by systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Gene expression was assessed by real-time PCR. Fetal gene program re-expression comprised increased RNA levels of brain natriuretic peptide and alpha-skeletal actin. Mouse hearts of both genders expressed both CaMKP transcript and protein. Activation of signalling pathways was studied by Western blot in LV lysates or subcellular fractions (nuclear and cytoplasmic). TAC was associated with increased CaMKP expression in male LVs whereas it tended to be decreased in females. The DNA binding activity of MEF2 was determined by spectrophotometry. CaMKP compartmentalization differed according to gender. In male TAC mice, nuclear CaMKP was associated with inactive CaMKII resulting in less MEF2 activation. In female TAC mice, active CaMKII (phospho-CaMKII) detected in the nuclear fraction, was associated with a strong MEF2 transcription factor-binding activity. Conclusions/Significance Gender-specific CaMKP compartmentalization is associated with CaMKII-mediated MEF2 activation in pressure-overloaded hearts. Therefore, CaMKP could be considered as an important novel cellular target for the development of new therapeutic strategies for heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miresta Prévilon
- Inserm, UMRS-698, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mylène Pezet
- CEFI-Institut Claude Bernard-IFR02, Paris, France
- Inserm, U823, Plateforme de Microscopie Photonique – Cytométrie en Flux, Institut Albert Bonniot Site Santé BP170–38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Vinet
- Inserm, UMRS-698, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Medical School, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Jacques Mercadier
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Inserm, UMRS-769, Université Paris-Sud, IFR141, LabEx LERMIT, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
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Berchtold MW, Villalobo A. The many faces of calmodulin in cell proliferation, programmed cell death, autophagy, and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1843:398-435. [PMID: 24188867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous Ca(2+) receptor protein mediating a large number of signaling processes in all eukaryotic cells. CaM plays a central role in regulating a myriad of cellular functions via interaction with multiple target proteins. This review focuses on the action of CaM and CaM-dependent signaling systems in the control of vertebrate cell proliferation, programmed cell death and autophagy. The significance of CaM and interconnected CaM-regulated systems for the physiology of cancer cells including tumor stem cells, and processes required for tumor progression such as growth, tumor-associated angiogenesis and metastasis are highlighted. Furthermore, the potential targeting of CaM-dependent signaling processes for therapeutic use is discussed.
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Key Words
- (4-[3,5-bis-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl]-benzoic acid
- (4-[3,5-bis-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl]-phenyl)-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-methanone
- (−) enantiomer of dihydropyrine 3-methyl-5-3-(4,4-diphenyl-1-piperidinyl)-propyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-piridine-3,5-dicarboxylate-hydrochloride (niguldipine)
- 1-[N,O-bis(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-N-methyl-l-tyrosyl]-4-phenylpiperazine
- 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate
- 2-chloro-(ε-amino-Lys(75))-[6-(4-(N,N′-diethylaminophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-4-yl]-CaM adduct
- 3′-(β-chloroethyl)-2′,4′-dioxo-3,5′-spiro-oxazolidino-4-deacetoxy-vinblastine
- 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- B859-35
- CAPP(1)-CaM
- Ca(2+) binding protein
- Calmodulin
- Cancer biology
- Cell proliferation
- DMBA
- EBB
- FL-CaM
- FPCE
- HBC
- HBCP
- J-8
- KAR-2
- KN-62
- KN-93
- N-(4-aminobutyl)-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-8-aminooctyl-5-iodo-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-[2-[N-(4-chlorocinnamyl)-N-methylaminomethyl]phenyl]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide
- O-(4-ethoxyl-butyl)-berbamine
- RITC-CaM
- TA-CaM
- TFP
- TPA
- W-12
- W-13
- W-5
- W-7
- fluorescein-CaM adduct
- fluphenazine-N-2-chloroethane
- norchlorpromazine-CaM adduct
- rhodamine isothiocyanate-CaM adduct
- trifluoperazine
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Berchtold
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Biocenter 4-2-09 Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Antonio Villalobo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Department of Cancer Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Arturo Duperier 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
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7
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An active C-terminally truncated form of Ca (2+) /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase-N (CaMKP-N/PPM1E). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:134813. [PMID: 23991411 PMCID: PMC3749536 DOI: 10.1155/2013/134813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP/PPM1F) and its nuclear homolog CaMKP-N (PPM1E) are Ser/Thr protein phosphatases that belong to the PPM family. CaMKP-N is expressed in the brain and undergoes proteolytic processing to yield a C-terminally truncated form. The physiological significance of this processing, however, is not fully understood. Using a wheat-embryo cell-free protein expression system, we prepared human CaMKP-N (hCaMKP-N(WT)) and the truncated form, hCaMKP-N(1–559), to compare their enzymatic properties using a phosphopeptide substrate. The hCaMKP-N(1–559) exhibited a much higher Vmax value than the hCaMKP-N(WT) did, suggesting that the processing may be a regulatory mechanism to generate a more active species. The active form, hCaMKP-N(1–559), showed Mn2+ or Mg2+-dependent phosphatase activity with a strong preference for phospho-Thr residues and was severely inhibited by NaF, but not by okadaic acid, calyculin A, or 1-amino-8-naphthol-2,4-disulfonic acid, a specific inhibitor of CaMKP. It could bind to postsynaptic density and dephosphorylate the autophosphorylated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Furthermore, it was inactivated by H2O2 treatment, and the inactivation was completely reversed by treatment with DTT, implying that this process is reversibly regulated by oxidation/reduction. The truncated CaMKP-N may play an important physiological role in neuronal cells.
