1
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Len-Tayon K, Beraud C, Fauveau C, Belorusova AY, Chebaro Y, Mouriño A, Massfelder T, Chauchereau A, Metzger D, Rochel N, Laverny G. A vitamin D-based strategy overcomes chemoresistance in prostate cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38982588 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a common male malignancy that requires new therapeutic strategies due to acquired resistance to its first-line treatment, docetaxel. The benefits of vitamin D on prostate cancer (PCa) progression have been previously reported. This study aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin D on chemoresistance in CRPC. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Structure function relationships of potent vitamin D analogues were determined. The combination of the most potent analogue and docetaxel was explored in chemoresistant primary PCa spheroids and in a xenograft mouse model derived from a patient with a chemoresistant CRPC. KEY RESULTS Here, we show that Xe4MeCF3 is more potent than the natural ligand to induce vitamin D receptor (VDR) transcriptional activities and that it has a larger therapeutic window. Moreover, we demonstrate that VDR agonists restore docetaxel sensitivity in PCa spheroids. Importantly, Xe4MeCF3 reduces tumour growth in a chemoresistant CRPC patient-derived xenograft. In addition, this treatment targets signalling pathways associated with cancer progression in the remaining cells. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, these results unravel the potency of VDR agonists to overcome chemoresistance in CRPC and open new avenues for the clinical management of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Len-Tayon
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- Inserm U1258, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | | | - Clara Fauveau
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- Inserm U1258, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- Transgene SA, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Anna Y Belorusova
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- Inserm U1258, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Yassmine Chebaro
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- Inserm U1258, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Department of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Anne Chauchereau
- INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, University of Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Daniel Metzger
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- Inserm U1258, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- Inserm U1258, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Gilles Laverny
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- Inserm U1258, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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2
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Fraga R, Len K, Lutzing R, Laverny G, Loureiro J, Maestro MA, Rochel N, Rodriguez‐Borges E, Mouriño A. Design, Synthesis, Evaluation and Structure of Allenic 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Analogs with Locked Mobility at C-17. Chemistry 2021; 27:13384-13389. [PMID: 34224173 PMCID: PMC8519077 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor ligands have potential for the treatment of hyperproliferative diseases and disorders related to the immune system. However, hypercalcemic effects limit their therapeutical uses and call for the development of tissue-selective new analogs. We have designed and synthesized the first examples of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogs bearing an allenic unit attached to the D ring to restrict the side-chain conformational mobility. The triene system was constructed by a Pd0 -mediated cyclization/Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling process in the presence of an allenic side chain. The allenic moiety was built through an orthoester-Claisen rearrangement of a propargylic alcohol. The biological activity and structure of (22S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-17,20-dien-24-homo-21-nor-vitamin D3 bound to binding domain of the vitamin D receptor, provide information concerning side-chain conformational requirements for biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Fraga
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaLaboratorio de Investigación Ignacio RibasUniversidad de SantiagoAvda Ciencias s/n15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Kateryna Len
- Institut de Génétique et de BiologieMoléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)67400IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U125867400IllkirchFrance
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR710467400IllkirchFrance
- Université de Strasbourg67400IllkirchFrance
| | - Regis Lutzing
- Institut de Génétique et de BiologieMoléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)67400IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U125867400IllkirchFrance
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR710467400IllkirchFrance
- Université de Strasbourg67400IllkirchFrance
| | - Gilles Laverny
- Institut de Génétique et de BiologieMoléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)67400IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U125867400IllkirchFrance
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR710467400IllkirchFrance
- Université de Strasbourg67400IllkirchFrance
| | - Julian Loureiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química e BioquímicaFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade do PortoPortugal
| | - Miguel A. Maestro
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaLaboratorio de Investigación Ignacio RibasUniversidad de SantiagoAvda Ciencias s/n15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain
- Departamento de Química-CICAFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de A CoruñaCampus da Zapateira s/n15071A CoruñaSpain
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Institut de Génétique et de BiologieMoléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)67400IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U125867400IllkirchFrance
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR710467400IllkirchFrance
- Université de Strasbourg67400IllkirchFrance
| | - Enrique Rodriguez‐Borges
- LAQV/REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química e BioquímicaFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade do PortoPortugal
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaLaboratorio de Investigación Ignacio RibasUniversidad de SantiagoAvda Ciencias s/n15782Santiago de CompostelaSpain
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3
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Abstract
![]()
For many individuals,
in particular during winter, supplementation
with the secosteroid vitamin D3 is essential for the prevention
of bone disorders, muscle weakness, autoimmune diseases, and possibly
also different types of cancer. Vitamin D3 acts via its
metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]
as potent agonist of the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR).
