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Abstract
The ‘amyloid hypothesis’ dominates Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research but has failed to deliver effective therapies. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin-1 (PSEN1) genetic mutations are undoubtedly pathogenic, albeit by unclear mechanisms. Conversely, high dose B-vitamins convincingly slow brain atrophy in a pre-stage state of sporadic AD. Here we suggest a link between sporadic and genetic AD: 1) Increased serum homocysteine, a marker of B-vitamin deficiencies, is a significant risk factor for sporadic AD. It also correlates with elevated levels of antichymotrypsin, a serine protease inhibitor. 2) Family members with codon 717 APP mutations and dementia have low serum vitamin B12 values. Overexpression of the APP domain coding for a Kunitz type serine protease inhibitor might explain this. 3) PSEN1 mutations disrupt lysosomal function due to reduced proteolytic activity. They also trap cobalamin (B12) within lysosomes, leading to intracellular deficiency of the vitamin. In summary, APP and PSEN1 mutations both confer a risk for reduced protease activity and B12 bio-availability. Comparably, sporadic AD features a constellation of increased protease inhibition and B-vitamin deficiencies, the central part of which is believed to be B12. These concordant observations in three disparate AD etiologies suggest a common neuropathogenic pathway. This hypothesis is evaluable in laboratory and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Regland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew McCaddon
- University of Chester, Chester Medical School, Bache Hall, Chester, UK
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Bossenmeyer‐Pourié C, Smith AD, Lehmann S, Deramecourt V, Sablonnière B, Camadro J, Pourié G, Kerek R, Helle D, Umoret R, Guéant‐Rodriguez R, Rigau V, Gabelle A, Sequeira JM, Quadros EV, Daval J, Guéant J. N‐homocysteinylation of tau and MAP1 is increased in autopsy specimens of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. J Pathol 2019; 248:291-303. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Bossenmeyer‐Pourié
- Inserm U1256, Nutrition‐Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital Center, Université de Lorraine Vandoeuvre‐lès‐Nancy France
| | - A David Smith
- OPTIMA, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Laboratoire de Biochimie‐Protéomique Clinique – IRMB – CCBHM – Inserm U1183, CHU MontpellierHôpital St‐Eloi – Université Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Vincent Deramecourt
- Inserm U837, Jean‐Pierre Aubert Research Centre and Université de Lille Nord de France Lille France
| | - Bernard Sablonnière
- Inserm U837, Jean‐Pierre Aubert Research Centre and Université de Lille Nord de France Lille France
| | - Jean‐Michel Camadro
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592Université Paris Diderot Paris France
| | - Grégory Pourié
- Inserm U1256, Nutrition‐Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital Center, Université de Lorraine Vandoeuvre‐lès‐Nancy France
| | - Racha Kerek
- Inserm U1256, Nutrition‐Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital Center, Université de Lorraine Vandoeuvre‐lès‐Nancy France
| | - Deborah Helle
- Inserm U1256, Nutrition‐Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital Center, Université de Lorraine Vandoeuvre‐lès‐Nancy France
| | - Remy Umoret
- Inserm U1256, Nutrition‐Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital Center, Université de Lorraine Vandoeuvre‐lès‐Nancy France
| | - Rosa‐Maria Guéant‐Rodriguez
- Inserm U1256, Nutrition‐Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital Center, Université de Lorraine Vandoeuvre‐lès‐Nancy France
| | - Valérie Rigau
- Laboratoire de Biochimie‐Protéomique Clinique – IRMB – CCBHM – Inserm U1183, CHU MontpellierHôpital St‐Eloi – Université Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Audrey Gabelle
- Laboratoire de Biochimie‐Protéomique Clinique – IRMB – CCBHM – Inserm U1183, CHU MontpellierHôpital St‐Eloi – Université Montpellier Montpellier France
| | | | - Edward V Quadros
- Department of MedicineSUNY Downstate Medical Center New York NY USA
| | - Jean‐Luc Daval
- Inserm U1256, Nutrition‐Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital Center, Université de Lorraine Vandoeuvre‐lès‐Nancy France
| | - Jean‐Louis Guéant
- Inserm U1256, Nutrition‐Genetics and Environmental Exposure, Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital Center, Université de Lorraine Vandoeuvre‐lès‐Nancy France
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Jakubowski H. Homocysteine Modification in Protein Structure/Function and Human Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:555-604. [PMID: 30427275 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies established that elevated homocysteine, an important intermediate in folate, vitamin B12, and one carbon metabolism, is associated with poor health, including heart and brain diseases. Earlier studies show that patients with severe hyperhomocysteinemia, first identified in the 1960s, exhibit neurological and cardiovascular abnormalities and premature death due to vascular complications. Although homocysteine is considered to be a nonprotein amino acid, studies over the past 2 decades have led to discoveries of protein-related homocysteine metabolism and mechanisms by which homocysteine can become a component of proteins. Homocysteine-containing proteins lose their biological function and acquire cytotoxic, proinflammatory, proatherothrombotic, and proneuropathic properties, which can account for the various disease phenotypes associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. This review describes mechanisms by which hyperhomocysteinemia affects cellular proteostasis, provides a comprehensive account of the biological chemistry of homocysteine-containing proteins, and discusses pathophysiological consequences and clinical implications of their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health , Newark, New Jersey ; and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
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Lazarev VF, Mikhaylova ER, Guzhova IV, Margulis BA. Possible Function of Molecular Chaperones in Diseases Caused by Propagating Amyloid Aggregates. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:277. [PMID: 28559794 PMCID: PMC5433261 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of neurodegenerative pathologies stem from the formation of toxic oligomers and aggregates composed of wrongly folded proteins. These protein complexes can be released from pathogenic cells and enthralled by other cells, causing the formation of new aggregates in a prion-like manner. By this mechanism, migrating complexes can transmit a disorder to distant regions of the brain and promote gradually transmitting degenerative processes. Molecular chaperones can counteract the toxicity of misfolded proteins. In this review, we discuss recent data on the possible cytoprotective functions of chaperones in horizontally transmitting neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir F Lazarev
