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Muñoz-Bacasehua C, Santacruz-Ortega H, Valenzuela-Soto EM. BADH-NAD +-K + Complex Interaction Studies Reveal a New Possible Mechanism between Potassium and Glutamic 254 at the Coenzyme Binding Site. Cell Biochem Biophys 2022; 80:39-44. [PMID: 34981410 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH EC 1.2.1.8) catalyzes the irreversible oxidation of betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine using NAD+ as a coenzyme. Incubation of porcine kidney BADH (pkBADH) with NAD+ decreases the catalytic cysteine (C288) reactivity. Potassium ion increases the pkBADH affinity by the coenzyme. This work aimed to analyze pkBADH and NAD+ interaction in the presence and absence of K+ using 1H NMR to identify the amino acids that interact with NAD+ and/or K+ to understand the regulation process of pkBADH-NAD+ complex formation mediated by the K+ ion and their impact on the substrate binding and catalysis. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of pkBADH were obtained in the presence and absence of NAD+ and K+. The results show a chemical shift of the signals corresponding to the catalytic glutamic that participates in the transfer of H+ in the reaction of the pkBADH-NAD+-K+ complex formation. Furthermore, there is a widening of the signal that belongs to the catalytic cysteine indicating higher rigidity or less grade of rotation of the structure, which is consistent with the possible conformations of C288 in the catalytic process; in addition, there is evidence of changes in the chemical environment that surrounds NAD+.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Muñoz-Bacasehua
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Apartado Postal 1735, Hermosillo, 83304, Sonora, México
| | - Hisila Santacruz-Ortega
- División de Ingeniería, Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, 83000, Sonora, México
| | - Elisa M Valenzuela-Soto
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Apartado Postal 1735, Hermosillo, 83304, Sonora, México.
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Muñoz-Bacasehua C, Rosas-Rodríguez JA, López-Zavala AA, Valenzuela-Soto EM. Spectroscopic analysis of coenzyme binding to betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase dependent on potassium. LUMINESCENCE 2021; 36:1733-1742. [PMID: 34213071 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glycine betaine is the main osmolyte synthesized and accumulated in mammalian renal cells. Glycine betaine synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) using NAD+ as the coenzyme. Previous studies have shown that porcine kidney betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (pkBADH) binds NAD+ with different affinities at each active site and that the binding is K+ dependent. The objective of this work was to analyze the changes in the pkBADH secondary and tertiary structure resulting from variable concentrations of NAD+ and the role played by K+ . Intrinsic fluorescence studies were carried out at fixed-variable concentrations of K+ and titrating the enzyme with varying concentrations of NAD+ . Fluorescence analysis showed a shift of the maximum emission towards red as the concentration of K+ was increased. Changes in the exposure of tryptophan located near the NAD+ binding site were found when the enzyme was titrated with NAD+ in the presence of potassium. Fluorescence data analysis showed that the K+ presence promoted static quenching that facilitated the pkBADH-NAD+ complex formation. DC data analysis showed that binding of K+ to the enzyme caused changes in the α-helix content of 4% and 12% in the presence of 25 mM and 100 mM K+ , respectively. The presence of K+ during NAD+ binding to pkBADH increased the thermal stability of the complex. These results indicated that K+ facilitated the pkBADH-NAD+ complex formation and suggested that K+ caused small changes in secondary and tertiary structures that could influence the active site conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Muñoz-Bacasehua
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Jesús A Rosas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora Unidad Regional Sur, Navojoa, Sonora, Mexico
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Cruz-Valencia R, Arvizu-Flores AA, Rosas-Rodríguez JA, Valenzuela-Soto EM. Effect of the drug cyclophosphamide on the activity of porcine kidney betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1467-1475. [PMID: 33389495 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-04010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH EC 1.2.1.8) catalyzes the synthesis of glycine betaine (GB), an osmolyte and osmoprotectant. Also, it participates in several metabolic pathways in humans. All BADHs known have cysteine in the active site involved in the aldehyde binding, whereas the porcine kidney enzyme (pkBADH) also has a neighborhood cysteine, both sensitive to oxidation. The antineoplastic and immuno-suppressant pre-drug cyclophosphamide (CTX), and its bioactivation products, have two highly oxidating chlorine atoms. This work aimed to analyze the effect of CTX in the activity of porcine kidney betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase. PkBADH was incubated with varying CTX concentration (0 to 2.0 mM) at 25 °C and lost 50 % of its activity with 2.0 mM CTX. The presence of the coenzyme NAD+ (0.5 mM) decreased 95% the activity in 2.0 mM CTX. The substrate betaine aldehyde (0.05 and 0.4 mM, and the products NADH (0.1-0.5 mM) and GB (1 and 10 mM) did not have an effect on the enzyme inactivation by CTX. The reducing agents, dithiothreitol and β-mercaptoethanol, reverted the pkBADH inactivation, but reduced glutathione (GSH) was unable to restore the enzyme activity. Molecular docking showed that CTX could enter at the enzyme active site, where its chlorine atoms may interact with the catalytic and the neighboring cysteines. The results obtained show that CTX inactivates the pkBADH due to oxidation of the catalytic cysteine or because it oxidizes catalytic and neighborhood cysteine, forming a disulfide bridge with a concomitant decrease in the activity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramses Cruz-Valencia
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Hermosillo, 83304, Sonora, México
| | - Aldo A Arvizu-Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, 83000, Sonora, México
| | - Jesús A Rosas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias, Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora Unidad Regional Sur, Navojoa, 85880, Sonora, México
| | - Elisa M Valenzuela-Soto
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Hermosillo, 83304, Sonora, México.