Thus, vitamin D directly affects chromatin structure and gene regulation
at thousands of genomic loci, i.e., the epigenome and transcriptome
of its target tissues. Modifications of 1,25(OH)2D3 at its
side-chain, A-ring, triene system, or C-ring, alone and in combination,
as well as nonsteroidal mimics provided numerous potent VDR agonists
and some antagonists. The nearly 150 crystal structures of VDR’s
ligand-binding domain with various vitamin D compounds allow a detailed
molecular understanding of their action. This review discusses the
most important vitamin D analogs presented during the past 10 years
and molecular insight derived from new structural information on the
VDR protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Maestro
- Departamento de Química-CICA , Universidade da Coruña , ES-15071 A Coruña , Spain
| | - Ferdinand Molnár
- School of Science and Technology, Department of Biology , Nazarbayev University , KZ-010000 Astana , Kazakhstan
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine , University of Eastern Finland , FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
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4
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Sigüeiro R, Maestro MA, Mouriño A. Synthesis of Side-Chain Locked Analogs of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Bearing a C17 Methyl Group. Org Lett 2018; 20:2641-2644. [PMID: 29652161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A convergent synthesis of side-chain locked vitamin D analogs 3 and 4, which bind strongly in silico to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), is described. The synthetic approach features an SN2'- syn displacement of carbamates by cuprates to set the challenging quaternary stereogenic center at C17 and a Pd-catalyzed construction of the triene system in the presence of a diyne moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sigüeiro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas , Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Avda das Ciencias s/n , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Miguel A Maestro
- Departamento de Química-CICA , Universidad de A Coruña , Campus da Zapateira s/n , 15701 A Coruña , Spain
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas , Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Avda das Ciencias s/n , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
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5
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Zand L, Kumar R. The Use of Vitamin D Metabolites and Analogues in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2017; 46:983-1007. [PMID: 29080646 PMCID: PMC5977979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are associated with abnormalities in bone and mineral metabolism, known as CKD-bone mineral disorder. CKD and ESRD cause skeletal abnormalities characterized by hyperparathyroidism, mixed uremic osteodystrophy, osteomalacia, adynamic bone disease, and frequently enhanced vascular and ectopic calcification. Hyperparathyroidism and mixed uremic osteodystrophy are the most common manifestations due to phosphate retention, reduced concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, intestinal calcium absorption, and negative calcium balance. Treatment with 1-hydroxylated vitamin D analogues is useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Zand
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA.
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA.
