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Feng J, Jin R, Cheng S, Li H, Wang X, Chen K. Establishing an Artificial Pathway for the Biosynthesis of Octopamine and Synephrine. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1762-1772. [PMID: 38815614 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we designed an artificial pathway composed of tyramine β-hydroxylase (TBH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) for the biosynthesis of both octopamine and synephrine. As most TBH and PNMT originate from eukaryotic animals and plants, the heterologous expression and identification of functional TBH and PNMT are critical for establishing the pathway in mode microorganisms like Escherichia coli. Here, three TBHs were evaluated, and only TBH from Drosophila melanogaster was successfully expressed in the soluble form in E. coli. Its expression was promoted by evaluating the effects of different expression strategies. The specific enzyme activity of TBH was optimized up to 229.50 U·g-1, and the first step in the biosynthetic pathway was successfully established and converted tyramine to synthesize 0.10 g/L of octopamine. Furthermore, the second step to produce synephrine from octopamine was developed by screening PNMT, enhancing enzyme activity, and optimizing reaction conditions, with a maximum synephrine production of 2.02 g/L. Finally, based on the optimization of the reaction conditions for each individual reaction, the one-pot cascade reaction for synthesizing synephrine from tyramine was constructed by combining the TBH and PNMT. The synthetic synephrine reached 30.05 mg/L with tyramine as substrate in the two-step enzyme cascade system. With further optimization and amplification, the titers of octopamine and synephrine were increased to 0.45 and 0.20 g/L, respectively, with tyramine as substrate. This work was the first achievement of the biosynthesis of octopamine and synephrine to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Runyuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Shasha Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Kequan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
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2
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Neti SS, Wang B, Iwig DF, Onderko EL, Booker SJ. Enzymatic Fluoromethylation Enabled by the S-Adenosylmethionine Analog Te-Adenosyl- L-(fluoromethyl)homotellurocysteine. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:905-914. [PMID: 37252363 PMCID: PMC10214534 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, and trifluoromethyl groups are present in numerous pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, where they play critical roles in the efficacy and metabolic stability of these molecules. Strategies for late-stage incorporation of fluorine-containing atoms in molecules have become an important area of organic and medicinal chemistry as well as synthetic biology. Herein, we describe the synthesis and use of Te-adenosyl-L-(fluoromethyl)homotellurocysteine (FMeTeSAM), a novel and biologically relevant fluoromethylating agent. FMeTeSAM is structurally and chemically related to the universal cellular methyl donor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) and supports the robust transfer of fluoromethyl groups to oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and some carbon nucleophiles. FMeTeSAM is also used to fluoromethylate precursors to oxaline and daunorubicin, two complex natural products that exhibit antitumor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam Sundar Neti
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State
University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bo Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State
University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - David F. Iwig
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State
University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Elizabeth L. Onderko
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State
University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Squire J. Booker
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State
University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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3
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Lewis CA, Wolfenden R. The Burden Borne by Protein Methyltransferases: Rates and Equilibria of Non-enzymatic Methylation of Amino Acid Side Chains by SAM in Water. Biochemistry 2021; 60:854-858. [PMID: 33667085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