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Muñoz‐Bacasehua C, Rosas‐Rodríguez JA, Arvizu‐Flores AA, Stephens‐Camacho A, Soñanez‐Organis JG, Figueroa‐Soto CG, Valenzuela‐Soto EM. Heterogeneity of active sites in recombinant betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase is modulated by potassium. J Mol Recognit 2020; 33:e2869. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- César Muñoz‐Bacasehua
- Ciencia de los AlimentosCentro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. Hermosillo México
| | - Jesús A. Rosas‐Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y AgropecuariasUniversidad de Sonora Unidad Regional Sur Navojoa México
| | | | - Aurora Stephens‐Camacho
- Licenciatura en Nutrición HumanaUniversidad Estatal de Sonora UAN, Periférico Sur y Carretera a Huatabampo Navojoa México
| | - José G. Soñanez‐Organis
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y AgropecuariasUniversidad de Sonora Unidad Regional Sur Navojoa México
| | - Ciria G. Figueroa‐Soto
- Ciencia de los AlimentosCentro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. Hermosillo México
| | - Elisa M. Valenzuela‐Soto
- Ciencia de los AlimentosCentro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. Hermosillo México
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Muñoz-Bacasehua C, Rosas-Rodríguez JA, Arvizu-Flores AA, Valenzuela-Soto EM. Role of potassium levels in pkBADH heterogeneity of NAD + binding site. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2020; 52:61-70. [PMID: 32128683 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-020-09827-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) catalyzes the oxidation of betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine using NAD+ as a coenzyme. Studies in porcine kidney BADH (pkBADH) suggested that the enzyme exhibits heterogeneity of active sites and undergoes potassium-induced conformational changes. This study aimed to analyze if potassium concentration plays a role in the heterogeneity of pkBADH active sites through changes in NAD+ affinity constants, in its secondary structure content and stability. The enzyme was titrated with NAD+ 1 mM at fixed-variable KCl concentration, and the interaction measured by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) and Circular Dichroism (CD). ITC data showed that K+ increased the first active site affinity in a manner dependent on its concentration; KD values to the first site were 14.4, 13.1, and 10.4 μM, at 25, 50, and 75 mM KCl. ΔG values showed that the coenzyme binding is a spontaneous reaction without changes between active sites or depending on KCl concentration. ΔH and TΔSb values showed that NAD+ binding to the active site is an endothermic process and is carried out at the expense of changes in entropy. α-Helix content increased as KCl increased, enzyme (Tm)app values were 2.6 °C and 3.3 °C higher at 20 mM and 200 mM K+. PkBADH molecular model showed three different interaction K+ sites. Results suggested K+ can interact with pkBADH and cause changes in the secondary structure, it provokes changes in the enzyme affinity by the coenzyme, and in the thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Muñoz-Bacasehua
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C, GE Astiazaran Rosas 46, 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | | | - Aldo A Arvizu-Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Apartado Postal, 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Elisa M Valenzuela-Soto
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C, GE Astiazaran Rosas 46, 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
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Viola-Rhenals M, Patel KR, Jaimes-Santamaria L, Wu G, Liu J, Dou QP. Recent Advances in Antabuse (Disulfiram): The Importance of its Metal-binding Ability to its Anticancer Activity. Curr Med Chem 2018; 25:506-524. [PMID: 29065820 PMCID: PMC6873226 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171023161121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable evidence demonstrates the importance of dithiocarbamates especially disulfiram as anticancer drugs. However there are no systematic reviews outlining how their metal-binding ability is related to their anticancer activity. This review aims to summarize chemical features and metal-binding activity of disulfiram and its metabolite DEDTC, and discuss different mechanisms of action of disulfiram and their contributions to the drug's anticancer activity. METHODS We undertook a disulfiram-related search on bibliographic databases of peerreviewed research literature, including many historic papers and in vitro, in vivo, preclinical and clinical studies. The selected papers were carefully reviewed and summarized. RESULTS More than five hundreds of papers were obtained in the initial search and one hundred eighteen (118) papers were included in the review, most of which deal with chemical and biological aspects of Disulfiram and the relationship of its chemical and biological properties. Eighty one (81) papers outline biological aspects of dithiocarbamates, and fifty seven (57) papers report biological activity of Disulfiram as an inhibitor of proteasomes or inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes, interaction with other anticancer drugs, or mechanism of action related to reactive oxygen species. Other papers reviewed focus on chemical aspects of dithiocarbamates. CONCLUSION This review confirms the importance of chemical features of compounds such as Disulfiram to their biological activities, and supports repurposing DSF as a potential anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricela Viola-Rhenals