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6
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Abstract
Hypercalcemia occurs in up to 4% of the population in association with malignancy, primary hyperparathyroidism, ingestion of excessive calcium and/or vitamin D, ectopic production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], and impaired degradation of 1,25(OH)2D. The ingestion of excessive amounts of vitamin D3 (or vitamin D2) results in hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria due to the formation of supraphysiological amounts of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] that bind to the vitamin D receptor, albeit with lower affinity than the active form of the vitamin, 1,25(OH)2D, and the formation of 5,6-trans 25(OH)D, which binds to the vitamin D receptor more tightly than 25(OH)D. In patients with granulomatous disease such as sarcoidosis or tuberculosis and tumors such as lymphomas, hypercalcemia occurs as a result of the activity of ectopic 25(OH)D-1-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) expressed in macrophages or tumor cells and the formation of excessive amounts of 1,25(OH)2D. Recent work has identified a novel cause of non-PTH-mediated hypercalcemia that occurs when the degradation of 1,25(OH)2D is impaired as a result of mutations of the 1,25(OH)2D-24-hydroxylase cytochrome P450 (CYP24A1). Patients with biallelic and, in some instances, monoallelic mutations of the CYP24A1 gene have elevated serum calcium concentrations associated with elevated serum 1,25(OH)2D, suppressed PTH concentrations, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, and on occasion, reduced bone density. Of interest, first-time calcium renal stone formers have elevated 1,25(OH)2D and evidence of impaired 24-hydroxylase-mediated 1,25(OH)2D degradation. We will describe the biochemical processes associated with the synthesis and degradation of various vitamin D metabolites, the clinical features of the vitamin D-mediated hypercalcemia, their biochemical diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Tebben
- Divisions of Endocrinology (P.J.T., R.K.) and Nephrology and Hypertension (R.K.), and Departments of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (P.J.T.), Internal Medicine (P.J.T., R.K.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), and Biochemistry in Molecular Biology (R.K.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Ravinder J Singh
- Divisions of Endocrinology (P.J.T., R.K.) and Nephrology and Hypertension (R.K.), and Departments of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (P.J.T.), Internal Medicine (P.J.T., R.K.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), and Biochemistry in Molecular Biology (R.K.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Divisions of Endocrinology (P.J.T., R.K.) and Nephrology and Hypertension (R.K.), and Departments of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (P.J.T.), Internal Medicine (P.J.T., R.K.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), and Biochemistry in Molecular Biology (R.K.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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7
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Anami Y, Shimizu N, Ekimoto T, Egawa D, Itoh T, Ikeguchi M, Yamamoto K. Apo- and Antagonist-Binding Structures of Vitamin D Receptor Ligand-Binding Domain Revealed by Hybrid Approach Combining Small-Angle X-ray Scattering and Molecular Dynamics. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7888-900. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Anami
- Laboratory
of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shimizu
- Photon
Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Toru Ekimoto
- Graduate
School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29
Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Daichi Egawa
- Laboratory
of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Itoh
- Laboratory
of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Ikeguchi
- Graduate
School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29
Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory
of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
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8
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Watarai Y, Ishizawa M, Ikura T, Zacconi FCM, Uno S, Ito N, Mouriño A, Tokiwa H, Makishima M, Yamada S. Synthesis, Biological Activities, and X-ray Crystal Structural Analysis of 25-Hydroxy-25(or 26)-adamantyl-17-[20(22),23-diynyl]-21-norvitamin D Compounds. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9510-21. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Watarai
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Michiyasu Ishizawa
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1
Ohyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Teikichi Ikura
- Medical
Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Flavia C. M. Zacconi
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación
Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Shigeyuki Uno
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1
Ohyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- Medical
Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación
Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Hiroaki Tokiwa
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1
Ohyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamada
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1
Ohyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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9
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Ikura T, Ito N. Crystal Structure of the Vitamin D Receptor Ligand-Binding Domain with Lithocholic Acids. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 100:117-36. [PMID: 26827950 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The secondary bile acid lithocholic acid (LCA) and its derivatives act as selective modulators of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), although their structures fundamentally differ from that of the natural hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). The complexes of the ligand-binding domain of rat VDR (VDR-LBD) with LCA and its derivatives revealed that the ligands bound to the same ligand-binding pocket (LBP) of VDR-LBD that 1,25(OH)2D3 binds to, but in the opposite orientation; their A-ring was positioned at the top of the LBP, whereas their acyclic tail was located at the bottom of the LBP. However, most of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions observed in the complex with 1,25(OH)2D3 were reproduced in the complexes with LCA and its derivatives. Additional interactions between VDR-LBD and the C-3 substituents of the A-ring were also observed in the complexes, probably related to the observed difference in the potency among the LCA-type ligands. Recently, zebrafish VDR has been reported to have the second LBP on the outside of the canonical LBP, although its physiological function is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teikichi Ikura