SAM is a powerful methylating agent, with a methyl group transfer potential matching the phosphoryl group transfer potential of ATP. SAM-dependent N-methyltransferases have evolved to catalyze the modification of specific lysine residues in histones and transcription factors, in addition to generating epinephrine, N-methylnicotinamide, and a quaternary amine (betaine) that is used to maintain osmotic pressure in plants and halophilic bacteria. To assess the catalytic power of these enzymes and their potential susceptibility to transition state and multisubstrate analogue inhibitors, we determined the rates and positions of the equilibrium of methyl transfer from the trimethylsulfonium ion to model amines in the absence of a catalyst. Unlike the methyl group transfer potential of SAM, which becomes more negative with an increase in pH throughout the normal pH range, equilibrium constants for the hydrolytic demethylation of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amines are found to be insensitive to a change in pH and resemble each other in magnitude, with an average ΔG value of approximately -0.7 kcal/mol at pH 7. Thus, each of the three steps in the mono-, di-, and trimethylation of lysine by SAM is accompanied by a change in free energy of -7.5 kcal/mol in a neutral solution. Arrhenius analysis of the uncatalyzed reactions shows that the unprotonated form of glycine attacks the trimethylsulfonium ion (TMS+) with second-order rates constant of 1.8 × 10-7 M-1 s-1 at 25 °C (ΔH⧧ = 22 kcal/mol, and TΔS⧧ = -6 kcal/mol). Comparable values are observed for the methylation of secondary and tertiary amines, with k25 values of 1.1 × 10-7 M-1 s-1 for sarcosine and 4.3 × 10-8 M-1 s-1 for dimethylglycine. The non-enzymatic methylations of imidazole and methionine by TMS+, benchmarks for the methylation of histidine and methionine residues by SETD3, exhibit k25 values of 3.3 × 10-9 and 1.2 × 10-9 M-1 s-1, respectively. Lysine methylation by SAM, although slow under physiological conditions (t1/2 = 7 weeks at 25 °C), is accelerated 1.1 × 1012 -fold at the active site of a SET domain methyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Lewis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Richard Wolfenden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
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4
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Lu J, Bart AG, Wu Q, Criscione KR, McLeish MJ, Scott EE, Grunewald GL. Structure-Based Drug Design of Bisubstrate Inhibitors of Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase Possessing Low Nanomolar Affinity at Both Substrate Binding Domains 1. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13878-13898. [PMID: 33147410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT, EC 2.1.1.28) catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of epinephrine and is a potential drug target, primarily for the control of hypertension. Unfortunately, many potent PNMT inhibitors also possess significant affinity for the a2-adrenoceptor, which complicates the interpretation of their pharmacology. A bisubstrate analogue approach offers the potential for development of highly selective inhibitors of PNMT. This paper documents the design, synthesis, and evaluation of such analogues, several of which were found to possess human PNMT (hPNMT) inhibitory potency <5 nM versus AdoMet. Site-directed mutagenesis studies were consistent with bisubstrate binding. Two of these compounds (19 and 29) were co-crystallized with hPNMT and the resulting structures revealed both compounds bound as predicted, simultaneously occupying both substrate binding domains. This bisubstrate inhibitor approach has resulted in one of the most potent (20) and selective (vs the a2-adrenoceptor) inhibitors of hPNMT yet reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Aaron G Bart
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Purdue School of Science, IUPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Kevin R Criscione
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Michael J McLeish
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Purdue School of Science, IUPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Emily E Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Gary L Grunewald
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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5
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Mahmoodi N, Harijan RK, Schramm VL. Transition-State Analogues of Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14222-14233. [PMID: 32702980 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is a critical enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. It transfers the methyl group of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to catalyze the synthesis of epinephrine from norepinephrine. Epinephrine has been associated with diverse human processes, including the regulation of blood pressure and respiration, as well as neurodegeneration found in Alzheimer's disease. Human PNMT (hPNMT) proceeds through an SN2 transition state (TS) in which the transfer of the methyl group is rate limiting. TS analogue enzyme inhibitors are specific for their target and bind orders of magnitude more tightly than their substrates. Molecules resembling the TS of hPNMT were designed, synthesized, and kinetically characterized. This new inhibitory scaffold was designed to mimic the geometry and electronic properties of the hPNMT TS. Synthetic efforts resulted in a tight-binding inhibitor with a Ki value of 12.0 nM. This is among the first of the TS analogue inhibitors of methyltransferase enzymes to show an affinity in the nanomolar range. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) measurements indicated negative cooperative binding of inhibitor to the dimeric protein, driven by favorable entropic contributions. Structural analysis revealed that inhibitor 3 binds to hPNMT by filling the catalytic binding pockets for the cofactor (SAM) and the substrate (norepinephrine) binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niusha Mahmoodi