- Laboratory of Cell Protection Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of SciencesSt. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena R Mikhaylova
- Laboratory of Cell Protection Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of SciencesSt. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina V Guzhova
- Laboratory of Cell Protection Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of SciencesSt. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Boris A Margulis
- Laboratory of Cell Protection Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of SciencesSt. Petersburg, Russia
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Conformational status of cytochrome c upon N-homocysteinylation: Implications to cytochrome c release. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 614:23-27. [PMID: 28003096 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the proposed mechanisms of homocysteine (Hcy) toxicity is the post-translational modification of proteins by its metabolite, homocysteine thiolactone (HTL). Incubation of proteins with HTL has been shown to form covalent adducts with ε-amino group of lysine residues of protein (called N-homocysteinylation) which ultimately results in structural and functional alterations of the modified proteins. In the present study, the effects of HTL on the conformational and heme status of cytochrome c (cyt c) were investigated. Spectroscopic analyses revealed that HTL-modified cyt c undergoes certain conformational alterations leading to disturbed heme-Trp distance and packing of the apolar groups. These alterations were accompanied with the reduction of the heme moiety and activation of peroxidase-like function of cyt c, which is known to be a crucial event for initiation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Further structural characterization revealed that disruption of the heme-Met80 interaction, thereby converting the hexa-coordinate cyt c to a penta-coordinate species (with a free heme ligand), was responsible for the activation of the peroxidase activity. The study provides insights for the possible role of cyt c N-homocysteinylation in eliciting its toxicity and cell death.
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Moafian Z, Khoshaman K, Oryan A, Kurganov BI, Yousefi R. Protective Effects of Acetylation on the Pathological Reactions of the Lens Crystallins with Homocysteine Thiolactone. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164139. [PMID: 27706231 PMCID: PMC5051903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various post-translational lens crystallins modifications result in structural and functional insults, contributing to the development of lens opacity and cataract disorders. Lens crystallins are potential targets of homocysteinylation, particularly under hyperhomocysteinemia which has been indicated in various eye diseases. Since both homocysteinylation and acetylation primarily occur on protein free amino groups, we applied different spectroscopic methods and gel mobility shift analysis to examine the possible preventive role of acetylation against homocysteinylation. Lens crystallins were extensively acetylated in the presence of acetic anhydride and then subjected to homocysteinylation in the presence of homocysteine thiolactone (HCTL). Extensive acetylation of the lens crystallins results in partial structural alteration and enhancement of their stability, as well as improvement of α-crystallin chaperone-like activity. In addition, acetylation partially prevents HCTL-induced structural alteration and aggregation of lens crystallins. Also, acetylation protects against HCTL-induced loss of α-crystallin chaperone activity. Additionally, subsequent acetylation and homocysteinylation cause significant proteolytic degradation of crystallins. Therefore, further experimentation is required in order to judge effectively the preventative role of acetylation on the structural and functional insults induced by homocysteinylation of lens crystallins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Moafian
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory (PCL), Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kazem Khoshaman
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory (PCL), Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Boris I. Kurganov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Reza Yousefi
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory (PCL), Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- * E-mail:
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Stroylova YY, Semenyuk PI, Asriyantz RA, Gaillard C, Haertlé T, Muronetz VI. Creation of catalytically active particles from enzymes crosslinked with a natural bifunctional agent--homocysteine thiolactone. Biopolymers 2016; 101:975-84. [PMID: 24912753 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The current study describes an approach to creation of catalytically active particles with increased stability from enzymes by N-homocysteinylation, a naturally presented protein modification. Enzymatic activities and properties of two globular tetrameric enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were studied before and after N-homocysteinylation. Modification of these proteins concerns the accessible lysine residues and introduces an average of 2-2,5 homocysteine residues per protein monomer. Formation of a range of aggregates was observed for both enzymes, which assemble via formation of intermolecular noncovalent bonds and by disulfide bonds. It was demonstrated that both studied enzymes retain their catalytic activities on modification and the subsequent formation of oligomeric forms. At low concentrations of homocysteine thiolactone, modification of GAPDH leads not only to prevention of spontaneous inactivation but also increases thermal stability of this enzyme on heating to 80°C. A moderate reduction of the activity of GAPDH observed in case of its crosslinking with 50-fold excess of homocysteine thiolactone per lysine is probably caused by hindered substrate diffusion. Spherical particles of 100 nm and larger diameters were observed by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscope techniques after modification of GAPDH with different homocysteine thiolactone concentrations. In case of LDH, branched fibril-like aggregates were observed under the same conditions. Interestingly, crosslinked samples of both proteins were found to have reversible thermal denaturation profiles, indicating that modification with homocysteine thiolactone stabilizes the spatial structure of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Y Stroylova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia