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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10
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Abstract
Crystal structures represent the static picture in the life of a molecule giving a sneak preview what it might be in reality. Hence, it is very hard to extrapolate from these photos toward dynamic processes such as transcriptional regulation. Mechanistically VDR may be considered as molecular machine able to perform ligand-, DNA- and protein recognition, and interaction in a multi-task manner. Taking this into account the functional net effect will be the combination of all these processes. The long awaited answer to explain the differences in physiological effects for various ligands was one of the biggest disappointment that crystal structures provided since no substantial distinction could be made for the conformation of the active VDR-ligand complexes. This may have come from the limitation on the complexity of the available ligand-VDR structures. The recent studies with full length VDR-RXRα showed somewhat more comprehensive perspective for the 3D organization and possible function of the VDR-RXRα-cofactor complex. In addition to in vitro approaches, also computational tools had been introduced with the aim to get understanding on the mechanic and dynamic properties of the VDR complexes with some success. Using these methods and based on measurable descriptors such as pocket size and positions of side chains it is possible to note subtle differences between the structures. The meaning of these differences has not been fully understood yet but the possibility of a “butterfly effect” may have more extreme consequences in terms of VDR signaling. In this review, the three functional aspects (ligand-, DNA- and protein recognition, and binding) will be discussed with respect to available data as well as possible implication and questions that may be important to address in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Molnár
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Biopharmacy, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
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11
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The development of a bone- and parathyroid-specific analog of vitamin D: 2-methylene-19-Nor-(20S)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. BONEKEY REPORTS 2014; 3:514. [PMID: 24818006 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2014.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The goal of synthetic chemists in the vitamin D field has been to produce an analog(s) of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) that is selective for a specific function. The accumulation of structure/function information has led to the synthesis of two analogs that are both selective and more potent than 1,25-(OH)2D3, that is, 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (2MD) and 2α-methyl-19-nor-(20S)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (2AMD). In vivo, the efficacy of 2MD is approximately equal to that of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in intestinal calcium transport but is 30- to 100-fold more active in bone mobilization. In vitro, 2MD supports new bone synthesis at 10(-12) M, whereas 1,25-(OH)2D3 is active at 10(-8) M. Similarly, 2MD is two orders of magnitude more potent than 1,25-(OH)2D3 in stimulating osteoclastogenesis and osteoclastic bone resorption. 2MD also markedly increases bone mass and bone strength of ovariectomized female rats. In postmenopausal women, 2MD significantly increases markers of both bone formation and resorption but has minimal effect on bone mass. Thus, in patients who are undergoing primarily remodeling rather than modeling (rat), the increased resorption largely counteracts the increased bone formation. So far, 2MD has not been tested for reduction of fractures in this population. However, its selectivity includes the parathyroid gland. Thus in the 5/6-nephrectomy model of chronic renal failure, 2MD is much more potent than currently available vitamin D compounds used to suppress secondary hyperparathyroidism of renal failure without causing hypercalcemia. It is currently in phase 2B trials in patients on dialysis.
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12
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Ono Y. Multifunctional and potent roles of the 3-hydroxypropoxy group provide eldecalcitol's benefit in osteoporosis treatment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 139:88-97. [PMID: 24139874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Eldecalcitol (1α,25-dihydroxy-2β-(3-hydroxypropoxy)vitamin D3, [developing code: ED-71]), a new osteoporosis treatment drug that was recently approved in Japan, is a best-in-class drug in the class of calcitriol (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) and its prodrug alfacalcidol (1α-hydroxyvitamin D3), which have been used to treat osteoporosis for 30 years. In a comparative Phase III clinical study with alfacalcidol in osteoporosis patients, eldecalcitol demonstrated superior efficacy in the endpoints of increment of bone mineral density and reduction of bone fracture with equivalent safety to alfacalcidol. Eldecalcitol was discovered by searching synthetic analogs of calcitriol and alfacalcidol, and its main structural characteristic is having the 3-hydroxypropoxy group at the 2β-position. This review discusses why introducing the group leads to excellent efficacy and safety in osteoporosis treatment and elucidates the functional roles of the 3-hydroxypropoxy group. Briefly, the functional roles of the group are, first, realizing the metabolism switching in which eldecalcitol shows resistance to CYP24A1 and is metabolized in the liver; second, increasing the affinity to the serum carrier protein and prolonging the half-life to 53h; and third, stabilizing the eldecalcitol-receptor complex. Taken together, these functional roles of the 3-hydroxypropoxy group are beneficial in osteoporosis treatment. This review attempts to give a detailed account of the mode of action of eldecalcitol by clarifying these multifunctional roles of the 3-hydroxypropoxy group from the medicinal chemist's perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Ono
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan.