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461, United States
| | - Rajesh K Harijan
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461, United States
| | - Vern L Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461, United States
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Fernández-Reina A, Urdiales JL, Sánchez-Jiménez F. What We Know and What We Need to Know about Aromatic and Cationic Biogenic Amines in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Foods 2018; 7:E145. [PMID: 30181486 PMCID: PMC6164962 DOI: 10.3390/foods7090145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic amines derived from basic and aromatic amino acids (B/A-BAs), polyamines, histamine, serotonin, and catecholamines are a group of molecules playing essential roles in many relevant physiological processes, including cell proliferation, immune response, nutrition and reproduction. All these physiological effects involve a variety of tissue-specific cellular receptors and signalling pathways, which conforms to a very complex network that is not yet well-characterized. Strong evidence has proved the importance of this group of molecules in the gastrointestinal context, also playing roles in several pathologies. This work is based on the hypothesis that integration of biomedical information helps to reach new translational actions. Thus, the major aim of this work is to combine scientific knowledge on biomolecules, metabolism and physiology of the main B/A-BAs involved in the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract, in order to point out important gaps in information and other facts deserving further research efforts in order to connect molecular information with pathophysiological observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fernández-Reina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - José Luis Urdiales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras & IBIMA, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Francisca Sánchez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras & IBIMA, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
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7
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Misson L, Burn R, Vit A, Hildesheim J, Beliaeva MA, Blankenfeldt W, Seebeck FP. Inhibition and Regulation of the Ergothioneine Biosynthetic Methyltransferase EgtD. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1333-1342. [PMID: 29658702 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine is an emerging factor in cellular redox homeostasis in bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. Reports that ergothioneine biosynthesis may be important for the pathogenicity of bacteria and fungi raise the question as to how this pathway is regulated and whether the corresponding enzymes may be therapeutic targets. The first step in ergothioneine biosynthesis is catalyzed by the methyltransferase EgtD that converts histidine into N-α-trimethylhistidine. This report examines the kinetic, thermodynamic and structural basis for substrate, product, and inhibitor binding by EgtD from Mycobacterium smegmatis. This study reveals an unprecedented substrate binding mechanism and a fine-tuned affinity landscape as determinants for product specificity and product inhibition. Both properties are evolved features that optimize the function of EgtD in the context of cellular ergothioneine production. On the basis of these findings, we developed a series of simple histidine derivatives that inhibit methyltransferase activity at low micromolar concentrations. Crystal structures of inhibited complexes validate this structure- and mechanism-based design strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Misson
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Burn
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Allegra Vit
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julia Hildesheim
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mariia A. Beliaeva
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Stratton CF, Poulin MB, Du Q, Schramm VL. Kinetic Isotope Effects and Transition State Structure for Human Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:342-346. [PMID: 27997103 PMCID: PMC5553282 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) catalyzes the S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM)-dependent conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine. Epinephrine has been associated with critical processes in humans including the control of respiration and blood pressure. Additionally, PNMT activity has been suggested to play a role in hypertension and Alzheimer's disease. In the current study, labeled SAM substrates were used to measure primary methyl-14C and 36S and secondary methyl-3H, 5'-3H, and 5'-14C intrinsic kinetic isotope effects for human PNMT. The transition state of human PNMT was modeled by matching kinetic isotope effects predicted via quantum chemical calculations to intrinsic values. The model provides information on the geometry and electrostatics of the human PNMT transition state structure and indicates that human PNMT catalyzes the formation of epinephrine through an early SN2 transition state in which methyl transfer is rate-limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F. Stratton