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Homocystinuria: Therapeutic approach. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 458:55-62. [PMID: 27059523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Homocystinuria is a disorder of sulfur metabolism pathway caused by deficiency of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). It is characterized by increased accumulation of homocysteine (Hcy) in the cells and plasma. Increased homocysteine results in various vascular and neurological complications. Present strategies to lower cellular and plasma homocysteine levels include vitamin B6 intake, dietary methionine restriction, betaine supplementation, folate and vitamin B12 administration. However, these strategies are inefficient for treatment of homocystinuria. In recent years, advances have been made towards developing new strategies to treat homocystinuria. These mainly include functional restoration to mutant CBS, enhanced clearance of Hcy from the body, prevention of N-homocysteinylation-induced toxicity and inhibition of homocysteine-induced oxidative stress. In this review, we have exclusively discussed the recent advances that have been achieved towards the treatment of homocystinuria. The review is an attempt to help clinicians in developing effective therapeutic strategies and designing novel drugs against homocystinuria.
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Protein N-homocysteinylation: From cellular toxicity to neurodegeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2239-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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He C, Kulkarni SS, Thuaud F, Bode JW. Chemical Synthesis of the 20 kDa Heme Protein Nitrophorin 4 by α-Ketoacid-Hydroxylamine (KAHA) Ligation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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He C, Kulkarni SS, Thuaud F, Bode JW. Chemical Synthesis of the 20 kDa Heme Protein Nitrophorin 4 by α‐Ketoacid‐Hydroxylamine (KAHA) Ligation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12996-3001. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmao He
- Institute of Transformative Bio‐Molecules (WPI‐ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464‐8602 (Japan)
| | - Sameer S. Kulkarni
- Institute of Transformative Bio‐Molecules (WPI‐ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464‐8602 (Japan)
| | - Frédéric Thuaud
- Institute of Transformative Bio‐Molecules (WPI‐ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464‐8602 (Japan)
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich (Switzerland) http://www.bode.ethz.ch/
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Institute of Transformative Bio‐Molecules (WPI‐ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464‐8602 (Japan)
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich (Switzerland) http://www.bode.ethz.ch/
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Sharma GS, Kumar T, Singh LR. N-homocysteinylation induces different structural and functional consequences on acidic and basic proteins. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116386. [PMID: 25551634 PMCID: PMC4281231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the proposed mechanisms of homocysteine toxicity in human is the modification of proteins by the metabolite of Hcy, homocysteine thilolactone (HTL). Incubation of proteins with HTL has earlier been shown to form covalent adducts with ε-amino group of lysine residues of protein (called N-homocysteinylation). It has been believed that protein N-homocysteinylation is the pathological hallmark of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders as homocysteinylation induces structural and functional alterations in proteins. In the present study, reactivity of HTL towards proteins with different physico-chemical properties and hence their structural and functional alterations were studied using different spectroscopic approaches. We found that N-homocysteinylation has opposite consequences on acidic and basic proteins suggesting that pI of the protein determines the extent of homocysteinylation, and the structural and functional consequences due to homocysteinylation. Mechanistically, pI of protein determines the extent of N-homocysteinylation and the associated structural and functional alterations. The study suggests the role of HTL primarily targeting acidic proteins in eliciting its toxicity that could yield mechanistic insights for the associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarun Kumar
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Kumar T, Sharma GS, Singh LR. Existence of molten globule state in homocysteine-induced protein covalent modifications. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113566. [PMID: 25405350 PMCID: PMC4236184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine thiolactone is a toxic metabolite produced from homocysteine by amino-acyl t-RNA synthetase in error editing reaction. The basic cause of toxicity of homocysteine thiolactone is believed to be due to the adduct formation with lysine residues (known as protein N-homocysteinylation) leading to protein aggregation and loss of enzyme function. There was no data available until now that showed the effect of homocysteine thiolactone on the native state structural changes that led to aggregate formation. In the present study we have investigated the time dependent structural changes due to homocysteine thiolactone induced modifications on three different proteins having different physico-chemical properties (cytochrome-c, lysozyme and alpha lactalbumin). We discovered that N-homocysteinylation leads to the formation of molten globule state—an important protein folding intermediate in the protein folding pathway. We also found that the formation of the molten globule state might be responsible for the appearance of aggregate formation. The study indicates the importance of protein folding intermediate state in eliciting the homocysteine thiolactone toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Kumar
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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