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Cancer Group, Exacts and Natural Science Faculty, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Kush R. Patel
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States
| | - Laura Jaimes-Santamaria
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Cancer Group, Exacts and Natural Science Faculty, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Guojun Wu
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Dongfeng Xi road 195#, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Q. Ping Dou
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States
- Guangzhou Medical University, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Dongfeng Xi road 195#, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
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Rosas-Rodríguez JA, Figueroa-Soto CG, Valenzuela-Soto EM. Inhibition of porcine kidney betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase by hydrogen peroxide. Redox Rep 2010; 15:282-7. [PMID: 21208528 PMCID: PMC7067312 DOI: 10.1179/135100010x12826446921941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal hyperosmotic conditions may produce reactive oxygen species, which could have a deleterious effect on the enzymes involved in osmoregulation. Hydrogen peroxide was used to provoke oxidative stress in the environment of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase in vitro. Enzyme activity was reduced as hydrogen peroxide concentration was increased. Over 50% of the enzyme activity was lost at 100 μM hydrogen peroxide at two temperatures tested. At pH 8.0, under physiological ionic strength conditions, peroxide inhibited the enzyme. Initial velocity assays of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (0-200 μM) showed noncompetitive inhibition with respect to NAD(+) or to betaine aldehyde at saturating concentrations of the other substrate at pH 7.0 or 8.0. Inhibition data showed that apparent V(max) decreased 40% and 26% under betaine aldehyde and NAD(+) saturating concentrations at pH 8.0, while at pH 7.0 V(max) decreased 40% and 29% at betaine aldehyde and NAD(+) saturating concentrations. There was little change in apparent Km(NAD) at either pH, while Km(BA) increased at pH 7.0. K(i) values at pH 8 and 7 were calculated. Our results suggest that porcine kidney betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase could be inhibited by hydrogen peroxide in vivo, thus compromising the synthesis of glycine betaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús A. Rosas-Rodríguez
- Coordinación de Ciencia de los AlimentosCentro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Ciria G. Figueroa-Soto
- Coordinación de Ciencia de los AlimentosCentro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Elisa M. Valenzuela-Soto
- Coordinación de Ciencia de los AlimentosCentrode Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Apartado Postal 1735, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, México;,
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Muñoz-Clares RA, Díaz-Sánchez AG, González-Segura L, Montiel C. Kinetic and structural features of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases: mechanistic and regulatory implications. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 493:71-81. [PMID: 19766587 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2009] [Revised: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases (BADH; EC 1.2.1.8) are so-called because they catalyze the irreversible NAD(P)(+)-dependent oxidation of betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine, which may function as (i) a very efficient osmoprotectant accumulated by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms to cope with osmotic stress, (ii) a metabolic intermediate in the catabolism of choline in some bacteria such as the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or (iii) a methyl donor for methionine synthesis. BADH enzymes can also use as substrates aminoaldehydes and other quaternary ammonium and tertiary sulfonium compounds, thereby participating in polyamine catabolism and in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyrate, carnitine, and 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionate. This review deals with what is known about the kinetics and structural properties of these enzymes, stressing those properties that have only been found in them and not in other aldehyde dehydrogenases, and discussing their mechanistic and regulatory implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario A Muñoz-Clares
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, México.
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