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8
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Phosphorylation and activation of nuclear Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP-N/PPM1E) by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I (CaMKI). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 422:703-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Knockdown of two splice variants of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Iδ causes developmental abnormalities in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 517:71-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Sueyoshi N, Nimura T, Onouchi T, Baba H, Takenaka S, Ishida A, Kameshita I. Functional processing of nuclear Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP-N): evidence for a critical role of proteolytic processing in the regulation of its catalytic activity, subcellular localization and substrate targeting in vivo. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 517:43-52. [PMID: 22100705 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP) and its nuclear homolog CaMKP-N are Ser/Thr protein phosphatases that belong to the PPM family. These phosphatases are highly specific for multifunctional CaM kinases and negatively regulate their activities. CaMKP-N is only expressed in the brain and specifically localized in the nucleus. In this study, we found that zebrafish CaMKP-N (zCaMKP-N) underwent proteolytic processing in both the zebrafish brain and Neuro2a cells. In Neuro2a cells, the proteolytic processing was effectively inhibited by the proteasome inhibitors MG-132, Epoxomicin, and Lactacystin, suggesting that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway was involved in this processing. Using MG-132, we found that the proteolytic processing changed the subcellular localization of zCaMKP-N from the nucleus to the cytosol. Accompanying this change, the cellular targets of zCaMKP-N in Neuro2a cells were significantly altered. Furthermore, we obtained evidence that the zCaMKP-N activity was markedly activated when the C-terminal domain was removed by the processing. Thus, the proteolytic processing of zCaMKP-N at the C-terminal region regulates its catalytic activity, subcellular localization and substrate targeting in vivo.
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11
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Nimura T, Sugiyama Y, Sueyoshi N, Shigeri Y, Ishida A, Kameshita I. A minimum size homologue of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV naturally occurring in zebrafish. J Biochem 2010; 147:857-65. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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Sueyoshi N, Nimura T, Ishida A, Taniguchi T, Yoshimura Y, Ito M, Shigeri Y, Kameshita I. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP) is indispensable for normal embryogenesis in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 488:48-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Functional roles of TRPC channels in the developing brain. Pflugers Arch 2008; 458:283-9. [PMID: 19023589 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-008-0618-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels are Ca(2+)-permeable, nonselective cation channels formed by homomeric or heteromeric complexes of TRPC proteins that contain six transmembrane domains. These channels can be activated through a phospholipase-C-dependent mechanism, making them sensors for environmental cues. Their expression begins early in embryonic days and remains in adulthood. These channels have important roles in the processes of neuronal development, including neural stem cell proliferation, cerebellar granule cell survival, axon path finding, neuronal morphogenesis, and synaptogenesis. In this review, we will discuss functional implications of TRPC channels during brain development.