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13
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Masuno H, Ikura T, Morizono D, Orita I, Yamada S, Shimizu M, Ito N. Crystal structures of complexes of vitamin D receptor ligand-binding domain with lithocholic acid derivatives. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2206-2213. [PMID: 23723390 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m038307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The secondary bile acid lithocholic acid (LCA) and its derivatives act as selective modulators of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), although their structures fundamentally differ from that of the natural hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3)]. Here, we have determined the crystal structures of the ligand-binding domain of rat VDR (VDR-LBD) in ternary complexes with a synthetic partial peptide of the coactivator MED1 (mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 1) and four ligands, LCA, 3-keto LCA, LCA acetate, and LCA propionate, with the goal of elucidating their agonistic mechanism. LCA and its derivatives bind to the same ligand-binding pocket (LBP) of VDR-LBD that 1,25(OH)2D3 binds to, but in the opposite orientation; their A-ring is positioned at the top of the LBP, whereas their acyclic tail is located at the bottom of the LBP. However, most of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions observed in the complex with 1,25(OH)2D3 are reproduced in the complexes with LCA and its derivatives. Additional interactions between VDR-LBD and the C-3 substituents of the A-ring are also observed in the complexes with LCA and its derivatives. These may result in the observed difference in the potency among the LCA-type ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Masuno
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Teikichi Ikura
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; and
| | - Daisuke Morizono
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Isamu Orita
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamada
- School of Medicine, Nihon University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Masato Shimizu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; and.
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14
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Carballa DM, Seoane S, Zacconi F, Pérez X, Rumbo A, Alvarez-Díaz S, Larriba MJ, Pérez-Fernández R, Muñoz A, Maestro M, Mouriño A, Torneiro M. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues with a Long Side Chain at C12 and Short C17 Side Chains. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8642-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3008272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego M. Carballa
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Samuel Seoane
- Departamento de Fisiología—Centro
de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas
(CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de
Compostela, Spain
| | - Flavia Zacconi
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xenxo Pérez
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Rumbo
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Silvia Alvarez-Díaz
- Instituto
de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC—Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Larriba
- Instituto
de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC—Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Román Pérez-Fernández
- Departamento de Fisiología—Centro
de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas
(CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de
Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto
de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC—Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Maestro
- Departamento de Química
Fundamental, Universidad de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña,
Spain
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mercedes Torneiro
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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15
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Glebocka A, Chiellini G. A-ring analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 523:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Yoshimoto N, Sakamaki Y, Haeta M, Kato A, Inaba Y, Itoh T, Nakabayashi M, Ito N, Yamamoto K. Butyl pocket formation in the vitamin D receptor strongly affects the agonistic or antagonistic behavior of ligands. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4373-81. [PMID: 22512505 DOI: 10.1021/jm300230a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that 22S-butyl-25,26,27-trinor-1α,24-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)2 represents a new class of antagonist for the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The crystal structure of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of VDR complexed with 2 showed the formation of a butyl pocket to accommodate the 22-butyl group and insufficient interactions between ligand 2 and the C-terminus of VDR. Here, we designed and synthesized new analogues 5a-c and evaluated their biological activities to probe whether agonistic activity is recovered when the analogue restores interactions with the C-terminus of VDR. Analogues 5a-c exhibited full agonistic activity in transactivation. Interestingly, 5c, which bears a 24-diethyl group, completely recovered agonistic activity, although 3c and 4c act as an antagonist and a weak agonist, respectively. The crystal structures of VDR-LBD complexed with 3a, 4a, 5a, and 5c were solved, and the results confirmed that butyl pocket formation in VDR strongly affects the agonistic or antagonistic behaviors of ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Yoshimoto
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
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17
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Carlberg C, Molnár F, Mouriño A. Vitamin D receptor ligands: the impact of crystal structures. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:417-35. [PMID: 22449247 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.673590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the past years, the biologically active form of vitamin D(3), 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1α,25(OH)(2)D(3)), has received large appreciation due to the broad physiological impact of the hormone and its nuclear receptor, the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR). Recently, the understanding of VDR actions has progressed greatly, due to VDR crystal structures with various ligands. AREAS COVERED This review will present and discuss new synthetic agonistic and antagonistic 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs in the context of the recent insights provided by VDR crystal structures. EXPERT OPINION During the last 5 years, a large number of new 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs, many of which have an interesting functional profile, have been patented. Moreover, for a surprisingly high number of 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs, the crystal structure data of their complex with the VDR is available. This structural information provides important insight into the functional potential of the VDR ligands and explains their agonistic and antagonistic action. However, so far, only for a few VDR ligands, a rational design, based on crystal structure information, has been applied. The design of future analogs may also take the specificity of co-factor interaction into account, in order to create selective VDR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Carlberg
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland.
