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Borges AP, Obata MMS, Libardi SH, Trevisan RO, Deflon VM, Abram U, Ferreira FB, Costa LAS, Patrocínio AOT, da Silva MV, Borges JC, Maia PIS. Gold(I) and Silver(I) Complexes Containing Hybrid Sulfonamide/Thiourea Ligands as Potential Leishmanicidal Agents. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:452. [PMID: 38675113 PMCID: PMC11053681 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of parasitic diseases with the potential to infect more than 1 billion people; however, its treatment is still old and inadequate. In order to contribute to changing this view, this work consisted of the development of complexes derived from MI metal ions with thioureas, aiming to obtain potential leishmanicidal agents. The thiourea ligands (HLR) were obtained by reactions of p-toluenesulfohydrazide with R-isothiocyanates and were used in complexation reactions with AgI and AuI, leading to the formation of complexes of composition [M(HLR)2]X (M = Ag or Au; X = NO3- or Cl-). All compounds were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, UV-vis, emission spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Some representatives were additionally studied by ESI-MS and single-crystal XRD. Their properties were further analyzed by DFT calculations. Their cytotoxicity on Vero cells and the extracellular leishmanicidal activity on Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis cells were evaluated. Additionally, the interaction of the complexes with the Old Yellow enzyme of the L. braziliensis (LbOYE) was examined. The biological tests showed that some compounds present remarkable leishmanicidal activity, even higher than that of the standard drug Glucantime, with different selectivity for the two species of Leishmania. Finally, the interaction studies with LbOYE revealed that this enzyme could be one of their biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice P. Borges
- Bioactive Compounds Development Research Group, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Dr. Randolfo Borges 1400, Uberaba 38025-440, MG, Brazil;
| | - Malu M. S. Obata
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Getúlio Guarita, Uberaba 38025-440, MG, Brazil; (M.M.S.O.); (R.O.T.); (M.V.d.S.)
| | - Silvia H. Libardi
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil; (S.H.L.); (V.M.D.); (J.C.B.)
| | - Rafael O. Trevisan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Getúlio Guarita, Uberaba 38025-440, MG, Brazil; (M.M.S.O.); (R.O.T.); (M.V.d.S.)
| | - Victor M. Deflon
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil; (S.H.L.); (V.M.D.); (J.C.B.)
| | - Ulrich Abram
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Francis B. Ferreira
- Associated Faculties of Uberaba, Av. do Tutuna 720, Uberaba 38061-500, MG, Brazil;
| | - Luiz Antônio S. Costa
- Computational Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário s/n Martelos, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil;
| | - Antonio O. T. Patrocínio
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Material Science, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil;
| | - Marcos V. da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Getúlio Guarita, Uberaba 38025-440, MG, Brazil; (M.M.S.O.); (R.O.T.); (M.V.d.S.)
| | - Júlio C. Borges
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil; (S.H.L.); (V.M.D.); (J.C.B.)
| | - Pedro I. S. Maia
- Bioactive Compounds Development Research Group, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Dr. Randolfo Borges 1400, Uberaba 38025-440, MG, Brazil;
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Libardi SH, Ahmad A, Ferreira FB, Oliveira RJ, Caruso ÍP, Melo FA, de Albuquerque S, Cardoso DR, Burtoloso ACB, Borges JC. Interaction between diterpene icetexanes and old yellow enzymes of Leishmania braziliensis and Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129192. [PMID: 38216013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Old Yellow Enzymes (OYEs) are flavin-dependent redox enzymes that promote the asymmetric reduction of activated alkenes. Due to the high importance of flavoenzymes in the metabolism of organisms, the interaction between OYEs from the parasites Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania braziliensis and three diterpene icetexanes (brussonol and two analogs), were evaluated in the present study, and differences in the binding mechanism and inhibition capacity of these molecules were examined. Although the aforementioned compounds showed poor and negligible activities against T. cruzi and L. braziliensis cells, respectively, the experiments with the purified enzymes indicated that the interaction occurs by divergent mechanisms. Overall, the ligands' inhibitory effect depends on their accessibility to the N5 position of the flavin's isoalloxazine ring. The results also indicated that the OYEs found in both parasites share structural similarities and showed affinities for the diterpene icetexanes in the same range. Nevertheless, the interaction between OYEs and ligands is directed by enthalpy and/or entropy in distinct ways. In conclusion, the binding site of both OYEs exhibits remarkable plasticity, and a large range of different molecules, including that can be substrates and inhibitors, can bind this site. This plasticity should be considered in drug design using OYE as a target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia H Libardi
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Anees Ahmad
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo J Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e Educação, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, 38064-200 Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Ícaro P Caruso
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE) - UNESP, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis and Centro Nacional para Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Melo
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE) - UNESP, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio de Albuquerque
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Daniel R Cardoso
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio C B Burtoloso
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlio C Borges