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | | | - Quan Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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Torres MA, Hoffarth E, Eugenio L, Savtchouk J, Chen X, Morris JS, Facchini PJ, Ng KKS. Structural and Functional Studies of Pavine N-Methyltransferase from Thalictrum flavum Reveal Novel Insights into Substrate Recognition and Catalytic Mechanism. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23403-23415. [PMID: 27573242 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are produced in a wide variety of plants and include many common analgesic, antitussive, and anticancer compounds. Several members of a distinct family of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent N-methyltransferases (NMTs) play critical roles in BIA biosynthesis, but the molecular basis of substrate recognition and catalysis is not known for NMTs involved in BIA metabolism. To address this issue, the crystal structure of pavine NMT from Thalictrum flavum was solved using selenomethionine-substituted protein (dmin = 2.8 Å). Additional structures were determined for the native protein (dmin = 2.0 Å) as well as binary complexes with SAM (dmin = 2.3 Å) or the reaction product S-adenosylhomocysteine (dmin = 1.6 Å). The structure of a complex with S-adenosylhomocysteine and two molecules of tetrahydropapaverine (THP; one as the S conformer and a second in the R configuration) (dmin = 1.8 Å) revealed key features of substrate recognition. Pavine NMT converted racemic THP to laudanosine, but the enzyme showed a preference for (±)-pavine and (S)-reticuline as substrates. These structures suggest the involvement of highly conserved residues at the active site. Mutagenesis of three residues near the methyl group of SAM and the nitrogen atom of the alkaloid acceptor decreased enzyme activity without disrupting the structure of the protein. The binding site for THP provides a framework for understanding substrate specificity among numerous NMTs involved in the biosynthesis of BIAs and other specialized metabolites. This information will facilitate metabolic engineering efforts aimed at producing medicinally important compounds in heterologous systems, such as yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Torres
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and.,Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Elesha Hoffarth
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and.,Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Luiz Eugenio
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and.,Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Julia Savtchouk
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and.,Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Xue Chen
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and
| | | | | | - Kenneth K-S Ng
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and .,Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Cetin N, Suleyman B, Altuner D, Kuyrukluyildiz U, Ozcicek F, Coskun R, Kurt N, Suleyman H. Effect of disulfiram on ketamine-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:13540-13547. [PMID: 26550292 PMCID: PMC4612977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is known that ketamine increases the production of catecholamines, causing oxidative damage to the heart. Suppression of the production of catecholamines by disulfiram, a drug with antioxidant properties, indicates that disulfiram may decrease ketamine-induced cardiotoxicity. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of disulfiram on ketamine-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Disulfiram was administered by oral gavage in doses of 25 mg/kg to rats in the DK-25 group and 50 mg/kg to rats in the DK-50 group. Distilled water was applied in the ketamine control (KC) and healthy (HG) rat groups. At one hour after drug administration and subsequently at ten-minute intervals, a 60 mg/kg dose of ketamine was intraperitoneally injected in the rats in all groups other than HG, and anesthesia was maintained for three hours. Disulfiram prevented both increase in the levels of parameters indicating oxidative and myocardial damage and decrease of antioxidant levels in the heart tissue with ketamine in a dose-dependent manner. Disulfiram better prevented occurrence of cardiotoxicity with ketamine in the 50 mg/kg dose than in the 25 mg/kg dose. It is concluded that disulfiram may usefully be applied in clinical practice in the prevention of cardiotoxicity as observed during anesthesia with ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Cetin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University24030, Erzincan-Turkey
| | - Bahadir Suleyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University24030, Erzincan-Turkey
| | - Durdu Altuner
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University24030, Erzincan-Turkey
| | - Ufuk Kuyrukluyildiz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University24030, Erzincan-Turkey
| | - Fatih Ozcicek
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University24030, Erzincan-Turkey
| | - Resit Coskun
- Department of Cardiology, Bayburt State Hospital69000, Bayburt-Turkey
| | - Nazahat Kurt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University2540, Erzurum-Turkey
| | - Halis Suleyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University24030, Erzincan-Turkey
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