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18
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Regueira MA, Samanta S, Malloy PJ, Ordóñez-Morán P, Resende D, Sussman F, Muñoz A, Mouriño A, Feldman D, Torneiro M. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues Hydroxymethylated at C-26. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3950-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200276y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María A. Regueira
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Shaonly Samanta
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5103, United States
| | - Peter J. Malloy
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5103, United States
| | - Paloma Ordóñez-Morán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Resende
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fredy Sussman
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - David Feldman
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5103, United States
| | - Mercedes Torneiro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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19
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Sakamaki Y, Inaba Y, Yoshimoto N, Yamamoto K. Potent antagonist for the vitamin D receptor: vitamin D analogues with simple side chain structure. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5813-26. [PMID: 20608741 DOI: 10.1021/jm100649d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that 22S-butyl-25,26,27-trinor-1alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 2 was a potent VDR antagonist. The X-ray crystal structure of the ligand binding domain of VDR complexed with 2 indicated that this ligand induces an extra cavity within the ligand-binding pocket. The structure also showed that the ligand forms only poor hydrophobic interactions with helix 12 of the protein. Here, to study the effects of the induction of the extra cavity and of insufficient interactions with helix 12 on antagonism, we designed and synthesized a series of vitamin D(3) analogues with or without a 22-alkyl substituent and evaluated their biological potency. We found that the 22-butyl analogues 3c and 5c act as full antagonists, the 22-ethyl analogues 3b, 4b, 5b, and 22-butyl analogue 4c act as partial agonists, and the others (3a, 4a, 5a, 6a, 6b, and 6c) act as full agonists for VDR. It is intriguing that 6c is a potent agonist for VDR, whereas its 26,27-dinor analogue 5c is a potent antagonist. Analogue 6c recruited coactivator SRC-1 well, but 5c did not. These results indicate that a combination of induction of the extra cavity and insufficient hydrophobic interactions with helix 12 is important for VDR antagonism in this class of ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Sakamaki
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Eduardo-Canosa S, Fraga R, Sigüeiro R, Marco M, Rochel N, Moras D, Mouriño A. Design and synthesis of active vitamin D analogs. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:7-12. [PMID: 20346396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A review of the design and synthesis of structural analogs of the vitamin D hormone recently investigated in our laboratories, and the first report on a new class of vitamin D analogs characterized by an aromatic D-ring, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Eduardo-Canosa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al C.S.I.C., Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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21
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Glebocka A, Sokolowska K, Sicinski RR, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. New 1α,25-Dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 Compounds Constrained in a Single A-Ring Conformation: Synthesis of the Analogues by Ring-Closing Metathesis Route and Their Biological Evaluation. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3496-504. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9001583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Glebocka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sokolowska
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal R. Sicinski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lori A. Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hector F. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Kaya T, Swamy N, Persons KS, Ray S, Mohr SC, Ray R. Covalent labeling of nuclear vitamin D receptor with affinity labeling reagents containing a cross-linking probe at three different positions of the parent ligand: structural and biochemical implications. Bioorg Chem 2009; 37:57-63. [PMID: 19223058 PMCID: PMC2696187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Structure-functional characterization of vitamin D receptor (VDR) requires identification of structurally distinct areas of VDR-ligand-binding domain (VDR-LBD) important for biological properties of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)). We hypothesized that covalent attachment of the ligand into VDR-LBD might alter 'surface structure' of that area influencing biological activity of the ligand. We compared anti-proliferative activity of three affinity alkylating derivatives of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) containing an alkylating probe at 1,3 and 11 positions. These compounds possessed high-affinity binding for VDR; and affinity labeled VDR-LBD. But, only the analog with probe at 3-position significantly altered growth in keratinocytes, compared with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). Molecular models of these analogs, docked inside VDR-LBD tentatively identified Ser237 (helix-3: 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-1-BE), Cys288 (beta-hairpin region: 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-3-BE,) and Tyr295 (helix-6: 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-11-BE,) as amino acids that are potentially modified by these reagents. Therefore, we conclude that the beta-hairpin region (modified by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-3-BE) is most important for growth inhibition by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), while helices 3 and 6 are less important for such activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Swapna Ray