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Kameshita I, Sekiguchi M, Hamasaki D, Sugiyama Y, Hatano N, Suetake I, Tajima S, Sueyoshi N. Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 binds and phosphorylates DNA methyltransferase 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:1162-7. [PMID: 18977197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) is an enzyme that recognizes and methylates hemimethylated CpG after DNA replication to maintain methylation patterns. Although the N-terminal region of Dnmt1 is known to interact with various proteins, such as methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2), the associations of protein kinases with this region have not been reported. In the present study, we found that a 110-kDa protein kinase in mouse brain could bind to the N-terminal domain of Dnmt1. This 110-kDa kinase was identified as cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) by LC-MS/MS analysis. CDKL5 and Dnmt1 were found to colocalize in nuclei and appeared to interact with each other. Catalytically active CDKL5, CDKL5(1-352), phosphorylated the N-terminal region of Dnmt1 in the presence of DNA. Considering that defects in the MeCP2 or CDKL5 genes cause Rett syndrome, we propose that the interaction between Dnmt1 and CDKL5 may contribute to the pathogenic processes of Rett syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isamu Kameshita
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
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15
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Ishida A, Sueyoshi N, Shigeri Y, Kameshita I. Negative regulation of multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases: physiological and pharmacological significance of protein phosphatases. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:729-40. [PMID: 18454172 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) play pivotal roles in intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathways. There is growing evidence that CaMKs are involved in the pathogenic mechanisms underlying various human diseases. In this review, we begin by briefly summarizing our knowledge of the involvement of CaMKs in the pathogenesis of various diseases suggested to be caused by the dysfunction/dysregulation or aberrant expression of CaMKs. It is widely known that the activities of CaMKs are strictly regulated by protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of specific phosphorylation sites. Since phosphorylation status is balanced by protein kinases and protein phosphatases, the mechanism of dephosphorylation/deactivation of CaMKs, corresponding to their 'switching off', is extremely important, as is the mechanism of phosphorylation/activation corresponding to their 'switching on'. Therefore, we focus on the regulation of multifunctional CaMKs by protein phosphatases. We summarize the current understanding of negative regulation of CaMKs by protein phosphatases. We also discuss the biochemical properties and physiological significance of a protein phosphatase that we designated as Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP), and those of its homologue CaMKP-N. Pharmacological applications of CaMKP inhibitors are also discussed. These compounds may be useful not only for exploring the physiological functions of CaMKP/CaMKP-N, but also as novel chemotherapies for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ishida
- Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.
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16
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Sueyoshi N, Takao T, Nimura T, Sugiyama Y, Numano T, Shigeri Y, Taniguchi T, Kameshita I, Ishida A. Inhibitors of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase family (CaMKP and CaMKP-N). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 363:715-21. [PMID: 17897624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP) and its nuclear isoform CaMKP-N are unique Ser/Thr protein phosphatases that negatively regulate the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) cascade by dephosphorylating multifunctional CaMKI, II, and IV. However, the lack of specific inhibitors of these phosphatases has hampered studies on these enzymes in vivo. In an attempt to obtain specific inhibitors, we searched inhibitory compounds and found that Evans Blue and Chicago Sky Blue 6B served as effective inhibitors for CaMKP. These compounds also inhibited CaMKP-N, but inhibited neither protein phosphatase 2C, another member of PPM family phosphatase, nor calcineurin, a typical PPP family phosphatase. The minimum structure required for the inhibition was 1-amino-8-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid. When Neuro2a cells cotransfected with CaMKIV and CaMKP-N were treated with these compounds, the dephosphorylation of CaMKIV was strongly suppressed, suggesting that these compounds could be used as potent inhibitors of CaMKP and CaMKP-N in vivo as well as in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Sueyoshi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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17
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Shimomura S, Nagamine T, Nimura T, Sueyoshi N, Shigeri Y, Kameshita I. Expression, characterization, and gene knockdown of zebrafish doublecortin-like protein kinase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 463:218-30. [PMID: 17498644 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Doublecortin-like protein kinase (DCLK) is a protein Ser/Thr kinase expressed in brain and believed to play crucial roles in neuronal development. To investigate the biological significance of DCLK, we isolated cDNA clones for zebrafish DCLK (zDCLK) and found that there were five splice variants of the kinase. In this study, the catalytic properties of a major isoform of zDCLK, which we designated as zDCLK1, and of an N-terminal truncated mutant retaining the kinase domain were examined by expressing them in Escherichia coli. Mutational analysis of recombinant zDCLK suggested that the kinase was activated not only by phosphorylation at Thr-576 in the activation loop but also by autophosphorylation at the other site(s) in the catalytic domain. zDCLK significantly phosphorylated protein substrates such as myelin basic protein, histones, and synapsin I. Subcellular localization of zDCLK and its N-terminal deletion mutant implicated that microtubule-association of zDCLK is mediated through N-terminal doublecortin like domain of this enzyme. Western blotting analysis and whole mount in situ hybridization revealed that zDCLK was highly expressed in brain and eyes after 24-h post fertilization. Gene knockdown of zDCLK using morpholino-based antisense oligonucleotides induced significant increase of apoptotic cells in the central nervous systems and resulted in the increase of the morphologically abnormal embryos in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that zDCLK may play crucial roles in the central nervous systems during the early stage of embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Shimomura
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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