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Francesconi V, Rizzo M, Schenone S, Carbone A, Tonelli M. State-of-the-art Review on the Antiparasitic Activity of Benzimidazolebased Derivatives: Facing Malaria, Leishmaniasis, and Trypanosomiasis. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:1955-1982. [PMID: 37718524 PMCID: PMC11071657 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230915093928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites represent a significant risk for public health worldwide, afflicting particularly people in more vulnerable categories and cause large morbidity and heavy economic impact. Traditional drugs are limited by their toxicity, low efficacy, route of administration, and cost, reflecting their low priority in global health management. Moreover, the drug resistance phenomenon threatens the positive therapy outcome. This scenario claims the need of addressing more adequate therapies. Among the diverse strategies implemented, the medicinal chemistry efforts have also focused their attention on the benzimidazole nucleus as a promising pharmacophore for the generation of new drug candidates. Hence, the present review provides a global insight into recent progress in benzimidazole-based derivatives drug discovery against important protozoan diseases, such as malaria, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis. The more relevant chemical features and structure-activity relationship studies of these molecules are discussed for the purpose of paving the way towards the development of more viable drugs for the treatment of these parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Francesconi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, Genoa, 16132, Italy
| | - Marco Rizzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, Genoa, 16132, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, Genoa, 16132, Italy
| | - Anna Carbone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, Genoa, 16132, Italy
| | - Michele Tonelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, Genoa, 16132, Italy
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Carneiro ZA, Lima JC, Lopes CD, Gaspari APS, de Albuquerque S, Dinelli LR, Veloso-Silva LLW, Paganelli MO, Libardi SH, Oliveira CG, Deflon VM, Oliveira RJ, Borges JC, Maia PIS. Heterobimetallic nickel(II) and palladium(II) complexes derived from S-benzyl-N- (ferrocenyl)methylenedithiocarbazate: Trypanocidal activity and interaction with Trypanosoma cruzi Old Yellow Enzyme (TcOYE). Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:213-223. [PMID: 31306908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of Ni(II) and Pd(II) precursors with S-benzyl-N-(ferrocenyl)methylenedithiocarbazate (HFedtc) led to the formation of heterobimetallic complexes of the type [MII(Fedtc)2] (M = Ni and Pd). The characterization of the compounds involved the determination of melting point, FTIR, UV-Vis, 1H NMR, elemental analysis and electrochemical experiments. Furthermore, the crystalline structures of HFedtc and [NiII(Fedtc)2] were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compounds were evaluated against the intracellular form of Trypanosoma cruzi (Tulahuen Lac-Z strain) and the cytotoxicity assays were assessed using LLC-MK2 cells. The results showed that the coordination of HFedtc to Ni(II) or Pd(II) decreases the in vitro trypanocidal activity while the cytotoxicity against LLC-MK2 cells does not change significantly. [PdII(Fedtc)2] showed the greater potential between the two complexes studied, showing an SI value of 8.9. However, this value is not better than that of the free ligand with an SI of 40, a similar value to that of the standard drug benznidazole (SI = 48). Additionally, molecular docking simulations were performed with Trypanosoma cruzi Old Yellow Enzyme (TcOYE), which predicted that HFedtc binds to the protein, almost parallel to the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) prosthetic group, while the [NiII(Fedtc)2] complex was docked into the enzyme binding site in a significantly different manner. In order to confirm the hypothetical interaction, in vitro experiments of fluorescence quenching and enzymatic activity were performed which indicated that, although HFedtc was not processed by the enzyme, it was able to act as a competitive inhibitor, blocking the hydride transfer from the FMN prosthetic group of the enzyme to the menadione substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zumira A Carneiro
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - FCFRP-USP, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jackelinne C Lima
- Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Compostos Bioativos (NDCBio), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Dr. Randolfo Borges 1400, 38025-440, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Carla D Lopes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - FCFRP-USP, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana P S Gaspari
- Instituto Federal do Paraná - Campus Paranavaí, Av. José Felipe Tequinha, 1400, 87703-536, Paranavaí, PR, Brazil
| | - Sergio de Albuquerque
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - FCFRP-USP, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis R Dinelli
- Faculdade de Ciências Integrada do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Rua vinte, 1600, 38304-402, Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Laudimir L W Veloso-Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Marcella O Paganelli
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Silvia H Libardi
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Carolina G Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Victor M Deflon
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo J Oliveira
- Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Compostos Bioativos (NDCBio), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Dr. Randolfo Borges 1400, 38025-440, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Júlio C Borges
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Pedro I S Maia
- Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Compostos Bioativos (NDCBio), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Dr. Randolfo Borges 1400, 38025-440, Uberaba, MG, Brazil.
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