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA 02118
| | | | - Rahul Ray
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA 02118
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23
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Abstract
The development of our understanding of the function of vitamin D from its discovery in the second and third decades of the 20(th) century to its hormonal activation of its nuclear receptor and to its present position of an important factor in public health has been traced. The key discoveries of the conversion of vitamin D to its hormonal form, its regulation, and the evolving picture of its molecular mechanism of action are presented. The recognition of its role beyond mineralization of the skeleton to its role in skin, the immune system, and its protective role in some forms of malignancy represent more recent developments. The evolution of derivatives of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) as therapeutic agents suggests a richness of therapeutic potential. All of this nevertheless illustrates that much more remains to be discovered and applied to our armaments for preventing and treating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector F DeLuca
- The Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1544, USA.
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24
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Inaba Y, Yoshimoto N, Sakamaki Y, Nakabayashi M, Ikura T, Tamamura H, Ito N, Shimizu M, Yamamoto K. A New Class of Vitamin D Analogues that Induce Structural Rearrangement of the Ligand-Binding Pocket of the Receptor. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1438-49. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8014348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Inaba
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan, School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Nobuko Yoshimoto
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan, School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yuta Sakamaki
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan, School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakabayashi
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan, School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Teikichi Ikura
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan, School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan, School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan, School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Masato Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan, School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan, School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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25
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Brown WM. Vitamin D, vitamin D analogs (deltanoids) and prostate cancer. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2008; 1:803-13. [PMID: 24410609 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.1.6.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
'Vitamin D' is a generic term for a family of secosteroids, members of which bind to the vitamin D receptor. Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, has antiproliferative effects on many tumor cells. However, clinical use of calcitriol in cancer prevention or therapy is limited because it induces hypercalcemia at the necessary supraphysiological doses. The anti-tumor effects of vitamin D analogs (deltanoids) have been researched extensively; more than 3000 deltanoids have now been described. Prostate cancer is more common in northern geographic regions; mortality decreases with exposure to sunlight. As UV light is necessary for vitamin D synthesis in the skin, it has long been dogma that vitamin D is involved. This review concerns deltanoids that have been assessed for use in treating or preventing prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Brown
- VaxDesign Corp., 12612 Challenger Parkway, Suite 365, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
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26
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Nakabayashi M, Yamada S, Yoshimoto N, Tanaka T, Igarashi M, Ikura T, Ito N, Makishima M, Tokiwa H, DeLuca HF, Shimizu M. Crystal structures of rat vitamin D receptor bound to adamantyl vitamin D analogs: structural basis for vitamin D receptor antagonism and partial agonism. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5320-9. [PMID: 18710208 DOI: 10.1021/jm8004477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The X-ray crystal structures of the rat VDR ligand-binding domain complexed with 19-norvitamin D compounds that contain an adamantyl substituent at the side-chain terminus, 2a (ADTT), 2b (ADNY), and 2c (ADMI4) and a coactivator peptide derived from DRIP205 are reported. These compounds show a series of partial agonistic (10-75% efficacy)/antagonistic activities. All of these complexed receptors are crystallized in the canonical active conformation, regardless of their activity profiles. The bulky adamantyl side chain does not crowd helix 12 but protrudes into the gap formed by helix 11, loop 11-12, helix 3, and loop 6-7, thereby widening the ligand binding pocket. We suggest that these structural changes destabilize the active protein conformation and reduce its contribution to equilibrium among the active and inactive conformations. The coactivator peptide traps the minor active conformation, and the equilibrium shifts to the active conformation. As a result, these ligands show partial agonistic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nakabayashi
- School of Biomedical Science and Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062
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27
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Shimizu M, Miyamoto Y, Takaku H, Matsuo M, Nakabayashi M, Masuno H, Udagawa N, DeLuca HF, Ikura T, Ito N. 2-Substituted-16-ene-22-thia-1alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethyl-19-norvitamin D3 analogs: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and crystal structure. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6949-64. [PMID: 18539034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have found that 16-ene-22-thia-26,27-dimethyl-19-norvitamin D(3) analogs 1a (n=2, 3) are 20 times more active than the natural hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in terms of transcriptional activity. To further investigate the effects of the A-ring modification of 1a, b on the biological activity profile, novel 22-thia-19-norvitamin D analogs 2-11 bearing a hydroxyethoxy-, hydroxyethylidene- or methyl group at C-2 in combination with 20S- and 20R-isomers were prepared and tested for their in vitro biological activities. All of the synthesized analogs showed 0.5-140% of the activity of the natural hormone in binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR). When compared with the transcriptional activity of C-2 or C-20 isomeric pairs of the 22-thia analogs, the 20S-isomers 2-11a were more potent than the 20R-isomers 2, 3, 8-11b, and the 2beta-hydroxyethoxy, 2E-hydroxyethylidene, and 2alpha-methyl-2beta-hydroxy-22-thia isomers showed higher potency than their corresponding counterparts. In particular, 3a exhibited an extremely higher level of potency (210-fold) than the natural hormone. To elucidate the action mode of superagonist 3a at the molecular level, we determined the crystal structures of the rat VDR-ligand-binding domain complexed with 3a or 3b in the presence of peptide containing a nuclear box motif (LxxLL) at 1.9-2.0A resolution. The crystal structures demonstrated that the 1alpha-OH, 3beta-OH, and 25-OH groups of the natural hormone and 3a were anchored by the same amino acid residues in the ligand-binding pocket, and the terminal OH moiety of the substituent at C-2 formed hydrogen bonds with Arg270 and a water molecule to create a tight water molecule network. Moreover, the methyl groups at C-26a and C-27a make additional contact with hydrophobic residues such as Leu223, Ala227, Val230, and Ala299. These hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions in 3a may underlie the induction of superagonistic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Shimizu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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Strushkevich N, Usanov SA, Plotnikov AN, Jones G, Park HW. Structural analysis of CYP2R1 in complex with vitamin D3. J Mol Biol 2008; 380:95-106. [PMID: 18511070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The activation of vitamin D to its hormonal form is mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes. CYP2R1 catalyzes the initial step converting vitamin D into 25-hydroxyvitamin D. A CYP2R1 gene mutation causes an inherited form of rickets due to 25-hydroxylase deficiency. To understand the narrow substrate specificity of CYP2R1 we obtained the hemeprotein in a highly purified state, confirmed the enzyme as a vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, and solved the crystal structure of CYP2R1 in complex with vitamin D3. The CYP2R1 structure adopts a closed conformation with the substrate access channel being covered by the ordered B'-helix and slightly opened to the surface, which defines the substrate entrance point. The active site is lined by conserved, mostly hydrophobic residues. Vitamin D3 is bound in an elongated conformation with the aliphatic side-chain pointing toward the heme. The structure reveals the secosteroid binding mode in an extended active site and allows rationalization of the molecular basis of the inherited rickets associated with CYP2R1.
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Sicinski RR, Glebocka A, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a 1α,25-Dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3Analogue with a Frozen A-Ring Conformation. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6154-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jm070635+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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